| 1. |
- Olsson, Linda, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Circular Business Models for Extended EV Battery Life
- 2018
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In: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the near future, a large volume of electric vehicle (EV) batteries will reach their end-of-life in EVs. However, they may still retain capacity that could be used in a second life, e.g., for a second use in an EV, or for home electricity storage, thus becoming part of the circular economy instead of becoming waste. The aim of this paper is to explore second life of EV batteries to provide an understanding of how the battery value chain and related business models can become more circular. We apply qualitative research methods and draw on data from interviews and workshops with stakeholders, to identify barriers to and opportunities for second use of EV batteries. New business models are conceptualized, in which increased economic viability of second life and recycling and increased business opportunities for stakeholders may lead to reduced resource consumption. The results show that although several stakeholders see potential in second life, there are several barriers, many of which are of an organizational and cognitive nature. The paper concludes that actors along the battery value chain should set up new collaborations with other actors to be able to benefit from creating new business opportunities and developing new business models together.
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| 2. |
- Kerner, Manfred, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Pyrrolidinium FSI and TFSI-Based Polymerized Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes for High-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries
- 2018
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In: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Promising electrochemical and dynamical properties, as well as high thermal stability, have been the driving forces behind application of ionic liquids (ILs) and polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) as electrolytes for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries (HT-LIBs). Here, several ternary lithium-salt/IL/PIL electrolytes (PIL el ) have been investigated for synergies of having both FSI and TFSI anions present, primarily in terms of physico-chemical properties, for unique application in HT-LIBs operating at 80 ◦ C. All of the electrolytes tested have low T g and are thermally stable ≥100 ◦ C, and with TFSI as the exclusive anion the electrolytes (set A) have higher thermal stabilities ≥125 ◦ C. Ionic conductivities are in the range of 1 mS/cm at 100 ◦ C and slightly higher for set A PIL el , which, however, have lower oxidation stabilities than set B PIL el with both FSI and TFSI anions present: 3.4–3.7 V vs. 4.2 V. The evolution of the interfacial resistance increases for all PIL el during the first 40 h, but are much lower for set B PIL el and generally decrease with increasing Li-salt content. The higher interfacial resistances only influence the cycling performance at high C-rates (1 C), where set B PIL el with high Li-salt content performs better, while the discharge capacities at the 0.1 C rate are comparable. Long-term cycling at 0.5 C, however, shows stable discharge capacities for 100 cycles, with the exception of the set B PIL el with high Li-salt content. Altogether, the presence of both FSI and TFSI anions in the PIL el results in lower ionic conductivities and decreased thermal stabilities, but also higher oxidation stabilities and reduced interfacial resistances and, in total, result in an improved rate capability, but compromised long-term capacity retention. Overall, these electrolytes open for novel designs of HT-LIBs.
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| 3. |
- Lu, Huiran, et al.
(author)
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Flexible and Lightweight Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Cellulose Nanofibrils and Carbon Fibers
- 2018
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In: BATTERIES-BASEL. - : MDPI. - 2313-0105. ; 4:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Flexible, low-weight electrodes with integrated current collectors based on chopped polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers (CF) were produced using an easy, aqueous fabrication process, where only 4 wt% of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were used as the binder. A flexible full cell was assembled based on a LiFePO4 (LFP) positive electrode with a CF current collector and a current collector-free CF negative electrode. The cell exhibited a stable specific capacity of 121 mAh g(-1) based on the LFP weight. The CF in the negative electrode acted simultaneously as active material and current collector, which has a significant positive impact on energy density. Stable specific capacities of the CF/CNF negative electrode of 267 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C and 150 mAh g(-1) at 1 C are demonstrated. The LFP/CNF with CF/CNF, as the current collector positive electrode (LFP-CF), exhibited a good rate performance with a capacity of -150 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C and 133 mAh g(-1) at 1 C. The polarization of the LFP-CF electrode was similar to that of a commercial Quallion LFP electrode, while much lower compared to a flexible LFP/CNF electrode with Al foil as the current collector. This is ascribed to good contact between the CF and the active material.
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| 4. |
- Oltean, Gabriel, et al.
(author)
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Towards Li-ion batteries operating at 80 °C: Ionic liquid versus conventional liquid electrolytes
- 2018
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In: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4, s. 2-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Li-ion battery (LIB) full cells comprised of TiO2-nanotube (TiO2-nt) and LiFePO4 (LFP)electrodes and either a conventional organic solvent based liquid electrolyte or an ionic liquid basedelectrolyte have been cycled at 80 °C. While the cell containing the ionic liquid based electrolyteexhibited good capacity retention and rate capability during 100 cycles, rapid capacity fading was found for the corresponding cell with the organic electrolyte. Results obtained for TiO2-nt and LFP half-cells indicate an oxidative degradation of the organic electrolyte at 80 °C. In all, ionic liquidbased electrolytes can be used to significantly improve the performance of LIBs operating at 80 °C.
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| 5. |
- Soares, Rudi, et al.
(author)
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An Experimental Setup with Alternating Current Capability for Evaluating Large Lithium-Ion Battery Cells
- 2018
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In: Batteries-Basel. - : MDPI. - 2313-0105. ; 4:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the majority of applications using lithium-ion batteries, batteries are exposed to some harmonic content apart from the main charging/discharging current. The understanding of the effects that alternating currents have on batteries requires specific characterization methods and accurate measurement equipment. The lack of commercial battery testers with high alternating current capability simultaneously to the ability of operating at frequencies above 200 Hz, led to the design of the presented experimental setup. Additionally, the experimental setup expands the state-of-the-art of lithium-ion batteries testers by incorporating relevant lithium-ion battery cell characterization routines, namely hybrid pulse power current, incremental capacity analysis and galvanic intermittent titration technique. In this paper the hardware and the measurement capabilities of the experimental setup are presented. Moreover, the measurements errors due to the setup’s instruments were analysed to ensure lithium-ion batteries cell characterization quality. Finally, this paper presents preliminary results of capacity fade tests where 28 Ah cells were cycled with and without the injection of 21 A alternating at 1 kHz. Up to 300 cycles, no significant fade in cell capacity may be measured, meaning that alternating currents may not be as harmful for lithium-ion batteries as considered so far.
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