| 1. |
- Flykt, Anders
(author)
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Visual search with biological threat stimuli : Accuracy, reaction times, and heart rate changes.
- 2005
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In: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 5:3, s. 349-353
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Twenty-four participants were given a visual search task of deciding whether all the pictures in 3x3 search arrays contained a target picture from a deviant category, and heart rate was measured. The categories were: snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms. Shorter reaction times (RT) were observed for fear-relevant (snake and spider) targets than for fear-irrelevant/neutral (flower and mushroom) targets. This difference was most pronounced for the participants presented with a grey-scale version of the search arrays. The first interbeat interval (IBI), after the search array onset, showed an effect of the target, while the second IBI also showed an effect of the distractors. The results suggest that controlled processing of the task operates together with automatic processing.
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| 2. |
- Fischer, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Brain activation while forming memories of fearful and neutral faces in women and men
- 2007
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In: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 7:4, s. 767-773
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Event-related functional MRI (fMRI) was used to assess brain activity during encoding of fearful and neutral faces in 12 women and 12 men. In a subsequent memory analysis, the authors separated successful from unsuccessful encoding of both types of faces, based on whether they were remembered or forgotten in a later recognition memory test. Overall, women and men recruited overlapping neural circuitries. Both sexes activated right-sided medial-temporal regions during successful encoding of fearful faces. Successful encoding of neutral faces was associated with left-sided lateral prefrontal and right-sided superior frontal activation in both sexes. In women, relatively greater encoding related activity for neutral faces was seen in the superior parietal and parahippocampal cortices. By contrast, men activated the left and right superior/middle frontal cortex more than women during successful encoding of the same neutral faces. These findings suggest that women and men use similar neural networks to encode facial information, with only subtle sex differences observed for neutral faces.
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| 3. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(author)
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Mental imagery and emotion : A special relationship?
- 2005
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In: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC/EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING FOUNDATION. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 5:4, s. 489-497
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A special association between imagery and emotion is often assumed, despite little supporting evidence. In Experiment 1, participants imagined unpleasant events or listened to the same descriptions while thinking about their verbal meaning. Those in the imagery condition reported more anxiety and rated new descriptions as more emotional than did those in the verbal condition. In Experiment 2, 4 groups listened to either benign or unpleasant descriptions, again with imagery or verbal processing instructions. Anxiety again increased more after unpleasant (but not benign) imagery; however, emotionality ratings did not differ after a 10-min filler task. Results support the hypothesis of a special link between imagery and anxiety but leave open the question of whether this also applies to other emotions.
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| 4. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(author)
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The causal effect of mental imagery on emotion assessed using picture-word cues
- 2008
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In: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:3, s. 395-409
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hypothesis that mental imagery is more likely to elicit emotion than verbal processing of the same material was investigated in two studies. Participants saw a series of pictures, each accompanied by a word, designed to yield a negative or benign meaning when combined. Participants were either free to combine the picture and word as they wished (Experiment 1) or instructed to integrate them using either a descriptive sentence or a mental image (Experiment 2). Emotional response was consistently greater following imagery than after producing a sentence. Experiment 2 also demonstrated the causal effect of imagery on emotion and evaluative learning. Additional participants in Experiment 2 described aloud their images/sentences. Independent ratings of descriptions indicated that, as well as being more emotional, images differed from sentences elicited by identical cues by greater similarity to memories, and greater involvement of sensations and specific events. Results support the hypothesis that imagery evokes stronger affective responses than does verbal processing, perhaps because of sensitivity of emotional brain regions to imagery, the similarity of imagery to perception, and to autobiographical episodes.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ravaja, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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The psychophysiology of James Bond : Phasic emotional responses to violent video game events
- 2008
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In: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:1, s. 114-120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The authors examined emotional valence- and arousal-related phasic psychophysiological responses to different violent events in the first-person shooter video game "James Bond 007: NightFire" among 36 young adults. Event-related changes in zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi electromyographic (EMG) activity and skin conductance level (SCL) were recorded, and the participants rated their emotions and the trait psychoticism based on the Psychoticism dimension of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire--Revised, Short Form. Wounding and killing the opponent elicited an increase in SCL and a decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity. The decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi activity was less pronounced among high Psychoticism scorers compared with low Psychoticism scorers. The wounding and death of the player's own character (James Bond) elicited an increase in SCL and zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity and a decrease in corrugator activity. Instead of joy resulting from victory and success, wounding and killing the opponent may elicit high-arousal negative affect (anxiety), with high Psychoticism scorers experiencing less anxiety than low Psychoticism scorers. Although counterintuitive, the wounding and death of the player's own character may increase some aspect of positive emotion.
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| 7. |
- Wiens, Stefan
(author)
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Current Concerns in Visual Masking.
- 2006
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In: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 6:4, s. 675-680
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Theories of emotion postulate that emotional input is processed independently from perceptual awareness. Although visual masking has a long tradition in studying whether emotional pictures are processed below a supposed threshold of perceptual awareness (subliminal perception), a consensus has yet to be reached. This article reviews current concerns in the use of visual masking. These include a reliable presentation method, the role of masking pictures, common definitions of awareness and their problems, current models of awareness, and neural mechanisms. A useful strategy may be the study of dose–response relationships between awareness and emotion processing that avoids a dichotomous view of awareness and allows conclusions about the relative independence of emotional processing from awareness.
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| 8. |
- Holmes, Emily A., et al.
(author)
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Looking at or Through Rose-Tinted Glasses? : Imagery Perspective and Positive Mood
- 2008
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In: Emotion. - : AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:6, s. 875-879
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We can imagine looking at ourselves (observer perspective) or through our own eyes (field perspective). Cognitive and clinical theories suggest that compared to field perspective, observer perspective imagery reduces emotional intensity, for example. of trauma memories. Tests of causality are lacking and less is known about perspective and positive emotion. Using contrasting experimental manipulations, participants imagined 100 positive descriptions from either (1) a field perspective or (2) an observer perspective, or (3) thought about their verbal meaning. Affect was more positive after field than observer imagery and verbal conditions. with mood deterioration within the latter two. Findings are the first to demonstrate causality of imagery perspective on emotion. Further, the results demonstrate that imagining positive events from one's own perspective is critical to improving positive affect. Treatment implications include promoting field imagery to facilitate a more rose-tinted view of positive events.
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| 9. |
- Juslin, Patrik N, et al.
(author)
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An experience sampling study of emotional reactions to music : listener, music, and situation
- 2008
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In: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:5, s. 668-683
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Experience Sampling Method was used to explore emotions to music as they naturally occurred in everyday life, with a focus on the prevalence of different musical emotions and how such emotions are related to various factors in the listener, the music, and the situation. Thirty-two college students, 20 to 31 years old, carried a palmtop that emitted a sound signal seven times per day at random intervals for 2 weeks. When signaled, participants were required to complete a questionnaire on the palmtop. Results showed that music occurred in 37% of the episodes, and in 64% of the music episodes, the participants reported that the music affected how they felt. Comparisons showed that happiness-elation and nostalgia-longing were more frequent in episodes with musical emotions, whereas anger-irritation, boredom-indifference, and anxiety-fear were more frequent in episodes with nonmusical emotions. The prevalence of specific musical emotions correlated with personality measures and also varied depending on the situation (e.g., current activity, other people present), thus highlighting the need to use representative samples of situations to obtain valid estimates of prevalence.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Recognizing masked threat : Fear betrays, but disgust you can trust
- 2008
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In: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 8:6, s. 810-819
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- If emotions guide consciousness, people may recognize degraded objects in center view more accurately if they either fear the objects or are disgusted by them. Therefore, we studied whether recognition of spiders and snakes correlates with individual differences in spider fear, snake fear, and disgust sensitivity. Female students performed a recognition task with pictures of spiders, snakes, flowers, and mushrooms as well as blanks. Pictures were backward masked to reduce picture visibility. Signal detection analyses showed that recognition of spiders and snakes was correlated with disgust sensitivity but not with fear of spiders or snakes. Further, spider fear correlated with the tendency to misinterpret blanks as threatening (response bias). These findings suggest that effects on recognition and response biases to emotional pictures vary for different emotions and emotional traits. Whereas fear may induce response biases, disgust may facilitate recognition.
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| 12. |
- Laukka, Petri
(author)
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Categorical perception of vocal emotion expressions
- 2005
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In: Emotion. - 1528-3542. ; 5, s. 277-295
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Continua of vocal emotion expressions, ranging from one expression to another, were created using speech synthesis. Each emotion continuum consisted of expressions differing by equal physical amounts. In two experiments, subjects identified the emotion of each expression and discriminated between pairs of expressions. Identification results show that the continua were perceived as two distinct sections separated by a sudden category boundary. Also, discrimination accuracy was generally higher for pairs of stimuli falling across category boundaries than for pairs belonging to the same category. These results suggest that vocal expressions are perceived categorically. Results are interpreted from an evolutionary perspective on the function of vocal expression
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