| 1. |
- Adrian-Martinez, S., et al.
(author)
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A first search for coincident gravitational waves and high energy neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007
- 2013
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In: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; :6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present the results of the first search for gravitational wave bursts associated with high energy neutrinos. Together, these messengers could reveal new, hidden sources that are not observed by conventional photon astronomy, particularly at high energy. Our search uses neutrinos detected by the underwater neutrino telescope ANTARES in its 5 line configuration during the period January - September 2007, which coincided with the fifth and first science runs of LIGO and Virgo, respectively. The LIGO-Virgo data were analysed for candidate gravitational-wave signals coincident in time and direction with the neutrino events. No significant coincident events were observed. We place limits on the density of joint high energy neutrino - gravitational wave emission events in the local universe, and compare them with densities of merger and core-collapse events.
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| 2. |
- Evans, P. A., et al.
(author)
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Swift Follow-up Observations of Candidate Gravitational-wave Transient Events
- 2012
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In: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0067-0049 .- 1538-4365. ; 203:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present the first multi-wavelength follow-up observations of two candidate gravitational-wave (GW) transient events recorded by LIGO and Virgo in their 2009-2010 science run. The events were selected with low latency by the network of GW detectors (within less than 10 minutes) and their candidate sky locations were observed by the Swift observatory (within 12 hr). Image transient detection was used to analyze the collected electromagnetic data, which were found to be consistent with background. Off-line analysis of the GW data alone has also established that the selected GW events show no evidence of an astrophysical origin; one of them is consistent with background and the other one was a test, part of a "blind injection challenge." With this work we demonstrate the feasibility of rapid follow-ups of GW transients and establish the sensitivity improvement joint electromagnetic and GW observations could bring. This is a first step toward an electromagnetic follow-up program in the regime of routine detections with the advanced GW instruments expected within this decade. In that regime, multi-wavelength observations will play a significant role in completing the astrophysical identification of GW sources. We present the methods and results from this first combined analysis and discuss its implications in terms of sensitivity for the present and future instruments.
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| 3. |
- Aasi, J., et al.
(author)
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Parameter estimation for compact binary coalescence signals with the first generation gravitational-wave detector network
- 2013
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In: Physical Review D (Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology). - 1550-2368. ; 88:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Compact binary systems with neutron stars or black holes are one of the most promising sources for ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. Gravitational radiation encodes rich information about source physics; thus parameter estimation and model selection are crucial analysis steps for any detection candidate events. Detailed models of the anticipated waveforms enable inference on several parameters, such as component masses, spins, sky location and distance, that are essential for new astrophysical studies of these sources. However, accurate measurements of these parameters and discrimination of models describing the underlying physics are complicated by artifacts in the data, uncertainties in the waveform models and in the calibration of the detectors. Here we report such measurements on a selection of simulated signals added either in hardware or software to the data collected by the two LIGO instruments and the Virgo detector during their most recent joint science run, including a "blind injection'' where the signal was not initially revealed to the collaboration. We exemplify the ability to extract information about the source physics on signals that cover the neutron-star and black-hole binary parameter space over the component mass range 1M(circle dot)-25M(circle dot) and the full range of spin parameters. The cases reported in this study provide a snapshot of the status of parameter estimation in preparation for the operation of advanced detectors.
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| 4. |
- Aasi, J., et al.
(author)
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Search for gravitational waves from binary black hole inspiral, merger, and ringdown in LIGO-Virgo data from 2009-2010
- 2013
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In: Physical Review D (Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology). - 1550-2368. ; 87:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report a search for gravitational waves from the inspiral, merger and ringdown of binary black holes (BBH) with total mass between 25 and 100 solar masses, in data taken at the LIGO and Virgo observatories between July 7, 2009 and October 20, 2010. The maximum sensitive distance of the detectors over this period for a (20, 20)M-circle dot coalescence was 300 Mpc. No gravitational wave signals were found. We thus report upper limits on the astrophysical coalescence rates of BBH as a function of the component masses for nonspinning components, and also evaluate the dependence of the search sensitivity on component spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum. We find an upper limit at 90% confidence on the coalescence rate of BBH with nonspinning components of mass between 19 and 28M(circle dot) of 3:3 x 10(-7) mergers Mpc(-3) yr(-1).
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| 5. |
- Aasi, J., et al.
(author)
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The characterization of Virgo data and its impact on gravitational-wave searches
- 2012
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In: Classical and Quantum Gravity. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6382 .- 0264-9381. ; 29:15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Between 2007 and 2010 Virgo collected data in coincidence with the LIGO and GEO gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. These data have been searched for GWs emitted by cataclysmic phenomena in the universe, by non-axisymmetric rotating neutron stars or from a stochastic background in the frequency band of the detectors. The sensitivity of GW searches is limited by noise produced by the detector or its environment. It is therefore crucial to characterize the various noise sources in a GW detector. This paper reviews the Virgo detector noise sources, noise propagation, and conversion mechanisms which were identified in the three first Virgo observing runs. In many cases, these investigations allowed us to mitigate noise sources in the detector, or to selectively flag noise events and discard them from the data. We present examples from the joint LIGO-GEO-Virgo GW searches to show how well noise transients and narrow spectral lines have been identified and excluded from the Virgo data. We also discuss how detector characterization can improve the astrophysical reach of GW searches.
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| 6. |
- Aasi, J., et al.
(author)
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Einstein@Home all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S5 data
- 2013
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In: Physical Review D (Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology). - 1550-2368. ; 87:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents results of an all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range [50, 1190] Hz and with frequency derivative range of similar to[-20, 1.1] x 10(-10) Hz s(-1) for the fifth LIGO science run (S5). The search uses a noncoherent Hough-transform method to combine the information from coherent searches on time scales of about one day. Because these searches are very computationally intensive, they have been carried out with the Einstein@Home volunteer distributed computing project. Postprocessing identifies eight candidate signals; deeper follow-up studies rule them out. Hence, since no gravitational wave signals have been found, we report upper limits on the intrinsic gravitational wave strain amplitude h(0). For example, in the 0.5 Hz-wide band at 152.5 Hz, we can exclude the presence of signals with h(0) greater than 7.6 x 10(-25) at a 90% confidence level. This search is about a factor 3 more sensitive than the previous Einstein@Home search of early S5 LIGO data.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Elena, J. W., et al.
(author)
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Diabetes and risk of pancreatic cancer : a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium
- 2013
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In: Cancer Causes and Control. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-5243 .- 1573-7225. ; 24:1, s. 13-25
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Diabetes is a suspected risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but questions remain about whether it is a risk factor or a result of the disease. This study prospectively examined the association between diabetes and the risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in pooled data from the NCI pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan). Methods: The pooled data included 1,621 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases and 1,719 matched controls from twelve cohorts using a nested case-control study design. Subjects who were diagnosed with diabetes near the time (<2 years) of pancreatic cancer diagnosis were excluded from all analyses. All analyses were adjusted for age, race, gender, study, alcohol use, smoking, BMI, and family history of pancreatic cancer. Results: Self-reported diabetes was associated with a forty percent increased risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.40, 95 % CI: 1.07, 1.84). The association differed by duration of diabetes; risk was highest for those with a duration of 2-8 years (OR = 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.25, 2.55); there was no association for those with 9+ years of diabetes (OR = 1.02, 95 % CI: 0.68, 1.52). Conclusions: These findings provide support for a relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer risk. The absence of association in those with the longest duration of diabetes may reflect hypoinsulinemia and warrants further investigation.
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| 10. |
- Zhang, S. N., et al.
(author)
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The high energy cosmic-radiation detection (HERD) facility onboard China's Space Station
- 2014
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In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. - : SPIE. - 9780819496126
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is one of several space astronomy payloads of the cosmic lighthouse program onboard China's Space Station, which is planned for operation starting around 2020 for about 10 years. The main scientific objectives of HERD are indirect dark matter search, precise cosmic ray spectrum and composition measurements up to the knee energy, and high energy gamma-ray monitoring and survey. HERD is composed of a 3-D cubic calorimeter (CALO) surrounded by microstrip silicon trackers (STKs) from five sides except the bottom. CALO is made of about 104 cubes of LYSO crystals, corresponding to about 55 radiation lengths and 3 nuclear interaction lengths, respectively. The top STK microstrips of seven X-Y layers are sandwiched with tungsten converters to make precise directional measurements of incoming electrons and gamma-rays. In the baseline design, each of the four side SKTs is made of only three layers microstrips. All STKs will also be used for measuring the charge and incoming directions of cosmic rays, as well as identifying back scattered tracks. With this design, HERD can achieve the following performance: energy resolution of 1% for electrons and gamma-rays beyond 100 GeV, 20% for protons from 100 GeV to 1 PeV; electron/proton separation power better than 10-5; effective geometrical factors of >3 m2sr for electron and diffuse gamma-rays, >2 m2sr for cosmic ray nuclei. R and D is under way for reading out the LYSO signals with optical fiber coupled to image intensified CCD and the prototype of one layer of CALO.
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| 11. |
- Zhang, D., et al.
(author)
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Galectin-3 gene silencing inhibits migration and invasion of human tongue cancer cells in vitro via downregulating beta-catenin
- 2013
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In: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1671-4083 .- 1745-7254. ; 34:1, s. 176-184
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a member of the carbohydrate-binding protein family that contributes to neoplastic transformation, tumor survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Gal-3 in human tongue cancer progression. Methods: Human tongue cancer cell lines (SCC-4 and CAL27) were transfected with a small-interfering RNA against Gal-3 (Gal-3-siRNA). The migration and invasion of the cells were examined using a scratch assay and BD BioCoat Matrigel Invasion Chamber, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin, Akt/pAkt, GSK-3β/pGSK-3β, MMP-9 in the cells were measured using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results: Transient silencing of Gal-3 gene for 48 h significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of both SCC-4 and CAL27 cells. Silencing of Gal-3 gene significantly decreased the protein level of β-catenin, leaving the mRNA level of β-catenin unaffected. Furthermore, silencing Gal-3 gene significantly decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β, and suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9 in the cells. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Gal-3 mediates the migration and invasion of tongue cancer cells in vitro via regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and Akt phosphorylation.
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| 12. |
- Bao, Ying, et al.
(author)
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Folate Intake and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer : Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
- 2011
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In: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 103:24, s. 1840-1850
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Epidemiological studies evaluating the association between folate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer have produced inconsistent results. The statistical power to examine this association has been limited in previous studies partly because of small sample size and limited range of folate intake in some studies. Methods We analyzed primary data from 14 prospective cohort studies that included 319 716 men and 542 948 women to assess the association between folate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer. Folate intake was assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline in each study. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results During 7-20 years of follow-up across studies, 2195 pancreatic cancers were identified. No association was observed between folate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in men and women (highest vs lowest quintile: dietary folate intake, pooled multivariable RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.25, P-trend = .47; total folate intake [dietary folate and supplemental folic acid], pooled multivariable RR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.16, P-trend = .90). No between-study heterogeneity was observed (for dietary folate, P-heterogeneity = .15; for total folate, P-heterogeneity = .22). Conclusion Folate intake was not associated with overall risk of pancreatic cancer in this large pooled analysis.
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| 13. |
- Ceolin, Denis, et al.
(author)
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Site-selective resonant Auger spectroscopy of iso-dichloroethylene at the carbon K-edge
- 2012
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In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 185:8-9, s. 252-258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study focuses on the two C1s-to-LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) excitations of the iso-dichloroethylene (H2C=CCl2) and the subsequent Auger decay. We investigate the effect of the two different carbon core excitations on the population of the cation produced after electronic relaxation. The resonant Auger spectra are interpreted by comparison to the valence shells photoionization spectrum and with the help of theoretical calculations. Several consequences of the core-hole localization on the electronic decay are observed. In particular, the resonant excitation of the C1s(CH2) to the LUMO leads to a large intensity increase in the region of the first satellite state, whereas no dramatic changes are observed for the C1s(CCl2) excitation.
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| 14. |
- Al-Qahtani, Fawaz S., et al.
(author)
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Selection Decode-and-Forward Relay Networks with Rectangular QAM in Nakagami-m Fading Channels
- 2010
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate the average symbol error probability (SEP) of fixed decode-and-forward relay networks over independent but not identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels. We have derived closed form expression of SEP for general rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) under relay selection scheme where only the best relay forwards message from the source to the destination. The expressions are in terms of hypergeometric series which can be efficiently numerically evaluated. The numerical results are validated with Monte-Carlo simulations.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Ceolin, Denis, et al.
(author)
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Effect of the Cl2p core orbital excitation on the nuclear dynamics of the three dichloroethylene isomers
- 2011
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In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 184:1-2, s. 24-28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article, we present the X-ray absorption spectra of the three isomers of dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2 in the vicinity of the chlorine L-2 and L-3 edges. These isomers were excited along the first Cl2p to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital transition and an analysis of the corresponding resonant Auger spectra shows that the C-Cl bond can break before the electronic decay. An investigation of a possible Auger Doppler-like effect is also presented.
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| 18. |
- Cho, Yoon Shin, et al.
(author)
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Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies eight new loci for type 2 diabetes in east Asians.
- 2012
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In: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 44:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We conducted a three-stage genetic study to identify susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in east Asian populations. We followed our stage 1 meta-analysis of eight T2D genome-wide association studies (6,952 cases with T2D and 11,865 controls) with a stage 2 in silico replication analysis (5,843 cases and 4,574 controls) and a stage 3 de novo replication analysis (12,284 cases and 13,172 controls). The combined analysis identified eight new T2D loci reaching genome-wide significance, which mapped in or near GLIS3, PEPD, FITM2-R3HDML-HNF4A, KCNK16, MAEA, GCC1-PAX4, PSMD6 and ZFAND3. GLIS3, which is involved in pancreatic beta cell development and insulin gene expression, is known for its association with fasting glucose levels. The evidence of an association with T2D for PEPD and HNF4A has been shown in previous studies. KCNK16 may regulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion in the pancreas. These findings, derived from an east Asian population, provide new perspectives on the etiology of T2D.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- King, P.D.C., et al.
(author)
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Large Tunable Rashba Spin Splitting of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in Bi2Se3
- 2011
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In: Physical Review Letters. - : aps physics. ; 107:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report a Rashba spin splitting of a two-dimensional electron gas in the topological insulator Bi2Se3 from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We further demonstrate its electrostatic control, and show that spin splittings can be achieved which are at least an order-of-magnitude larger than in other semiconductors. Together these results show promise for the miniaturization of spintronic devices to the nanoscale and their operation at room temperature.
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| 21. |
- Olofsson, Jonas K., et al.
(author)
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A Designated Odor-Language Integration System in the Human Brain
- 2014
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In: Journal of Neuroscience. - 0270-6474 .- 1529-2401. ; 34:45, s. 14864-14873
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Odors are surprisingly difficult to name, but the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is poorly understood. In experiments using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the physiological basis of odor naming with a paradigm where olfactory and visual object cues were followed by target words that either matched or mismatched the cue. We hypothesized that word processing would not only be affected by its semantic congruency with the preceding cue, but would also depend on the cue modality (olfactory or visual). Performance was slower and less precise when linking a word to its corresponding odor than to its picture. The ERP index of semantic incongruity (N400), reflected in the comparison of nonmatching versus matching target words, was more constrained to posterior electrode sites and lasted longer on odor-cue (vs picture-cue) trials. In parallel, fMRI cross-adaptation in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) was observed in response to words when preceded by matching olfactory cues, but not by matching visual cues. Time-series plots demonstrated increased fMRI activity in OFC and ATL at the onset of the odor cue itself, followed by response habituation after processing of a matching (vs nonmatching) target word, suggesting that predictive perceptual representations in these regions are already established before delivery and deliberation of the target word. Together, our findings underscore the modality-specific anatomy and physiology of object identification in the human brain.
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| 22. |
- Piao, H. L., et al.
(author)
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Affinity-matured recombinant immunotoxin targeting gangliosides 3 '-isoLM1 and 3 ', 6 '-isoLD1 on malignant gliomas
- 2013
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In: Mabs. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-0862 .- 1942-0870. ; 5:5, s. 748-762
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- About 60 percent of glioblastomas highly express the gangliosides 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1 on the cell surface, providing ideal targets for brain tumor immunotherapy. A novel recombinant immunotoxin, DmAb14m-(scFv)-PE38KDEL (DmAb14m-IT), specific for the gangliosides 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1, was constructed with improved affinity and increased cytotoxicity for immunotherapeutic targeting of glioblastoma. We isolated an scFv parental clone from a previously established murine hybridoma, DmAb14, that is specific to both 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1. We then performed in vitro affinity maturation by CDR hotspot random mutagenesis. The binding affinity and specificity of affinity-matured DmAb14m-IT were measured by surface-plasmon resonance, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity of DmAb14m-IT was measured by protein synthesis inhibition and cell death assays in human cell lines expressing gangliosides 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1 (D54MG and D336MG) and xenograft-derived cells (D2224MG). As a result, the K-D of DmAb14m-IT for gangliosides 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1 was 2.6 x 10(-9)M. Also, DmAb14m-IT showed a significantly higher internalization rate in cells expressing 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1. The DmAb14m-IT IC50 was 80 ng/mL (1194 pM) on the D54MG cell line, 5 ng/ml (75 pM) on the D336MG cell line, and 0.5 ng/ml (7.5 pM) on the D2224MG xenograft-derived cells. There was no cytotoxicity on ganglioside-negative HEK293 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the specific apparent affinity of DmAb14m-IT with 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1. In conclusion, DmAb14m-IT showed specific binding affinity, a significantly high internalization rate, and selective cytotoxicity on glioma cell lines and xenograft-derived cells expressing 3-isoLM1 and 3,6-isoLD1, thereby displaying robust therapeutic potential for testing the antitumor efficacy of DmAb14m-IT at the preclinical level and eventually in the clinical setting.
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| 26. |
- Yamada, Y, et al.
(author)
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In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry study of the hydrogenation process of switchable mirrors based on magnesium-nickel alloy thin films
- 2010
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In: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 107:4, s. 043517-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hydrogenation process of switchable mirrors using magnesium-nickel alloy thin films including a thin palladium cap layer was analyzed by measuring the variation in ellipsometric angles Psi and Delta using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. The process was divided into three phases and each phase was identified as follows. The first phase was the process in which the solid solution was formed because a Mg-Ni alloy in its metal state absorbs hydrogen. The second phase was the hydrogenation processes of the solid solution and the metal Pd layers. The third phase was the hydrogenation process of residual metal Pd in the Pd layer. In the initial state of the second phase, a hydride of the alloy was nucleated at the film/substrate interface as a result of hydrogenation of the solid solution, and a mixture layer of the hydride and solution was formed. With proceeding hydrogenation, the thickness of the mixture layer increased and the homogenous hydride layer was afterwards formed at the film/substrate interface. As a result of further hydrogenation, the Mg-Ni alloy layer was completely hydrogenated. After the alloy layer was completely hydrogenated, the hydrogenation of Pd was terminated.
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| 27. |
- Yarime, Masaru, et al.
(author)
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Dissipation and Recycling: What Losses, What Dissipation Impacts, and What Recycling Options?
- 2014
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In: Sustainable Phosphorus Management. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789400772496 ; , s. 247-274
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter describes the activities in the Dissipation and Recycling Node of Global TraPs, a multistakeholder project on the sustainable management of the global phosphorus (P) cycle. Along the P supply and demand chain, substantial amounts are lost, notably in mining, processing, agriculture via soil erosion, food waste, manure, and sewage sludge. They are not only critical with respect to wasting an essential resource, but also contribute to severe environmental impacts such as eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems or the development of dead zones in oceans. The Recycling and Dissipation Node covers the phosphorus system from those points where phosphate-containing waste or losses have occurred or been produced by human excreta, livestock, and industries. This chapter describes losses and recycling efforts, identifies knowledge implementation and dissemination gaps as well as critical questions, and outlines potential transdisciplinary case studies. Two pathways toward sustainable P management are in focus: To a major goal of sustainable P management therefore must be to (1) quantify P stocks and flows in order to (2) identify key areas for minimizing losses and realizing recycling opportunities. Several technologies already exist to recycle P from different sources, including manure, food waste, sewage, and steelmaking slag; however, due to various factors such as lacking economic incentives, insufficient regulations, technical obstacles, and missing anticipation of unintended impacts, only a minor part of potential secondary P resources has been utilized. Minimizing losses and increasing recycling rates as well as reducing unintended environmental impacts triggered by P dissipation require a better understanding of the social, technological, and economic rationale as well as the intrinsic interrelations between nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability. A useful approach will be to develop new social business models integrating innovative technologies, corporate strategies, and public policies. That requires intensive collaboration between different scientific disciplines and, most importantly, among a variety of key stakeholders, including industry, farmers, and government agencies.
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