| 1. |
- Berg, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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The Course of Pain in Bell's Palsy : Treatment With Prednisolone and Valacyclovir
- 2009
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 30:6, s. 842-846
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate the effect of prednisolone and valacyclovir on ipsilateral pain around the ear and in the face or neck in Bell's palsy. The incidence and intensity of pain during the first 2 months of palsy and its prognostic value were also assessed. Study Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Setting: Sixteen tertiary referral centers in Sweden and 1 in Finland. Patients: Data are part of the Scandinavian Bell's palsy study; 829 patients aged 18 to 75 years with onset of palsy within 72 hours were included. Follow-up time was 12 months. Intervention: Patients were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment arms in a factorial fashion: placebo plus placebo; prednisolone 60 mg daily for 5 days, then tapering for 5 days, plus placebo; valacyclovir 1,000 mg 3 times daily for 7 days plus placebo; or prednisolone plus valacyclovir. Main Outcome Measures: Pain was registered on a visual analog scale within 72 hours, at Days 11 to 17, 1 month, and 2 months. Facial function was assessed with the Sunnybrook and House-Brackmann systems. Results: Prednisolone and/or valacyclovir did not significantly affect the incidence or intensity of pain during the first 2 months. Pain was registered in 542 (65%) of 829 patients. At 2 months, 53 (8%) of 637 patients still reported pain. Subjects with pain at Days 11 to 17 had lower facial recovery rates at 12 months than those with no pain (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Prednisolone and/or valacyclovir did not affect the incidence or intensity of ipsilateral pain in Bell's palsy. The incidence of pain was similar during the first 2 weeks and then decreased. Presence of pain at Days 11 to 17 indicated a worse prognosis for facial recovery.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Boström, Marja, et al.
(author)
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Neural network and "Ganglion" formations in vitro : a video microscopy and scanning electron microscopy study on adult cultured spiral ganglion cells.
- 2007
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 28:8, s. 1109-1119
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hypothesis: To analyze if adult-dissociated spiral ganglion cells may be propagated in vitro for later use in transplantation models to form integrated neural networks. Background: Hearing loss is often associated with primary or secondary spiral ganglion cell degeneration. New strategies for cell repair and tissue engineering warrants further elucidation of the regenerative capacity of the auditory nerve. Methods: We used in vitro/in video microscopy in combination with immunocytochemistry and field emission scanning electron microscopy to analyze neural development and network formation from dissociated adult guinea pig spiral ganglion cells. Cells were cultured in serum-free medium and in the presence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, and glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for up to 8 weeks. Results: Time-lapse video microscopy and scanning electron microscopy exposed the propagation of auditory neurons and the role of neural growth cones in axon locomotion, fasciculation, and nuclear migration, often ensuing in cell congregation (ganglion-like formations) during network formation. Axons were sometimes ensheathed by adjoining S-100/glia fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells. A few expanding neurons were nestin positive and sometimes incorporated the markers of proliferating cells Ki67 and 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. Neurons expressed the markers and transcription factors for neural development neurogenin 1, neurogenic differentiation factor 1, Brn3a, and GATA binding protein 3, as well as the neural markers beta-III tubulin, NeuN, and neurofilament 160 during this process. Conclusion: This method of culturing and expanding spiral ganglion neurons in vitro may be useful in further studies of cell transplantation models aiming to restore the injured inner ear.
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| 4. |
- Erixon, Elsa, et al.
(author)
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Variational anatomy of the human cochlea : implications for cochlear implantation
- 2009
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 30:1, s. 14-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- HYPOTHESIS: To study variations in human cochlea anatomy with potential implications for cochlear implantation surgery. BACKGROUND: A comprehension of the anatomic variations of the human cochlea is essential for understanding the degree of surgical trauma induced by inserting various electrode arrays in cochlear implantation surgery. Variations in anatomy may also limit the potential for performing hearing preservation. METHODS: We studied 73 archival, nonselected, adult, corrosion casts of human inner ears. Anatomic reference points were constructed from photographic reproductions taken at different angles, and various dimensions were assessed using planimetry. Anatomic variants with particular clinical/surgical interests were pinpointed. RESULTS: Results showed that the human cochlea is individually shaped, varying greatly in dimensions ("fingerprint"). The outer cochlear wall length ranged from 38.6 to 45.6 mm with a mean length of 42.0 mm. The first turn represented 53% of the total length and ranged from 20.3 to 24.3 mm. The number of quadrants varied from slightly more than 8 to 12. The facial nerve canal ran in close proximity to the upper first turn explaining facial nerve excitement during stimulation of electrodes in this region in some instances. The internal diameter (height) of the cochlear tube in the first turn varied broadly (1.6-2.6 mm), occasionally with limited space for conventional implants. CONCLUSION: The human cochlea exhibits extensive anatomic variations. These variations will influence the location of cochlear implant arrays and affect the potential of hearing preservation surgery. Our results may explain the surgeon's difficulties sometimes to insert electrode arrays even in so-called "normal" cochleae.
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| 5. |
- Frykholm, Carina, et al.
(author)
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Familial Meniere's disease in five generations
- 2006
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 27:5, s. 681-686
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Clinical characterization of a Swedish family followed for five generations. Several members of each generation had Meniere's disease (MD). Possible modes of genetic transmission were assessed. Study Design: Retrospective family survey. Setting: University hospital. Tertiary referral center. Patients: Members of a large family in which several members in each generation were affected by MD. Interventions: Hearing levels were assessed, and the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding age at onset, hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness, vertigo, and if MD was unilateral or bilateral. Glycerol tests were performed in a few cases. For deceased relatives, information was obtained from patient charts and interviews with relatives. Genetic studies with linkage analysis was performed for the loci DFNA 1, DFNA6/14, DFNA9, and DFNA 15. Results: One member of Generation I and, according to patient charts, two members of Generation 11 could have suffered from MD. In Generations III to V, 9 of 25 members developed inner ear dysfunction. Six of these individuals developed MD that was strictly in accordance with American Academy of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1995 guidelines criteria, whereas three individuals had unilateral or bilateral hearing impairment, one in combination with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, which could represent an incomplete expression of the disease. ne mean age at disease onset was 64.5 years in Generation 111, 43 years in Generation W, and 25 years in Generation V. In the genetic studies, none of the regions investigated showed linkage to the disease gene with a significant calculated log of odds ratio (LOD) score above three. Conclusion: The pattern of inheritance suggested that familial MD was autosomal dominant and exhibited incomplete expression of inner ear symptoms in some affected members. The decreasing age at onset of disease with succeeding generations could indicate anticipation. None of the hitherto-known DFNA loci, which has phenotypes hearing some resemblance to MD, had haplotypes in common with this large family affected by MD.
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| 6. |
- Hu, Zhengqing, et al.
(author)
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Functional Evaluation of a Cell Replacement Therapy in the Inner Ear
- 2009
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 30:4, s. 551-558
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- HYPOTHESIS:Cell replacement therapy in the inner ear will contribute to the functional recovery of hearing loss.BACKGROUND:Cell replacement therapy is a potentially powerful approach to replace degenerated or severely damaged spiral ganglion neurons. This study aimed at stimulating the neurite outgrowth of the implanted neurons and enhancing the potential therapeutic of inner ear cell implants.METHODS:Chronic electrical stimulation (CES) and exogenous neurotrophic growth factor (NGF) were applied to 46 guinea pigs transplanted with embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons 4 days postdeafening. The animals were evaluated with the electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs) at experimental Days 7, 11, 17, 24, and 31. The animals were euthanized at Day 31, and the inner ears were dissected for immunohistochemistry investigation.RESULTS:Implanted DRG cells, identified by enhanced green fluorescent protein fluorescence and a neuronal marker, were found close to Rosenthal canal in the adult inner ear for up to 4 weeks after transplantation. Extensive neurite projections clearly, greater than in nontreated animals, were observed to penetrate the bony modiolus and reach the spiral ganglion region in animals supplied with CES and/or NGF. There was, however, no significant difference in the thresholds of EABRs between DRG-transplanted animals supplied with CES and/or NGF and DRG-transplanted animals without CES or NGF supplement.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that CES and/or NGF can stimulate neurite outgrowth from implanted neurons, although based on EABR measurement, these interventions did not induce functional connections to the central auditory pathway. Additional time or novel approaches may enhance functional responsiveness of implanted cells in the adult cochlea
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| 7. |
- Håkansson, Bo, 1953, et al.
(author)
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Percutaneous Versus Transcutaneous Bone Conduction Implant System : A Feasibility Study on a Cadaver Head
- 2008
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 29:8, s. 1132-1139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Percutaneous bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) is an important rehabilitation alternative for patients who have conductive or mixed hearing loss. However, these devices use a percutaneous and bone-anchored implant that has some drawbacks reported. A transcutaneous bone conduction implant system (BCI) is proposed as an alternative to the percutaneous system because it leaves the skin intact. The BCI transmits the signal to a permanently implanted transducer with an induction loop system through the intact skin. The aim of this study was to compare the electroacoustic performance of the BAHA Classic-300 with a full-scale BCI on a cadaver head in a sound field. The BCI comprised the audio processor of the vibrant sound bridge connected to a balanced vibration transducer (balanced electromagnetic separation transducer).Methods: Implants with snap abutments were placed in the parietal bone (Classic-300) and 15-mm deep in the temporal bone (BCI). The vibration responses at the ipsilateral and contralateral cochlear promontories were measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer, with the beam aimed through the ear canal.Results: Results show that the BCI produces approximately 5 dB higher maximum output level and has a slightly lower distortion than the Classic-300 at the ipsilateral promontorium at speech frequencies. At the contralateral promontorium, the maximum output level was considerably lower for the BCI than for the Classic-300 except in the 1-2 kHz range, where it was similar.Conclusion: Present results support the proposal that a BCI system can be a realistic alternative to a BAHA.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Knutsson, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Collagen type distribution in the healthy human tympanic membrane
- 2009
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 30:8, s. 1225-1229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The differences in distribution of collagen types in the different fiber layers of the lamina propria suggest that the lattice of connective tissue supporting the tympanic membrane is not uniform. Understanding the differences in collagen type distribution and in the physical properties of the individual collagen types themselves may contribute to a comprehensive model of retraction pocket pathogenesis.
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| 10. |
- Knutsson, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Distribution of different collagen types in the rat's tympanic membrane and its suspending structures
- 2007
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 28:4, s. 486-491
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND:: The objective of the study was to investigate the histological distribution of collagens in the healthy rat's tympanic membrane. METHODS:: Immunohistochemical analysis of collagen type I, II, III, and IV in the tympanic membranes in healthy adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. The staining was semiquantified using light microscopy in a blinded fashion, not knowing what type of collagen the slide had been stained for. RESULTS:: The pars tensa of the tympanic membrane was mainly stained for collagen type II and IV. The fibrous annulus could on immunohistochemistry be subdivided into an inner and an outer portion. The inner portion of the fibrous annulus was mainly stained for collagen type II, whereas the outer portion was most strongly stained for collagen type III and collagen type IV. The test-retest reliability of the semiquantative method was 81%. CONCLUSION:: Collagen type II and IV are the major collagen constituents of the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane. The outer portion of the fibrous annulus has collagen type III and IV as its major constituents, whereas the inner portion is made up of collagen type II.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Pamulova, Lucia, et al.
(author)
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Innervation of the apical turn of the human cochlea : a light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic investigation
- 2006
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 27:2, s. 270-5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- HYPOTHESIS: A light and transmission electron microscopic investigation of the apical turn of a freshly fixed human cochlea. BACKGROUND: Our knowledge about the human cochlea rests to a large extent on animal species research. An opportunity to obtain tissue from normal-hearing persons occurs during surgery for life-threatening petroclival meningioma. This study presents detail on the morphology and innervation of the apical part of the human cochlea using light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic level sectioning. METHODS: The tissue was histologically processed after removal during petroclival meningioma surgery. The cochlea was serially sectioned perpendicularly to its long axis, and at regular distances semithin sections were reembedded and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Nerve fibers/fascicles were traced from the area of the spiral ganglion to the level of the inner hair cells, and a cochleotopic "map" of the cochlear nerve supplying the apical portion was constructed. RESULTS: The apical turn was found to be innervated by 3,694 myelinated nerve fibers representing approximately 10% of the total number of fibers innervating the cochlea. The total number of unmyelinated nerve fibers was 513. The majority belonged to the efferent olivocochlear system and the intraganglionic spiral bundle or represented Type II afferent neurons innervating outer hair cells. CONCLUSION: The significance of the anatomic findings in relation to cochlear implantation is discussed.
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| 13. |
- Persson, Pekka, et al.
(author)
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Using the glasgow benefit plot as a prognostic instrument and for preoperative counseling in patients with otosclerosis
- 2007
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 28:6, s. 739-744
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The Glasgow Benefit Plot (GBP) is a graph showing the pure-tone thresholds preoperatively and postoperatively, and is meant to visualize the possible outcome of binaural hearing for individual patients. We used our database comprising a large number of patient data to test the usefulness of the GBP. STUDY DESIGN: Evaluation based on retrospective clinical data. SETTING: Tertiary referral center, University clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Audiometric assessment included bilateral preoperative and postoperative evaluation using conventional audiometry. Three preoperative groups (unilateral, asymmetric, and symmetric hearing impairment) were split into 6 postoperative categories in the GBP diagram. RESULTS: Considering the 509 operations, including 34 bilateral operations, the total outcome was distributed as follows: 34% resulted in bilateral normal hearing, 24% unilateral normal hearing (in operated ear), 14% still unilateral hearing impairment (in operated ear), 13% symmetric hearing impairment, 10% asymmetric hearing impairment (operated ear best), 5% still asymmetric hearing impairment (nonoperated ear best). The distribution of outcomes depended in part on the bone conduction level in the operated ear and in part on the hearing status in the contralateral ear. CONCLUSION: The GBP is a useful instrument that provides a means for judging the binaural hearing status. However, the outcome of stapes surgery for individual persons and for a group depends critically on the preoperative audiometric criteria for patients who are chosen for surgery. In cases of depressed bone conductions, the method does not indicate the upper limit for possible hearing improvement. A number of patients with combined hearing impairments were included in the present study population. In preoperative counseling, the GBP must be complemented with information with regard to the limitation of possible hearing improvement owing to the individual bone conduction level.
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| 14. |
- Rahman, Anisur, et al.
(author)
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Structural and functional properties of the healed tympanic membrane : a long-term follow-up after laser myringotomy
- 2007
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 28:5, s. 685-691
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hypothesis: The short-term healing scar that forms after experimental laser myringotomy will revert to a normal lamina propria in the long run. The mechanical stiffness will stay normal. Background: Recent studies have shown severe structural changes in the fibrous layer in the early course after experimental laser myringotomy, whereas the scar quickly restored the strength of the tympanic membrane (TM). A reorganization of the fiber layer is expected to occur. Methods: Potassium titanyl phosphate laser myringotomy was made on one side of the TM in Sprague-Dawley rats. The ear of the other side was untouched and used for control. After half a year of observation, the stiffness and strength of the healed TMs were measured with moiré interferometry and examined with otomicroscopy and light and electron microscopy. Results: The interferometry readings showed a slightly reduced strength in the myringotomized and healed TMs. After half a year, still there were immense structural changes including increased thickness over a wide area of the pars tensa with increased amounts of fibers. An obvious reorganization of the fiber layer was lacking. Conclusion: Laser myringotomy causes profound, long-standing, or permanent structural changes in the lamina propria of the pars tensa, whereas the strength of the TM may become slightly reduced.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Stalfors, Joacim, 1966, et al.
(author)
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Skin reactions after BAHA surgery: a comparison between the U-graft technique and the BAHA dermatome.
- 2008
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In: Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. - 1537-4505. ; 29:8, s. 1109-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare and evaluate 2 surgical methods for handling the soft tissues in Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) surgery: the U-graft technique versus the dermatome designed for BAHA site preparation. BACKGROUND: Skin reactions surrounding the percutaneous titanium abutment of the BAHA are a matter of clinical concern. Excessive residual soft tissue surrounding the implant is thought to be the principal cause of this complication. To address the challenge of adequately thinning the soft tissue, a dermatome has been introduced to facilitate BAHA site preparation. METHODS: All patients fitted with a BAHA between 2001 and 2004 at our clinic were included in the study. Resection of soft tissue associated with the use of the U-graft technique or the dermatome was documented. At follow-up, skin reactions were registered according to Holgers. Here, we comparatively analyze the fate of the implant site according to the soft tissue resection technique used. RESULTS: We used a U-shaped graft in 45 patients; the dermatome was used in 25 patients. A total of 373 observations were recorded in follow-up. In the U-shaped graft group, 29 (64%) of 45 patients experienced no adverse skin reactions. In the BAHA dermatome group, 21 (84%) of the 25 patients experienced no skin reactions. The difference in adverse skin reactions between the 2 groups was 19.6% (p = 0.14; 95% confidence interval, -3.6 to 42.7%). CONCLUSION: The BAHA dermatome is a tool, which achieves BAHA skin-healing outcomes at least as good as U-graft flaps created by long-experienced BAHA surgeons. Perhaps, this tool allow other BAHA surgeons to achieve similar outcomes without having to experience as many skin reactions as occurred in the evolution of skin management around BAHA abutments.
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| 17. |
- Stenfelt, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Bone-conducted sound: Physiological and clinical aspects
- 2005
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 26:6, s. 1245-1261
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The fact that vibration of the skull causes a hearing sensation has been known since the 19th century. This mode of hearing was termed hearing by bone conduction. Although there has been more than a century of research on hearing by bone conduction, its physiology is not completely understood. Lately, new insights into the physiology of hearing by bone conduction have been reported. Knowledge of the physiology, clinical aspects, and limitations of bone conduction sound is important for clinicians dealing with hearing loss and is the purpose of this review. Data Sources: The data were compiled from the published literature in the areas of clinical bone conduction hearing, bone conduction hearing aids, basic research on bone conduction physiology, and recent research on bone conduction hearing from our laboratory. Conclusion: Five factors contributing to bone conduction hearing have been identified: 1) sound radiated into the external ear canal, 2) middle ear ossicle inertia, 3) inertia of the cochlear fluids, 4) compression of the cochlear walls, and 5) pressure transmission from the cerebrospinal fluid. Of these five, inertia of the cochlear fluid seems most important. E-one conduction sound is believed to reflect the true cochlear function; however, certain conditions such as middle ear diseases can affect bone conduction sensitivity, but less than for air conduction. The bone conduction route can also be used for hearing aids; since the bone conduction route is less efficient than the air conduction route, bone conduction hearing aids are primarily used for hearing losses where, air conduction hearing aids are contraindicated.
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| 18. |
- Thomsen, J., et al.
(author)
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Local overpressure treatment reduces vestibular symptoms in patients with Ménière's disease : A clinical, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
- 2005
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 26:1, s. 68-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of a new device, the Meniett, in the treatment of Ménière's disease. The device delivers pressure pulses to the middle ear through a ventilating tube in the tympanic membrane at a frequency of 6 Hz for 0.6 second. After rising to a pressure level of 1.2 kPa, the pressure oscillates between 0.4 and 1.2 kPa. It is believed that the pressure changes are conveyed to the inner ear, inducing a transport of fluids via the pressure outlets and thus reducing the endolymphatic hydrops. Study Design: A clinical, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 40 patients were included that had active Méniè re's disease according to American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria, aged between 20 and 65 years, with a history of at least eight attacks during the past year. After insertion of the ventilation tube, the patients should have had attacks of vertigo for 2 months before entering the study. Outcome Measures: Primary study endpoints were change in frequency of vertigo, change of functionality profile, and change in patient perception of vertigo (visual analogue scale), secondary endpoints were perception of tinnitus, aural pressure, and hearing, as well as an audiologic evaluation of hearing before and after the treatment period. Results: The functionality level improved statistically significantly in the active group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.0014), as did the visual analogue scale evaluation of vertigo (p = 0.005). There was a trend toward a reduction of the frequency of vertiginous attacks that was not significant (p = 0.090). With regard to the secondary endpoints, there was no statistical difference between active and placebo groups. Conclusion: Local overpressure treatment is a novel treatment that is noninvasive, nondestructive, and safe. It significantly reduces vestibular symptoms in patients with Ménière's disease. The Meniett was cleared by the Food and Drug Administration in 2000.
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| 19. |
- Van Eyken, Els, et al.
(author)
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The Contribution of GJB2 (Connexin 26) 35delG to Age-Related Hearing Impairment and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
- 2007
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In: Otology and Neurotology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 28:7, s. 970-975
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hypothesis: The common GJB2 (Connexin 26) 35delG mutation might contribute to the development of age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL).Background: GJB2, a gene encoding a gap junction protein expressed in the inner ear, has been suggested to be involved in the potassium recycling pathway in the cochlea. GJB2 mutations account for a large number of individuals with nonsyndromic recessive hearing loss, with 35delG being the most frequent mutation in populations of European origin. Other genes involved in potassium homeostasis have been suggested to be associated with ARHI and NIHL, and distortion product otoacoustic emission distortions indicative of hearing loss alterations have been found in 35delG carriers.Method: We genotyped 35delG in two distinct sample sets: an ARHI sample set, composed of 2,311 Caucasian samples from nine different centers originating from seven different countries with an age range between 53 and 67 years, and an NIHL sample set consisting of 702 samples from the two extremes of a noise-exposed Polish sample.Results: After statistical analysis, we were unable to detect an association between 35delG and ARHI, nor between 35delG and NIHL.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that there is no increased susceptibility in 35delG carriers for the development of ARHI or NIHL.
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