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1.
  • Alessi, Nicola, et al. (author)
  • Ancient refugia and present-day habitat suitability of native laurophylls in Italy
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : WILEY. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30:3, s. 564-574
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions European native laurophyllous species are interesting for their biogeography and evolutionary history, as well as for their responses to global changes. We identified Italian native laurophylls on the basis of morphology, biogeographical history and ecological niche to study whether these species are in equilibrium with the present-day climate. Furthermore, we localized Quaternary refugia and areas of potential spread of native laurophylls using distribution patterns of realized and potential aggregations of native laurophylls, respectively. Location Italy. Methods We extracted data for 17 087 forest plots from a phytosociological database. Detrended Correspondence Analysis of these plots with overlay of climatic and environmental variables was performed to identify native laurophylls, i.e., evergreen broad-leaved species of late Tertiary radiation, occupying a warm and humid niche. Potential ranges of laurophylls were calculated using Beals' index of sociological favourability. The realized/potential range-size ratio was calculated for each single laurophyll to understand whether it is in equilibrium with the present-day climate. Distribution patterns of realized and potential aggregations of laurophylls were mapped. Results Ordination analysis provided a selection of 11 species as Italian native laurophylls. Most of them occupied less than half of their estimated potential range. Realized aggregations richest in native laurophylls were localized in the central Apennines. However, the Italian forests showed high potential for native laurophylls with the richest potential aggregations in the whole Apennines and in the southern Alps. Conclusions Most of the Italian native laurophylls showed non-equilibrium with the current climate, suggesting that late-Quaternary events could better explain their present-day distribution than on-going climate change. Furthermore, their refugia in central Italy suggest the persistence in sites with temperate climate during Quaternary environmental changes. The high suitability of Italian forests for laurophylls, along with global changes, suggests possible future spreading of these species.
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2.
  • Blume-Werry, Gesche, et al. (author)
  • Proportion of fine roots, but not plant biomass allocation below ground, increases with elevation in arctic tundra
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:2, s. 226-235
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: Roots represent a considerable proportion of biomass, primary production and litter input in arctic tundra, and plant allocation of biomass to above- or below-ground tissue in response to climate change is a key factor in the future C balance of these ecosystems. According to optimality theory plants allocate C to the above- or below-ground structure that captures the most limiting resource. We used an elevational gradient to test this theory and as a space-for-time substitution to inform on tundra carbon allocation patterns under a shifting climate, by exploring if increasing elevation was positively related to the root:shoot ratio, as well as a larger plant allocation to adsorptive over storage roots.Location: Arctic tundra heath dominated by Empetrum hermaphroditum close to Abisko, Sweden.Methods: We measured root:shoot and fine:coarse root ratios of the plant communities along an elevational gradient by sampling above- and below-ground biomass, further separating root biomass into fine (<1 mm) and coarse roots.Results: Plant biomass was higher at the lower elevations, but the root:shoot ratio did not vary with elevation. Resource allocation to fine relative to coarse roots increased with elevation, resulting in a fine:coarse root ratio that more than doubled with increasing elevation.Conclusions: Contrary to previous works, the root:shoot ratio along this elevational gradient remained stable. However, communities along our study system were dominated by the same species at each elevation, which suggests that when changes in the root:shoot ratio occur with elevation these changes may be driven by differences in allocation patterns among species and thus turnover in plant community structure. Our results further reveal that the allocation of biomass to fine relative to coarse roots can differ between locations along an elevational gradient, even when overall above- vs below-ground biomass allocation does not. Given the functionally different roles of fine vs coarse roots this could have large implications for below-ground C cycling. Our results highlight the importance of direct effects vs indirect effects (such as changes in plant community composition and nutrient availability) of climate change for future C allocation above and below ground.
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3.
  • Bognounou, Fidele, et al. (author)
  • Role of climate and herbivory on native and alien conifer seedling recruitment at and above the Fennoscandian tree line
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:4, s. 573-584
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: We investigated the importance of climate and herbivory on native and alien conifer colonization of the birch-dominated Fennoscandian tree line by addressing the following questions: (a) are tree line and tundra habitats similarly suitable for conifer seedling recruitment; (b) do ungulate and rodent herbivores differentially impact seedling recruitment; and (c) how does the role of habitat and herbivory on seedling recruitment vary across a marked climate gradient?Location: Northern Fennoscandia, Sweden (Vassijaure and Paddus), and Norway (Joatka and Seiland).Methods: We conducted an experiment to assess the emergence rate, survival probability and height development of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) seedlings. Three experimental plots (i.e., open control, reindeer exclosure and complete vertebrate exclosure) were established in both tree line and tundra habitats at each of the four locations. Seeds of the three conifer species were sown in each plot in June 1999 during three consecutive years. The surviving seedlings were counted in August to September 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2007. The height of all seedlings was measured in 2007.Results: Our study reveals that Norway spruce, Scots pine and Siberian larch can regenerate from seed at and above the current tree line in northern Fennoscandia. Their performance was generally higher above tree line in tundra than at tree line, but depended on species identity, climate aridity and mammal herbivory, particularly by rodents. These results suggest that the species composition and latitudinal limit of the tree line in the future might depend not only on direct effects of the future climate on the current tree line species, but also on the intensity of alien and native conifer introductions, as well as changes in herbivore populations.Conclusion: If sufficient seeds of Norway spruce, Scots pine and Siberian larch should reach the current tree line, their performances will increase with a warmer and wetter climate, and this effect will be markedly modulated by herbivores (particularly rodents). Further work is required to extend these results to determine the ability of these conifers to become tree line-forming species in the future.
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4.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Interactive effects of past land use and recent forest management on the understorey community in temperate oak forests in South Sweden
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30, s. 917-928
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions Past agricultural land use and forest management have shaped and influenced the understorey composition in European forests for centuries. We investigated whether understorey vegetation assemblages are affected by (a) legacies from a historical infield/outland agricultural system (i.e., a system with nutrient-enriched vs nutrient-depleted areas), (b) recent management intensity (i.e., thinning/felling activities), and (c) the interaction of recent management and potential legacies. Location Oak forests in Skane, south Sweden. Methods We use three vegetation surveys (1983, 1993/94 and 2014) and notes on management and land-use history, available for 62 permanent 500 m(2) plots. We conducted linear mixed effect modelling to detect both main and interactive effects of past land use and recent management on understorey diversity measures and vegetation indicator values for light and fertility. We combined nonmetric multidimensional scaling with permutational multivariate analysis of variance and indicator species analysis to detect compositional differences caused by past land use and/or recent management. Results Understorey diversity was mainly affected by management activities, but the former infield/outland agricultural system was an important determinant of understorey composition. Understorey composition of former infields reflected higher nutrient availability and lower light availability compared to former outland. Past land use and recent management had interactive effects on light-related understorey variables: for the less intensively managed plots, the outland plots contained more light-demanding species than the infield plots, while for the more intensively managed plots, the light-demanding signature of the understorey was similar for infield and outland plots. Conclusions Different intensities of past land use as well as recent forest management influenced the composition of the forest understorey, and interactions were present. Therefore, careful consideration of both the long-term land-use history and the more recent disturbances due to forest management are necessary when making future predictions of understorey composition and diversity.
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5.
  • Derroire, Geraldine (author)
  • Isolated trees as nuclei of regeneration in tropical pastures: testing the importance of niche-based and landscape factors
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27, s. 679-691
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsOur study tests the relative importance of different attributes of isolated trees in explaining the properties of the regeneration assemblage beneath their crowns to evaluate their effect on the composition of early successional stages and understand the processes underlying this effect. We asked: (1) does the regeneration assemblage contain a high proportion of individuals conspecific with the isolated tree; (2) how does the landscape surrounding an isolated tree influence the properties of the regeneration assemblage; and (3) what is the respective importance of structural variables and functional traits of isolated trees for their influence on the properties of the regeneration assemblage?LocationThree pasture sites in Guanacaste Province, a tropical seasonally dry area, Costa Rica.MethodsNinety isolated trees were characterized by their position in the landscape relative to patches of trees, individual structural variables related to tree and crown size, and species functional traits. The assemblage of woody plants regenerating under their crowns was characterized by number of individuals and species, and taxonomic and functional composition. To understand the mechanisms underlying the facilitative effect of isolated trees on regeneration, correlations between their attributes and properties of the regeneration assemblage were assessed.ResultsWe found that a low proportion of regenerating individuals were conspecific with the isolated trees beneath which they have established. Landscape factors influenced the regeneration but their effects were site-dependent. The attributes of isolated trees correlated well with the functional composition of the regeneration assemblage: their structure and phenological habits with traits associated with drought tolerance, and their dispersal syndrome with the dispersal syndrome of the regeneration assemblage. However, isolated tree attributes correlated poorly with the regeneration assemblage's taxonomic composition.ConclusionsOur study shows that an approach based on functional composition can provide a better understanding of community assembly mechanisms than does a taxonomic approach. Two main mechanisms are suggested to explain the influence of isolated trees on the regeneration assemblage: modification of micro-scale environmental conditions (shade and moisture) and influence on dispersal agents. The effect of attributes of isolated trees on the properties of the regeneration assemblage predicts a long-term legacy of the early stages of succession.
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6.
  • Elumeeva, Tatiana G., et al. (author)
  • Is intensity of plant root mycorrhizal colonization a good proxy for plant growth rate, dominance and decomposition in nutrient poor conditions?
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:4, s. 715-725
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsMycorrhizae may be a key element of plant nutritional strategies and of carbon and nutrient cycling. Recent research suggests that in natural conditions, intensity of mycorrhizal colonization should be considered an important plant feature. How are inter-specific variations in mycorrhizal colonization rate, plant relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf litter decomposability related? Is (arbuscular) mycorrhizal colonization linked to the dominance of plant species in nutrient-stressed ecosystems? LocationTeberda State Biosphere Reserve, northwest Caucasus, Russia. MethodsWe measured plant RGR under mycorrhizal limitation and under natural nutrition conditions, together with leaf litter decomposability and field intensity of mycorrhizal colonization across a wide range of plant species, typical for alpine communities of European mountains. We applied regression analysis to test whether the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization is a good predictor of RGR and decomposition rate, and tested how these traits predict plant dominance in communities. ResultsForb species with a high level of field mycorrhizal colonization had lower RGR under nutritional and mycorrhizal limitation, while grasses were unaffected. Litter decomposition rate was not related to the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization. Dominant species mostly had a higher level of mycorrhizal colonization and lower RGR without mycorrhizal colonization than subordinate species, implying that they were more dependent on mycorrhizal symbionts. There were no differences in litter decomposability. ConclusionsIn alpine herbaceous plant communities dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizae, nutrient dynamics are to a large extent controlled by mycorrhizal symbiosis. Intensity of mycorrhizal colonization is a negative predictor for whole plant RGR. Our study highlights the importance of mycorrhizal colonization as a key trait underpinning the role of plant species in carbon and nutrient dynamics in nutrient-limited herbaceous plant communities.
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7.
  • Esseen, Per-Anders, et al. (author)
  • Factors driving structure of natural and anthropogenic forest edges from temperate to boreal ecosystems
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27:3, s. 482-492
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions What factors control broad-scale variation in edge length and three-dimensional boundary structure for a large region extending across two biomes? What is the difference in structure between natural and anthropogenic edges? Location Temperate and boreal forests across all of Sweden, spanning latitudes 55-69 degrees N. MethodsWe sampled more than 2000 forest edges using line intersect sampling in a monitoring programme (National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden). We compared edge length, ecosystem attributes (width of adjacent ecosystem, canopy cover, canopy height, patch contrast in canopy height, forest type) and boundary attributes (profile, abruptness, shape) of natural edges (lakeshore, wetland) with anthropogenic edges (clear-cut, agricultural, linear disturbance) in five regions. Results Anthropogenic edges were nearly twice as abundant as natural edges. Length of anthropogenic edges was largest in southern regions, while the abundance of natural edges increased towards the north. Edge types displayed unique spectrums of boundary structures, but abrupt edges dominated, constituting 72% of edge length. Anthropogenic edges were more abrupt than natural edges; wetland edges had the most gradual and sinuous boundaries. Canopy cover, canopy height, patch contrast and forest type depended on region, whereas overall boundary abruptness and shape showed no regional pattern. Patch contrast was related to temperature sum (degree days5 degrees C), suggesting that regional variability can be predicted from climate-controlled forest productivity. Boundary abruptness was coupled with the underlying environmental gradient, land use and forest type, with higher variability in deciduous than in conifer forest. Conclusions Edge origin, land use, climate and tree species are main drivers of broad-scale variability in forest edge structure. Our findings have important implications for developing ecological theory that can explain and predict how different factors affect forest edge structure, and help to understand how land use and climate change affect biodiversity at forest edges.
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8.
  • Freschet, Gregoire, et al. (author)
  • Explaining within-community variation in plant biomass allocation: a balance between organ biomass and morphology above vs below ground?
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26, s. 431-440
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsIt remains unresolved why, despite the obvious functional importance of leaves and roots, co-existing plant species can display highly contrasting biomass distributions of these organs. Building on the functional equilibrium' hypothesis, we hypothesize that co-existing species can each achieve balanced resource acquisition above vs below ground by trading off the biomass vs morphology of structures responsible for resource acquisition, i.e. leaves and fine roots.MethodsWe tested this hypothesis in a natural field setting by measuring plant above- and below-ground biomass and morphological traits associated with resource uptake - specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length (SRL) - of 18 dominant angiosperm species from a sub-alpine plant community.LocationNew Zealand South Island.ResultsWe found a significant negative relationship between the species leaf mass to fine root mass ratio and the SLA to SRL ratio when we considered eudicot species only. The SLA to SRL ratio and plant size explained 31% and 34% of the total variation in the species leaf to fine root mass ratio respectively, and 45% when used in combination (P<0.05 in all cases). Within a given plant size, 90% of the variation among species in total leaf area was due to differences in SLA, whereas variation in the fine root mass fraction was responsible for 71% of the variation among species in fine root length.ConclusionsIn support of our hypothesis, part of the difference between co-occurring species in leaf and fine root biomass distribution could be explained by the variable morphologies of these organs as well as variation in plant size, independent of the plant economic strategy. We expect that this outcome may result from environmental and evolutionary constraints on plant species-average traits, as well as plastic responses to local environmental conditions. These findings help explain why a diversity of strategies for achieving balanced resource acquisition can co-exist within a single plant community.
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9.
  • Grasset, Charlotte, et al. (author)
  • Carbon allocation in aquatic plants with contrasting strategies : The role of habitat nutrient content
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26, s. 946-955
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: The link between the carbon composition of aquatic plants and (1) plant strategies and (2) habitat nutrient availability has received little attention. We tested whether three aquatic species belonging to the three adaptive strategies defined by Grime (ruderal, stress tolerant and competitive) had contrasting carbon allocation patterns, and if these patterns varied in the same way between populations distributed along a gradient of habitat nutrient content. Location: Wetlands in the northern Rhône River Basin, France. Methods: The three species were sampled in 17 wetlands along a gradient of nutrient content in the northern Rhône River Basin. In each population sampled, we measured plant water content, C/N ratio, structural compounds (lignin and structural polysaccharides) and storage compounds (free sugars and starch) in two seasons (spring and autumn 2012). Results: The stress-tolerant species had higher content of structural compounds than the competitive and ruderal species. The content of storage compounds was higher in the competitive and stress-tolerant species compared to the ruderal species. Allocation of carbon compounds varied with habitat nutrient content in different ways for the three species, suggesting contrasting plasticities, possibly linked to plant strategy. Conclusion: Plant strategies and habitat nutrient content are likely key drivers in plant carbon allocation and should be taken into account when studying interactions between habitat and plant quality.
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10.
  • Hallinger, Martin (author)
  • Growth response to climatic change over 120 years for Alnus viridis and Salix glauca in West Greenland
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26, s. 155-165
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • ConclusionOverall, estimated growth did not increase over the past 120yr, but considerable variations in growth are conspicuous and match known historical patterns of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Perspectives regarding the observed shrub expansion in W Greenland are discussed, and based on the estimated growth patterns, we consider it unlikely that the recent 10-15-yr period of favourable climate is the main responsible cause.
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11.
  • Hattermann, D., et al. (author)
  • Geese are overlooked dispersal vectors for vascular plants in archipelago environments
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30:3, s. 533-541
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question: We addressed the importance of gut-mediated dispersal by greylag geese for vascular plants in archipelago environments and asked: (a) What proportion of the local species pool is dispersed by geese? (b) Which plant traits characterize species dispersed by geese? (c) Which plant communities are likely to benefit from endozoochory by geese?. Location: Three Swedish Baltic archipelagos. Methods: Goose droppings were collected on 45 islands. Plants germinating from the droppings represent the endozoochorous species pool (ESP). On 108 islands, the presence of vascular plants was recorded in each habitat. These species represent the island species pool (ISP). Differences in functional traits between ESP and ISP were expressed as effect sizes and tested using meta-regressions. Using indicator species analyses and indicator species for managed semi-natural grasslands, we identified the primary habitats of the ESP. Results: Geese dispersed viable diaspores of 97 plant species, which represents 22% of the ISP. Most ESP species were typical for small islands. Geese dispersed a higher proportion of graminoids and less woody plants, higher proportions of chamaephytes and therophytes and less phanerophytes; annuals and bi-annuals were significantly overrepresented. On average, seed volume of the ESP was 95% smaller than that of the ISP. About 51% of all ESP species were dispersed in at least two archipelagos. Geese showed a bias towards species of rocky shore habitats. Conclusion: Geese potentially disperse large amounts of diaspores of many terrestrial island plant species. Through their feeding behaviour, geese select species with certain suites of traits from the regional species pool. Plant dispersal by geese may benefit plants species of rocky shores, but species of formerly managed semi-natural grasslands may also find refuge sites on epilittoral shores after goose-mediated dispersal. The relative importance of geese as dispersal vectors may increase under on-going land-use changes and cessation of grazing networks.
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12.
  • Hedwall, Per-Ola (author)
  • Functional composition of temperate forest trees under chronic ungulate herbivory
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29, s. 179-188
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question: Functional plant traits often express consistent changes along ecological gradients and, hence, are often used as indicators of environmental change (e.g. nutrient availability, temperature changes). Besides being driven by edaphic conditions, functional plant composition is filtered by herbivory, and traits responsive to nutrient availability often coincide with those related to palatability or resistance to browsing. We hypothesized that herbivory may distort the ways in which traits are expressed along environmental gradients.Location: Bialowieza National Park, Poland.Methods: We used a long-term controlled, exclosure experiment in the Bialowieza National Park to study tree functional trait expression and plant indicator values, with and without large ungulate browsing, along a natural soil fertility gradient.Results: Browsing largely reduced the functional diversity of regenerating trees, indicated by multivariate analysis and Rao's Quadratic Entropy (RQE), and altered how several traits change with increasing fertility. Browsing led to an increase in specific leaf area (SLA) on poorer sites. RQE showed a hump-backed trend along the fertility gradient, indicating the largest functional diversity at intermediate fertility. However, this pattern was not affected by browsing. Unlike the morphological tree traits, trends of light and N plant indicator values along the gradient were unaffected by browsing.Conclusions: These results highlight how the expression of plant traits resulting from one driver (soil fertility) can be modified by another driver (herbivory,) and stress the importance of taking herbivory into account when using plant traits as indicators of large-scale processes (e.g. climate change). Furthermore, the results suggest that plant indicator values may be more robust towards these effects, while compiled indices such as RQE could mask considerable functional turnover. Several traits (e.g. SLA) are strongly connected to nutrient cycling. The development, driven by browsing, towards higher SLA on poorer sites may thus cause a positive feedback effect on site fertility that drives an increase in nutrient availability. This may in turn have implications for ecosystem functionality. Hence, the large reduction in functional diversity revealed at the scale of this study may in the long term have implications on multiple ecosystem processes.
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13.
  • Hytteborn, Håkan, et al. (author)
  • Century-long tree population dynamics in a deciduous forest stand in central Sweden
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 28:5, s. 1057-1069
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question: We quantify tree dynamics over a century of free development in a small broadleaved forest dominated by Fraxinus excelsior and Ulmus glabra. What are the internal and external factors driving the changes, and how predictable are they? What were the time scale and effects of the spread of Dutch elm disease (DED)? Location: Vårdsätra, eastern central Sweden.Methods: The survival, growth and recruitment of all trees (≥ 12 cm in girth) were monitored in 1912, 1967, 1988 and 2013 (more often for a part of the forest). Woody species in the field and shrub layers were surveyed in permanent plots in 1976 and 2012. We used transition matrix models to project changes in population sizes and species composition within the century and for 2050.Results: The results indicate that the forest was in a successional development during the first period. The species composition had stabilised by 1967, except for an expansion of Acer platanoides and the drastic effect of DED that struck the forest around 2000. It took only a decade to kill virtually all large elms in the forest, leading to strong decrease in stem density and basal area. The evidence for effects of DED is still weak, but there has been an increase in saplings, notably of Fraxinus, Prunus padus, Ulmus, and of shoots of Corylus avellana. Several species that are abundant in the vicinity and as seeds fail to establish (Picea abies, Betula spp., Quercus robur, Populus tremula). Projections for 2050 based on the third period (1988-2013) are probably unrealistic since also Fraxinus may disappear because of the recent arrival of the ash dieback.Conclusions: Slow dynamics in forests that could follow from climate change will locally probably be overruled by unforeseen catastrophes, such as invasions by forest pathogens. These initiate changes with long lag phases difficult to quantify. Still, a dense deciduous forest can resist invasion of colonist species and of regionally dominant conifers; the reason being unfavourable conditions for establishment rather than dispersal limitation
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14.
  • Jakobsson, Simon, et al. (author)
  • Connectivity and management enables fast recovery of plant diversity in new linear grassland elements
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27:1, s. 19-28
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: How does small linear grassland elements (paddy levees and road verges) contribute to plant diversity patterns in sites with modern or traditional management? Which factors determine small-scale plant species richness of small linear grassland elements in a Japanese agricultural landscape?Location: Shiga Prefecture, Japan.Methods: Aerial photos from 1963, 1985, 1995 and 2008 were used to investigate landscape changes and to measure landscape structures within a typical agricultural landscape (25km(2)). Plant diversity was investigated in ten paddy levees and ten road verges in each of four traditional (barely any land cover alterations after 1963) and five modern (almost completely changed after 1985) sites. -diversity (mean number of species per plot) and -diversity (total number of species) for all species, specialist and invasive species, respectively, were analysed in relation to site history types and landscape structures. Plot species richness was analysed in relation to site history type, patch age and width, proximity to forest and litter removal.Results: In total, 204 plant species were found, 55 species unique to traditional sites and 13 unique to modern sites. - and -diversity of paddy levees and road verges was significantly higher in traditional sites. Number of specialist species on paddy levees and number of invasive species in road verges was also higher in traditional sites. Age was the strongest predictor of plot species richness on levees; older levees supported higher species richness than younger ones. Litter removal was the strongest predictor (positive effect) of plot species richness in road verges.Conclusions: These results suggest that the colonization credit of new levees in modern sites is decreasing quite rapidly as species quickly establish, approaching almost the same richness values as in traditional sites. However, long continuity of traditional management is still one of the most important contributors to plant diversity and crucial for many species. But small grassland elements can still be of great significance for preserving and enhancing plant diversity in otherwise depleted landscapes, as long as they are managed and connected throughout the landscape.
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15.
  • Jakobsson, Simon, et al. (author)
  • Exploring the effects of pasture trees on plant community patterns
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30:5, s. 809-820
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsWe aim to answer three questions: (a) what are the effects of canopy shading of different tree species on seed germination of eight understorey grassland species? (b) how is plant species’ occurrence in understorey communities affected by differences in canopy cover and does that depend on tree species composition? and (c) are there mechanistic links between the effects of trees on species’ germination and their occurrence in the understorey plant community?LocationSemi‐natural wooded pastures in the biosphere reserve Östra Vätterbranterna, southern Sweden.MethodsIn this study, we examined the germination of eight grassland plant species in a seed sowing experiment under natural conditions in the field. Seeds were sown beneath and outside the canopy of two tree species within 48 plots split up by four wooded pasture sites. We combined observed germination responses with a plant community survey to assess the effects of canopy cover in relation to tree species composition on plant community responses. We analysed these data in relation to species’ seed mass and vegetative shade tolerance.ResultsShade‐tolerant species germinated better beneath compared to outside tree canopies, without any clear advantage of large‐seeded over small‐seeded species. As expected, species’ shade tolerance was also positively related to canopy cover within the understorey plant community. Importantly, we found strong tree species‐specific effects of canopy shading on the species’ germination response, but not on their presence within the plant community. However, optimal canopy cover conditions for germination and for the mature plants differed across grassland species and depended on tree species.ConclusionsOur results show that different tree species play key ecosystem engineering roles in shaping wooded grassland plant community composition at the germination stage. Management practices favouring specific tree species may therefore be highly relevant for targeted biodiversity conservation of wooded semi‐natural grasslands.
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16.
  • Khakimulina, Tatiana, et al. (author)
  • Mixed-severity natural disturbance regime dominates in an old-growth Norway spruce forest of northwest Russia
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27, s. 400-413
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuesionsWhat were the long-term disturbance rates (including variability) and agents in pristine Norway spruce-dominated (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests? Have soil moisture conditions influenced disturbance rates across this boreal spruce-dominated forest? Were the temporal recruitment patterns of canopy dominants associated with past disturbance periods?LocationInterfluvial region of Northern Dvina and Pinega rivers, Arkhangelsk, northwest Russia.MethodsWe linked dendrochronological data with tree spatial data (n trees=1659) to reconstruct the temporal and spatial patterns of canopy gaps in a 1.8-ha area from 1831-2008, and to develop a growth-release chronology from 1775-2008.ResultsNo evidence of stand-replacing disturbances was found within selected forest stands over the studied period. Forest dynamics were driven by small- to moderate-scale canopy disturbances, which maintained a multi-cohort age structure. Disturbance peaks were observed in the 1820s, 1920s, 1970s and 2000s, with decadal rates reaching 32% of the stand area disturbed.ConclusionsThe overall mean decadal rate was 8.3% canopy area disturbed, which suggests a canopy turnover time of 122yr, with a 95% confidence envelop of 91-186yr. Bark beetle outbreaks (possibly exacerbated by droughts) and wind-storms emerged as the principal disturbance agents. Recruitment of both Norway spruce and downy birch was associated with periods of increased canopy disturbance. Moisture conditions (moist vs mesic stands) were not significantly related to long-term disturbance rates. The studied spruce-dominated boreal forests of this region apparently exhibited long-term forest continuity under this mixed-severity disturbance regime. These disturbances caused considerable structural alterations to forest canopies, but apparently did not result in a pronounced successional shifts in tree species composition, rather occasional minor enrichments of birch in these heavily spruce-dominated stands.
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17.
  • Kimberley, Adam, et al. (author)
  • Unbalanced species losses and gains lead to non-linear trajectories as grasslands become forests
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30:6, s. 1089-1098
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions Rates of plant community shifts after environmental changes depend on how quickly affected species are gained and lost. Understanding how the balance between extinction and colonisation varies over time, and how it is influenced by local and landscape factors, is essential to understanding overall change trajectories. Investigating change requires data at several time steps over sufficient periods, and the paucity of such data represents an important knowledge gap. We ask: (a) how variation over time in the rates of species' extinction and species' colonization controls the trajectory of biodiversity change in abandoned semi-natural grasslands? and (b) can landscape composition and habitat history modify change trajectories by acting independently on groups within plant communities? Location Sweden, Stockholm Archipelago. Methods We use data on plant composition, management history and landscape context in former grasslands, abandoned at different points since 1901, in a space-for-time analysis, comparing rates of grassland species loss and forest species establishment and investigating resulting biodiversity trajectories. Results Grassland species declined steeply in recently abandoned habitats before levelling off, while the accumulation of forest species was linear, with no plateau reached even at the longest time since abandonment. Hence, we observed a trough in biodiversity, with an initial decline in overall species richness followed by a partial recovery. Only forest species gain was enhanced by nearby habitat availability. Conclusions Information on community compositional changes over short time periods may be misleading about the extent and even direction of ongoing biodiversity gains and losses. Moreover, the non-linear changes observed suggest thresholds in time, after which succession to the forest community accelerates and the ability to manage a return to the grassland community diminishes. Accounting for the combined influence of landscape composition and history is key to fully understanding community shifts over time.
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18.
  • Kumordzi, Bright Boye, et al. (author)
  • Plant assemblages do not respond homogenously to local variation in environmental conditions: functional responses differ with species identity and abundance
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26, s. 32-45
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsWe investigated some commonly held assumptions of community assembly theory needed to provide accurate predictions of changes in plant species assemblages across environmental gradients or following environmental change. Do (1) dominant and subordinate species respond in the same way to changes in environmental variables; (2) plant species assemblages show higher interspecific than intraspecific trait responses; and (3) co-existing dominant species differ in their responses to the same environmental variables?LocationIslands in Lakes Uddjaure and Hornavan, northern Sweden.MethodsWe explored the responses of forest understorey vegetation assemblages to variation in environmental resources across a chronosequence of 30 lake islands that differ in fire history, above-ground and below-ground resource availability and species diversity. For one plot on each island, we measured specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and foliar N and P of all dominant and subordinate understorey plant species to assess species-specific and weighted and non-weighted community-level trait responses to variation across islands in all major local environmental drivers.ResultsConsistent with our expectations, we found that species responses to environmental conditions were not homogenous within assemblages, and that responses of dominant and subordinate species differed. Further, intraspecific variation was often an important component of local-scale plant community-level responses. Responses were often relatively consistent across species, but dominant species sometimes showed contrasting responses of the same trait to the same environmental factor. Finally, environmental factors that influenced community average trait values also affected functional diversity.ConclusionsThis study has shown that several common assumptions that underpin community assembly theory do not necessarily hold, and this can cause inaccuracies in predicting plant functional composition responses to changes in environmental variables. Because these assumptions are central to current models that predict vegetation responses to environmental change, it is crucial to further test in which particular environmental context and to what extent these assumptions are critical for model accuracy.
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19.
  • Kuosmanen, Niina, et al. (author)
  • The role of climate, forest fires and human population size in Holocene vegetation dynamics in Fennoscandia
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:3, s. 382-392
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsWe investigated the changing role of climate, forest fires and human population size in the broad-scale compositional changes in Holocene vegetation dynamics before and after the onset of farming in Sweden (at 6,000cal yr BP) and in Finland (at 4,000calyr BP). LocationSouthern and central Sweden, SW and SE Finland. MethodsHolocene regional plant abundances were reconstructed using the REVEALS model on selected fossil pollen records from lakes. The relative importance of climate, fires and human population size on changes in vegetation composition was assessed using variation partitioning. Past climate variable was derived from the LOVECLIM climate model. Fire variable was reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal records. Estimated trend in human population size was based on the temporal distribution of archaeological radiocarbon dates. ResultsClimate explains the highest proportion of variation in vegetation composition during the whole study period in Sweden (10,000-4,000cal yr BP) and in Finland (10,000-1,000cal yr BP), and during the pre-agricultural period. In general, fires explain a relatively low proportion of variation. Human population size has significant effect on vegetation dynamics after the onset of farming and explains the highest variation in vegetation in S Sweden and SW Finland. ConclusionsMesolithic hunter-gatherer populations did not significantly affect vegetation composition in Fennoscandia, and climate was the main driver of changes at that time. Agricultural communities, however, had greater effect on vegetation dynamics, and the role of human population size became a more important factor during the late Holocene. Our results demonstrate that climate can be considered the main driver of long-term vegetation dynamics in Fennoscandia. However, in some regions the influence of human population size on Holocene vegetation changes exceeded that of climate and has a longevity dating to the early Neolithic.
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20.
  • Lokken, Jorn Olav, et al. (author)
  • Grazing and warming effects on shrub growth and plant species composition in subalpine dry tundra : An experimental approach
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30:4, s. 698-708
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsVegetation in the forest–tundra ecotone faces changes in both climate and land‐use. While climate warming is an important driver of vegetation growth and composition, herbivory may have opposing effects. In the present study, we experimentally test how removal of sheep herbivory affects the vegetation in an alpine forest–tundra ecotone, and how responses are manifested at higher temperatures.LocationDovre Mountains, Central Norway.MethodsShrub growth (height and cover) and ground layer composition were analysed each third year over an 18‐year period in a nested, three‐factorial experiment (ambient temperature and herbivory; ambient temperature and no herbivory; increased temperature and no herbivory). Fencing and open‐top‐chambers were used as expedients. Treatment effects and interactions over time were analysed using linear mixed effects models and ordination.ResultsShrub height and cover increased over time due to reduced herbivory, but without additional warming effect. Lichen cover declined in all treatments over time, but more rapidly and earlier under warming treatment (significant after three years). Contrary to expectations, there was no statistically significant increase in woody species due to warming, although evergreen woody species displayed a trend shift after six years, comprising a sharp decline towards year twelve. Litter accumulated in all treatments, but at higher rates under warming (significant after nine years).ConclusionsOur results disclose removal of sheep herbivory as a prominent driver of shrub growth, with warming as a subordinate driver in the studied alpine vegetation. The warming‐driven increased litter abundance may, however, be caused by the decrease of wind inside chambers and the subsequent absence of wind‐driven removal of litter. This chamber effect and the displayed timing differences in vegetation responses call for the critical use of short‐term experimental data in predictions of long‐term consequences of environmental change.
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21.
  • Lou, Yanjing, et al. (author)
  • Long-term changes in marsh vegetation in Sanjiang Plain, northeast China
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26:4, s. 643-650
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsIs there a consistent change in species composition and species richness across the communities along the wetness zonation? Which species are sensitive to environmental changes? Has species richness increased or decreased? What are the relative effects of climate, geographical position and local environmental factors on the inland marsh community? LocationSanjiang Plain, northeast China (130-133 degrees E, 45-48 degrees N). MethodsA total of 94 plots were re-surveyed in 2012 and compared with data from 1973. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and indicator species analysis were used to analyse the direction and nature of change in community composition between 1973 and 2012. Paired t-test was used to test for change in species richness, water level and soil variables between the two surveys. Correlation and step-wise regression analyses were used to test the relationship between vegetation change (species richness and DCA scores), environmental variables and geographic position. ResultsVegetation has changed towards a drier state, with the greatest changes in the wettest Carex lasiocarpa community and the smallest changes in the driest Calamagrostis angustifolia community. The frequency and cover of hygrophilous species and species typical of oligotrophic wetlands decreased, while grasses and other non-marsh species increased. Species richness per community and per plot increased over time. The dynamics within each community was only weakly correlated with biogeographic predictors: longitude, latitude, elevation and annual precipitation. ConclusionsHydrology was the main factor controlling changes along the marsh zonation, and was most likely in response to climate warming and land-use changes. The different responses among the marsh communities along the zonation and between hydrophytes and other species imply that future protection and management need to be based on community type and plant functional types.
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22.
  • Plue, Jan, et al. (author)
  • Where does the community start, and where does it end? Including the seed bank to reassess forest herb layer responses to the environment
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 28:2, s. 424-435
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionBelow-ground processes are key determinants of above-ground plant population and community dynamics. Still, our understanding of how environmental drivers shape plant communities is mostly based on above-ground diversity patterns, bypassing below-ground plant diversity stored in seed banks. As seed banks may shape above-ground plant communities, we question whether concurrently analysing the above- and below-ground species assemblages may potentially enhance our understanding of community responses to environmental variation. LocationTemperate deciduous forests along a 2000km latitudinal gradient in NW Europe. MethodsHerb layer, seed bank and local environmental data including soil pH, canopy cover, forest cover continuity and time since last canopy disturbance were collected in 129 temperate deciduous forest plots. We quantified herb layer and seed bank diversity per plot and evaluated how environmental variation structured community diversity in the herb layer, seed bank and the combined herb layer-seed bank community. ResultsSeed banks consistently held more plant species than the herb layer. How local plot diversity was partitioned across the herb layer and seed bank was mediated by environmental variation in drivers serving as proxies of light availability. The herb layer and seed bank contained an ever smaller and ever larger share of local diversity, respectively, as both canopy cover and time since last canopy disturbance decreased. Species richness and -diversity of the combined herb layer-seed bank community responded distinctly differently compared to the separate assemblages in response to environmental variation in, e.g. forest cover continuity and canopy cover. ConclusionsThe seed bank is a below-ground diversity reservoir of the herbaceous forest community, which interacts with the herb layer, although constrained by environmental variation in e.g. light availability. The herb layer and seed bank co-exist as a single community by means of the so-called storage effect, resulting in distinct responses to environmental variation not necessarily recorded in the individual herb layer or seed bank assemblages. Thus, concurrently analysing above- and below-ground diversity will improve our ecological understanding of how understorey plant communities respond to environmental variation.
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23.
  • Pommerening, Arne (author)
  • A common lack of demographic equilibrium among tree species in Biaowiea National Park (NE Poland): evidence from long-term plots
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27, s. 460-469
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: Does the size structure characterizing particular tree species in natural forest stands converge towards a steady state? What is the main reason for departures of observed tree size distributions from equilibrium models? What is the consequence of long-term strict protection for the demography of tree species and the conservation of associated biota? Location: Stands of natural forest in Białowieza National Park (NE Poland) that have been under strict protection for about 90 yr. Methods: Data on recruitment, growth and mortality of approximately 10 000 trees representing 11 species (aspen, birch, alder, pine, oak, maple, ash, elm, spruce, lime and hornbeam), from seven replicated surveys of five permanent monitoring plots (total size = 15.44 ha), established in 1936, were used to derive theoretical, species-specific equilibrium distributions as a basis for evaluating the demographic changes of the species involved. Results: Over a monitoring period of 76 yr, there were strong downward trends in the population densities of several tree species of different successional status and light requirements. A vast majority of the conspecific equilibrium curves, modelled on the basis of growth and mortality data, revealed a ‘rotated sigmoid’ shape when plotted in semi-log plots. In contrast to these equilibrium curves, the observed tree size distributions of most species were unimodal, at both the beginning and the end of the study period. Departures between theoretical and observed distributions increased over time, particularly for shadeintolerant and intermediate species. Conclusions: The populations of several tree species occurring in the Białowieza National Park are demographically unstable – a fact reflected in large and steadily increasing differences between theoretical and actual tree size distributions. The main reason for this are the insufficient recruitment rates typical of most species. Some tree species may very soon disappear almost entirely, and this will certainly lead to far-reaching changes in the functioning of local forest communities. Among other consequences, the current demographic trends, as observed for Białowieza tree species, are very likely to have a strong effect on the long-term survival of numerous forest organisms (such as insects, fungi, lichens, etc.), which depend, directly or indirectly, on the presence and balanced demography of particular tree species.
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24.
  • Ranlund, Åsa, et al. (author)
  • Epiphytic lichen responses to environmental change due to clear-cutting differ among tree taxa
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:6, s. 1065-1074
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question Many species-rich communities are associated with a foundation species. While we often have detailed information about the foundation species, we know less about its associated species. We explore such a situation, comparing the responses of lichen species associated with different tree taxa, which differ in successional strategy, to the environmental change that takes place when the surrounding trees are clear-cut. Location Boreal forests in Sweden. Methods We illustrated general differences in lichen species composition among four tree taxa and three stand categories using ordination of species occurrences. To analyse responses to clear-cutting we modelled the occurrence probability individually for 144 epiphytic lichen species from the lower 2 m of 2,400 tree trunks of four tree taxa in 130 stands, and compared trees in closed-canopy forests with those retained in logged stands, using Bayesian hierarchical models. Results The composition of lichens on aspen trees deviated clearly from that on the other tree species. Also lichen responses to logging differed among main host tree taxa, where lichen species associated with birches, European aspen, and Scots pine increased in probability of occurrence on trees in logged areas compared to intact forest, while lichen species associated with Norway spruce decreased. We found that time lags for changes in occupancy existed primarily in the increase, but not in the decline, of the groups of lichens associated with different tree taxa. Conclusions Lichens associated with different tree taxa vary in their response to the environmental change brought about by logging, but in a way that differs from the differences in species composition among host trees. Our results highlight the importance of considering the taxa of trees in forest management for the conservation of their associated lichen species. The extent to which the ecology of foundation species influences their associated species merits further inquiry, since such knowledge may facilitate predictions of responses of associated species also in other species-rich communities.
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25.
  • Reitalu, Triin, et al. (author)
  • Novel insights into post-glacial vegetation change: functional and phylogenetic diversity in pollen records
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1654-1103 .- 1100-9233. ; 26:5, s. 911-922
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionHow do pollen-based functional and phylogenetic diversity help to explain post-glacial vegetation change in relation to climate and human influence? LocationEstonia and Latvia, NE Europe. MethodsWe used a data set of 1062 pollen samples from 20 sites covering the last 14500yrs to estimate plant richness, evenness, functional and phylogenetic diversity (community-weighted mean and mean pair-wise distance). We adjusted existing functional and phylogenetic diversity measures for the pollen data and tested the methods with a simulation study. The simulations showed that species-based and pollen-based diversity estimates were all significantly positively correlated. ResultsThe Late Glacial (14500-11650cal. yr BP) and the mid-Holocene (8000-4000cal. yr BP) periods showed contrasting values for most of the diversity components, and several diversity estimates were strongly associated with climate. The cold climate during the Late Glacial led to high phylogenetic diversity, and relatively low functional diversity. Climate warming during the transition from the Late Glacial to the Holocene was followed by a decrease in phylogenetic diversity but an increase in functional diversity based on plant height and seed weight. Increasing human impact in the late Holocene was associated with an increase in plant richness and decreases in functional diversity based on plant height and seed weight and in phylogenetic diversity of herbs. ConclusionsPollen-based functional and phylogenetic diversity provide novel insights into post-glacial vegetation change and its drivers. Both functional and phylogenetic diversity were closely related to climatic conditions, suggesting that trait differences play an important role in long-term community response to climate change. Our results indicate that human impact during the last two millennia has influenced functional and phylogenetic diversity negatively by suppressing plants with certain traits (functional convergence) and giving advantage to plants from certain phylogenetic lineages. We see great potential in the further development of functional and phylogenetic diversity methods for pollen data.
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26.
  • Rozen-Rechels, David, et al. (author)
  • Determinants of patchiness of woody vegetation in an African savanna
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 28, s. 93-104
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsHow is woody vegetation patchiness affected by rainfall, fire and large herbivore biomass? Can we predict woody patchiness and cover over large-scale environmental gradients?LocationHluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa.MethodsWe quantified variation in local patchiness as the lacunarity of woody cover on satellite-derived images. Using Random Forest regression we analysed how both average woody cover and its patchiness depend on annual rainfall, fire frequency and grazer and browser metabolic biomass densities.ResultsFire frequency and rainfall were the clearest predictors, whereas effects of large herbivores on woody vegetation were smaller and more complex. Under low rainfall conditions (500mmyr(-1)) trees had less total cover and were more regularly spaced across the landscape (lower patchiness). Woody cover and vegetation patchiness increased with rainfall whereas fire frequency decreased woody cover and further increased patchiness.ConclusionThese results suggest a switch from competition between neighbouring trees under low rainfall conditions towards benefits among neighbours with increasing fire frequencies. Whereas overall woody cover and its patchiness are two independent aspects of savanna woody vegetation patterns, both need to be investigated to obtain a good understanding of the functioning and diversity of savanna ecosystems.
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27.
  • Sarneel, Judith M., et al. (author)
  • Local flooding history affects plant recruitment in riparian zones
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30:2, s. 224-234
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Aims: Many rivers across the globe are severely impacted by changed flooding regimes, resulting in drastic shifts in vegetation, but the processes driving the exchange of flood‐sensitive and flood‐tolerant species are understood less. We studied the role of long‐term and recent flooding histories for riparian plant recruitment in response to various changes in flooding regime.Location: Vindel River catchment (Northern Sweden).MethodsWe experimentally changed long‐term flooding regimes by transplanting turfs between high and low elevations in 2000 and in 2014 (n = 8 per treatment). We sowed seeds of five riparian species in both transplanted turfs and non‐transplanted controls and counted seedling numbers over two growing seasons. Further, we inventoried natural seedling frequencies in 190 plots in 19 reaches in 2013 and 2014, and related natural seedling numbers to plot flooding history in the period 2012–2014.Results: We observed effects of long‐term flooding history in the second year of the transplantation study (2015), but not in the first year. In 2015, turfs transplanted to locations with less flooding resulted in higher plant recruitment while transplantation to sites with more frequent flooding reduced recruitment compared to the controls. Since these differences were only found in recently transplanted turfs and not in older turfs, the legacy effect of long‐term flooding history can be transient. In the field seedling survey, similar differences were found between flooding‐history categories in 2013, but not in 2014, when the moisture conditions of the most recent year determined flooding. Further, lowest seedling numbers were observed when the previous flooding occurred in winter, and higher seedling numbers when floods occurred in spring or not at all.Conclusions: Both long‐term and recent flooding histories can affect plant recruitment, and their influence should be taken into account when designing restoration projects.
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28.
  • Sarneel, Judith M., et al. (author)
  • The importance of priority effects for riparian plant community dynamics
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27:4, s. 658-667
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions The order of plant species arrival can affect recruitment and subsequent plant community development via priority effects, but is often overlooked. Priority effects occur when early-colonizing plant species affect the establishment of later-arriving species, and are hypothesized to depend on species identity and habitat conditions. In riparian ecosystems on the banks of rivers, a strong moisture gradient induces a zonation of plant species with different degrees of adaptation to soil moisture. Further, riparian zones receive seeds during floods and later in the season via wind dispersal. As such, we questioned if recruitment in riparian zones is primarily affected by (1) environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture), (2) arrival order, and (3) species identity, or an interaction between these factors.Location Riparian zones of tributaries in the Vindel River catchment, northern Sweden.Method We designed a controlled greenhouse experiment and a large-scale field experiment where we sowed five plant species representing different dispersal events and habitat moisture preferences. We sowed seeds in three arrival order treatments (all species simultaneously, species group A phased 3wk before group B, and vice versa) and under different soil moisture treatments in the greenhouse (dry, dry-after-wet and wet) and under a range of moisture conditions in the field.Results We found strong priority effects as early-arriving species grew bigger and often produced higher seedling densities compared to later-arriving species, both in the greenhouse and after two growing seasons in the field. Priority effects in the greenhouse were strongest in the dry and dry-after-wet treatments and weaker under wet conditions. Consistent but weaker patterns were observed in the field after the first growing season. The relative abundance of species in plant communities assembled without phased arrival interacted with soil moisture and species identity. Priority effects were strongest for species with a low relative abundance (i.e. less competitive species).Conclusions Our findings that priority effects influenced recruitment and interacted with soil moisture suggest that priority effects should be considered when addressing riparian vegetation changes after shifts in flooding regimes. This is especially important because floods will not only affect habitat conditions, but also the phasing of seed arrival.
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29.
  • Seedre, Meelis (author)
  • Long-term responses of canopy-understorey interactions to disturbance severity in primary Picea abies forests
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 28, s. 1128-1139
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: How do canopy-understorey interactions respond to variation in disturbance severity over extended periods of time? For forests with different disturbance histories, do light availability and understorey cohort densities converge towards a common old-growth structure, or do historical legacies influence populations indefinitely?Locations: Remnants of primary spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests throughout Germany, Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania.Methods: A disturbance history of > 200 yr was reconstructed from 11 278 tree cores collected from forest plots (n = 520). Understorey tree densities of two size classes and hemispherical photo-based light availabilities were inventoried and modelled as functions of the severity of the main disturbance and time since the event.Results: Variation in understorey tree densities had a hump-shaped distribution through time. Stem densities were approximately static in the least disturbed sites, and declined in relation to disturbance severity over approx. 100 yr. Similar to patterns of stem densities, initially high understorey light availability also reached a minimum at 100 yr, which indicated crown closure. Following this, light availability and stem densities both increased as stands transitioned from stem exclusion to understorey re-initiation. The effect of disturbance severity on understorey densities and patchiness in light availability persisted for > 200 yr.Conclusions: Long-term trends in canopy-understorey interactions validate current conceptual models of forest development. Furthermore, we empirically validate that these conceptual models generalized over gradients in disturbance severity. Higher disturbance sites exhibited a more even-aged character with more pronounced periods of stem exclusion, canopy closure and understorey re-initiation; forests with low-severity disturbance histories yielded a more stationary uneven-aged structure. The model identified the extent of variation in disturbance severity within which these P. abies forests are able to regenerate and retain their monospecific character, which is increasingly relevant as disturbance regimes continue to shift under global climate change.
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30.
  • te Beest, Mariska, et al. (author)
  • Biotic resistance affects growth and reproduction, but not survival of a high-impact woody invader in African savannas
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:3, s. 532-540
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question: Biotic resistance is defined as the reduction in invasion success caused by the native community through competition, herbivory and/or pathogens. Biotic resistance has mostly been studied during the initial stages of invasion. However, to what extent biotic resistance hampers survival, or persistence, of invaders in the longer term is often not known. We studied how native grassland communities affected growth, reproduction and survival during the adult life stage of the high-impact woody invader Chromolaena odorata under different water availability treatments.Location: Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa.Methods: We performed a 2-years full-factorial field experiment in a savanna grassland where we manipulated water availability and neighbouring vegetation; in one-third of the plots vegetation was cleared and planted with C.odorata monocultures, in one-third C.odorata shrubs were planted in grasslands, and one-third were unplanted grassland controls.Results: Growth and reproduction of adult C.odorata were greatly reduced due to competition with native grasses, but not survival of C.odorata. Shrub survival was high and did not differ in plots with and without grass. Water availability did not affect growth, reproduction and competitive ability of C.odorata, but higher water availability did increase the competitive ability of the grasses. Soil moisture levels were lower in grasslands planted with C.odorata compared to unplanted controls, independent of the water treatment, suggesting higher water use of C.odorata compared to native grasses.Conclusions: Savanna grasslands have a strong competitive effect on invasion by the exotic woody shrub C.odorata, reducing growth and reproduction, but not survival of the shrub. We found no evidence that biotic resistance was stronger under more unfavourable abiotic conditions, as C.odorata was equally impacted in all water treatments. The high survival rates of C.odorata suggest that competitive interactions are not likely to prevent invader persistence in the landscape. Invader persistence is important in determining longer-term invasion success as well as invader impact, and the concept of persistence should not be overlooked in studies on invasive species.
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31.
  • te Beest, Mariska, et al. (author)
  • Fire and simulated herbivory have antagonistic effects on resistance of savanna grasslands to alien shrub invasion
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26:1, s. 114-122
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question: Resistance of the native community has been identified as an important factor limiting invasion success and invader impact. However, to what extent resistance interacts with disturbance to control invasion success remains unclear. We studied the interaction between biotic resistance, fire and small-scale disturbances mimicking those of large mammalian herbivores (hoof action and grazing) on invasion success of the alien shrub Chromolaena odorata.Location: Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa.Methods: We performed a seedling transplant experiment in a savanna grassland. We manipulated the grass layer by clipping (grazing), created small-scale soil disturbances (hoof action) and transplanted seedlings under native tree canopies to assess potential nursing effects. Subsequently, we burned half of our plots. We assessed the effect of fire and small-scale disturbances on seedling growth, survival and biomass allocation.Results: Seedling survival of C. odorata was 26% in undisturbed savanna grassland, reducing to 5% post-fire. Small-scale disturbances increased seedling biomass and survival and modified biomass allocation, whereas fire greatly reduced seedling survival. Root allocation increased in response to grass clipping, while stem allocation decreased. Tree shading increased seedling survival in the absence of fire, but greatly reduced post-fire survival.Conclusions: Grass communities in savannas exert a high level of biotic resistance to C. odorata invasion. However, small-scale disturbances, mimicking those of large mammalian herbivores, can facilitate the invasion of C. odorata in savanna grassland both directly, by creating micro-sites for establishment, and indirectly, by reducing the negative effect of fire. Thus, small-scale disturbances may aid the long-term persistence of woody species invading grass-dominated systems.
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32.
  • Udd, Daniel, et al. (author)
  • Multi-species competition experiments with peatland bryophytes
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27:1, s. 165-175
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionSpecies interactions are one of the processes determining composition of plant communities. We used the community density series method to study competition in a multi-species community of bryophytes common in calcareous fens. The succession of mires is driven bySphagnum species, which are supposedly superior to brown mosses in competition for resources and space, but little is known about the environmental conditions in which brown mosses can prevail when subject to neighbour interactions. How are interactions among peatland bryophytes affected by the environment?LocationField and garden experiments near Uppsala in mid-eastern Sweden.MethodsTo examine the effects of environment on competition and competitive hierarchies we assembled multi-species communities of ten bryophyte species from shoot fragments (brown mosses and Sphagnum species) at two densities and grew them on three types of peat (representing poor, intermediate and rich fens) under dry or wet conditions in a garden experiment and along pH and wetness gradients in the field.ResultsA multivariate analysis of the garden experiment showed that community composition was affected by peat type and wetness and their interactions. The brown mosses performed better in wet and rich fens, the Sphagnum species in drier and poorer fens. The Sphagnumspecies were overall the best competitors.ConclusionsThe experiments demonstrated contrasting responses of brown mosses and Sphagnum to properties of the microhabitat. Sphagnumspecies were generally less affected by competition than the brown mosses. Sphagnum species were competitive in habitats typically dominated by brown mosses and even responded positively to crowding. This can explain why Sphagnum can invade calcareous fens. In contrast, brown mosses performed poorly in habitats more typical of Sphagnum species.
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33.
  • Uria Diez, Jaime (author)
  • Fertilization triggers 11 yr of changes in community assembly in Mediterranean grassland
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27, s. 728-738
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionFertilization, i.e. nutrient addition, and changes in grazing intensity are important factors associated with global change that threaten grasslands worldwide. How does the plant community assembly in Mediterranean grasslands respond after 11yr to a single fertilization event?LocationSpecies-rich Mediterranean grassland, Navarra, northern Spain.MethodsIn 2003, 11 permanent plots were established in a Mediterranean grassland: six plots were fertilized and five were used as controls. Fertilization consisted in the addition of sewage sludge on the soil surface. Grazing was excluded during the course of the experiment. Changes in vegetation abundance were monitored from 2004 to 2014. In 2012, key plant functional traits (height, leaf area, SLA, LDMC) of the most frequent species were collected. We measured taxonomic and functional species composition and diversity. Niche overlap compared to null models was used to assess the mechanisms influencing community assembly.ResultsSpecies composition changed markedly in the fertilized plots. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in taxonomic diversity. One yr after starting the experiment there were no differences in functional composition (i.e. CWM trait values) between fertilized and control plots (excluding SLA), but 11yr later fertilized plots were composed of taller plants with larger SLA and lower LDMC. We found a major reduction in niche overlap in plant height andSLA after fertilizing associated with a replacement in several species that could be indicative of competitive exclusion (principle of limiting similarity). Conversely, we found an increase in niche overlap in leaf area indicating that competition increases similarity among species (weaker competitor exclusion or abiotic filtering). At the end of the experiment, we found large differences in SLA and LDMC between fertilized and control plots.ConclusionsA single fertilization event that occurred 11yr ago triggered a wave of changes in grassland community assembly that are still on-going. Fertilization enhanced the establishment of taller species with larger leaf areas, which displaced, by competitive exclusion, the species that had previously been present. Community assembly patterns in Mediterranean grassland are highly sensitive to abrupt changes in resource availability.
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34.
  • Uria Diez, Jaime (author)
  • Spatial distribution and association patterns in a tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of north-central Vietnam
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27, s. 318-327
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: What are the prevailing types of intraspecific spatial distributions and interspecific association patterns at species and life stage levels of trees in a tropical rain forest? Which ecological processes could structure these patterns? Possible processes include dispersal limitation, self-thinning, facilitation and competition between species and life stages. Location: A tropical broad-leaved forest in north-central Vietnam. Methods: We used univariate and bivariate pair-correlation functions to investigate the spatial distribution and association patterns of 18 abundant tree species. To disentangle first- and second-order effects, we used a scale separation approach with the heterogeneous Poisson process as nullmodel. Results: (1) Sixteen of 18 species had aggregated patterns at various scales and regardless of their abundance. (2) Significant and aggregated patterns were found in 64% of all specific life stages. (3) At scales up to 15 m, 12.4% species pairs showed significant associations, among that 71% were spatial attractions, 5% were spatial repulsions and 24% were non-essential interactions. (4) In different life stage associations, attractions (81%) predominated over repulsions (19%) at small scales of up to 15 m. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that dispersal limitation may regulate the spatial patterns of tree species. Moreover, positive spatial associations between tree species and life stages suggest the presence of species herd protection and/or facilitation in this forest stand, while the persistence of intraspecific aggregation through life stages suggests a very late onset or even absence of selfthinning. Habitat heterogeneity plays an important role for species distribution patterns, and the spatial segregation occurs at a scale around 15 min this forest.
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35.
  • Uria Diez, Jaime (author)
  • Within‐community environmental variability drives trait variability in species‐rich grasslands
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 28, s. 303-312
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • AimsSpatial environmental heterogeneity has been considered an important co-existence mechanism because environmental variation enables different species to co-occur. We predict that if functional differences are important for co-existence, then both species and functional diversity should be positively related to environmental heterogeneity.LocationThirty three dry calcareous grassland sites in Estonia.MethodsIn each site, we established a transect (10.0mx0.1m), consisting of 100 quadrats (10cmx10cm). In each quadrat, we recorded species richness and composition, and measured soil depth, moisture and light availability. We collected data on eight traits from most of the species found across the sites. We calculated functional diversity (FD) at the quadrat scale, and compared the observed FD to that expected at random using two null models. The first null model used all the species that occurred in the transect in the randomizations to determine environmental filtering from the transect to the quadrat. The second null model restricted the species used in the randomizations to those species whose trait range was within the range of the observed values in the quadrat, to detect evidence for niche partitioning. Quadrat mean trait values and variability in functional composition were then related to small-scale mean environmental conditions and heterogeneity, respectively.ResultsWe found convergent patterns in biomass, specific leaf area, specific root length and clonality compared to randomized communities that included all species occurring in the transect, and found divergence in height and leaf area using the range-restricted null model. Hence, we found patterns consistent with environmental filtering and niche partitioning depending on the traits considered. Quadrat mean traits were significantly correlated with the measured environmental variables, with the main trend being a positive relationship between size-related traits and soil resources, and a negative relationship between these traits and light availability. Trait variability in height, leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific root length and clonality was positively related to soil depth heterogeneity. There was a trend for species richness to be negatively related to environmental heterogeneity.ConclusionsCo-occurring species were more similar in several traits partly due to micro-environmental filtering in response to variability in soil depth. While environmental heterogeneity increased trait variability, negative relationships with species richness were observed. Hence, niche partitioning does not appear to be important for the maintenance of high small-scale species richness in these grasslands.
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36.
  • Wardle, David (author)
  • Do experiments exploring plant diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships inform how biodiversity loss impacts natural ecosystems?
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 27, s. 646-653
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • An enormous recent research effort focused on how plant biodiversity (notably species richness) influences ecosystem functioning, usually through experiments in which diversity is varied through random draws of species from a species pool. Such experiments are increasingly used to predict how species losses influence ecosystem functioning in real' ecosystems. However, this assumes that comparisons of experimental communities with low vs high species richness are analogous to comparisons of natural communities from which species either have or have not been lost. I explore the validity of this assumption, and highlight difficulties in using such experiments to draw conclusions about the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss in natural systems. Notably, these experiments do not mimic what happens in real ecosystems either when local extinctions occur or when species losses are offset by gains of new species. Despite limitations, this single experimental approach for studying how biodiversity loss affects ecosystems has often been advocated and implemented at the expense of other approaches; this limits understanding of how natural ecosystems respond to biodiversity loss. I conclude that a broader spectrum of approaches, and more explicit consideration of how species losses and gains operate in concert to influence ecosystems, will help progress this field.
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37.
  • Wardle, David (author)
  • Quantifying multimodal trait distributions improves trait-based predictions of species abundances and functional diversity
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26, s. 46-57
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionNiche differentiation results in functionally diverse communities that are often composed of dominant species with contrasting trait values. However, many predictive trait-based models that emphasize environmental filtering have implicitly assumed that traits exhibit unimodal distributions among individuals within communities centred on an optimal trait value. Does accounting for more complex, multimodal trait distributions among individuals in a community improve predictions of species abundances and functional diversity along environmental gradients?LocationFranz Josef soil chronosequence, central Westland, New Zealand.MethodsLeaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations from 23 woody plant species were modelled as functions of soil total N and P from eight sites of declining soil P. We compared predictions to observations of species abundances and functional diversity along the soil chronosequence using two modelling approaches: (i) the standard application of the hierarchical Bayesian Traitspace model that assumes unimodally distributed traits at each point along the gradient, and (ii) a modified application of the model that accounts for multimodal trait distributions within each community.ResultsSoil P was the strongest predictor of traits and species abundances. The strength of the environmental filter of leaf traits changed along this gradient, as evidenced by highly constrained variances and low modality of the trait distribution at low soil P, and high variance and multimodality at high soil P. Both modelling approaches predicted species abundances that were significantly correlated with observations, but the multimodal approach significantly improved predictions of species abundances and functional diversity.ConclusionsOur results indicate that predictive models that emphasize environmental filtering over niche differentiation by assuming unimodal trait distributions can be more parsimonious than more complex approaches, especially when predicting species abundances along strong environmental gradients. However, models need to account for trait multimodality if they are to accurately replicate spatial patterns in functional diversity. This is important since functional diversity may be a key predictor of ecosystem function and resilience to global change.
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38.
  • Wasof, Safaa, et al. (author)
  • Dominance of individual plant species is more important than diversity in explaining plant biomass in the forest understorey
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 29:3, s. 521-531
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions: How does plant community diversity influence variation in plant biomass? There are two competing hypotheses: the biomass ratio' hypothesis, where biomass is influenced by the abundance and traits of the most dominant species, and the diversity' hypothesis, where the diversity of organisms influences biomass through mechanisms such as niche complementarity. However, no studies have tested which one of these two hypotheses better explains the variation in plant biomass in the forest understorey.Location: Temperate deciduous forests in northern France.Methods: For the forest understorey, we assessed species diversity and biomass as well as soil and light conditions in 133 forest plots of 100m(2) each. Using mixed-effect models and after controlling for potential confounding factors, we tested the biomass ratio' hypothesis by relating the relative abundance of the most dominant species across our study sites and the CWM of plant traits (leaf area and plant height) to biomass. The diversity' hypothesis was tested by relating biomass to various measures of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity.Results: Biomass of the forest understorey was mainly related to the relative abundance and the trait values of the most dominant species, supporting the biomass ratio' hypothesis. In contrast to the diversity' hypothesis, functional diversity indices had a negative impact on biomass. We found no contribution of taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity indices.Conclusion: The abundance and traits of the most dominant species matter more than taxonomic, functional or phylogenetic diversity of the forest understorey in explaining its biomass. Thus, there is a need for experiments that aim to fully understand keystone species' responses to on-going changing biotic and abiotic conditions and to predict their effects on ecosystem functioning and processes.
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39.
  • Zin, Ewa, et al. (author)
  • Dendrochronological reconstruction reveals a mixed-intensity fire regime in Pinus sylvestris-dominated stands of Białowieża Forest, Belarus and Poland
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 26, s. 934-945
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • QuestionsWhat were the features of the historical forest fire regime, fire intensity in particular, in Pinus sylvestris-dominated stands of Biaowiea Forest? Did tree recruitment patterns relate to the fire history?LocationBiaowiea Forest, western Belarus and northeast Poland.MethodsWe used dendrochronological methods to reconstruct the fire regime in a 8.5-ha mixed coniferous (Pinus sylvestris-Picea abies) forest stand located in the Belarusian part of Biaowiea Forest. We analysed fire frequency at stand and point scale, seasonal distribution of fires and fire intensity. We compared the results to a previous study done in a 13.0-ha site of similar habitat and stand structure, located in the Polish part of Biaowiea Forest.ResultsWe reconstructed fires back to 1655, the most recent fire dating to 1918. Mean fire interval at stand scale during 1645-2010 was 97.8yrs (+/- SD). Fire frequency gradually declined after 1811, with mean fire interval at stand scale increasing from 5 +/- 2.5yrs prior to 1811 to 18 +/- 9.3yrs thereafter. Most fires were likely of low intensity, as suggested by (1) small average tree diameter (5.1 +/- 2.9cm) at the first scar, (2) absence of strong negative growth reactions after fire, and (3) high fire frequency likely limiting fuel build-up. However, a fire in 1718 was intense and resulted in a wave of P.sylvestris regeneration. The reconstructed fire history in the Belarusian part of Biaowiea Forest showed many similarities with that done in the Polish section of this forest. Similarities included dominance of low-intensity dormant and early-season fires, sporadic occurrence of high-intensity fires, high fire frequencies between the 1650s and the early 1800s, and cessation of fires since the early 20th century. Six out of 50 fire dates reconstructed in both sites were common and represented a level of synchrony that was significantly higher than expected under a random pattern of fire occurrence.ConclusionsLow-intensity surface fires dominated the historical fire regime of Biaowiea Forest. However, occasional high-intensity stand-replacing fires led to successional changes at the stand scale.
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40.
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41.
  • Jagers, Sverker, et al. (author)
  • Societal causes of, and responses to, ocean acidification
  • 2019
  • In: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 816-830
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Major climate and ecological changes affect the world's oceans leading to a number of responses including increasing water temperatures, changing weather patterns, shrinking ice-sheets, temperature-driven shifts in marine species ranges, biodiversity loss and bleaching of coral reefs. In addition, ocean pH is falling, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). The root cause of OA lies in human policies and behaviours driving society's dependence on fossil fuels, resulting in elevated CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In this review, we detail the state of knowledge of the causes of, and potential responses to, OA with particular focus on Swedish coastal seas. We also discuss present knowledge gaps and implementation needs.
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