| 1. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(author)
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The impact of attending an independent upper secondary school : Evidence from Sweden using school ranking data
- 2021
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In: Economics of Education Review. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 84, s. 1-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the 1990s, the Swedish education market has gone through a dramatic transformation due to the introduction of voucher-funded independent schools. We make use of data on school applications to condition on student preferences for independent versus public education, and estimate a positive relationship between independent upper secondary school attendance and grades, graduation rates, and post-secondary education. We however also find strong indications of more lenient grading standards in independent schools, especially in schools organized as for-profit entities and in schools with a low share of qualified teachers. Our results suggest that, although independent school attendance seems to benefit the individual students in terms of higher grades and increased transition to post-secondary studies, grade inflation in the Swedish upper secondary independent schools may be a serious problem.
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| 2. |
- Dadgar, Iman, 1982-
(author)
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Essays on the economics of education and health
- 2022
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Study I: This paper investigates the effect of the academic ordinal rank position of Swedish grade 9 students relative to their school peers on future educational achievement and adult earnings. The results show evidence of a positive impact of being more highly ranked in the class, and the effects are concentrated to the top and the bottom of the ordinal rank distribution. High-ability students from low-income families gained the most from having a higher ordinal rank in grade 9. The results contrast with US findings, which suggest a similar impact across the rank distribution.Study II: This paper studies the effect of a reform that increased school-level autonomy in determining how to allocate time between different subjects in Sweden. It evaluates the impact of the reform using registry data in a Difference-in-Differences framework. The results suggest that students' educational outcomes, including the subsequent choice of educational track, were not affected by the reform. However, there are some indications that students in large schools and students from low socioeconomic households may have benefited from the reform. Study III: Research suggests that increases in gross domestic product (GDP) lead to increases in traffic deaths plausibly due to the increased road traffic induced by an expanding economy. However, there also seems to exist a long-term effect of economic growth that is manifested in improved traffic safety and reduced rates of traffic deaths. Previous studies focus on either the short-term, procyclical effect, or the long-term, protective effect. The aim of the present study is to estimate the short-term and long-term effects jointly in order to assess the net impact of GDP on traffic mortality. We performed error correction modelling to estimate the short-term and long-term effects of GDP on the traffic death rates. The estimates from the error correction modelling for the entire study period suggested that a one-unit increase (US$1000) in GDP/capita yields an instantaneous short-term increase in the traffic death rate by 0.58 (p<0.001), and a long-term decrease equal to −1.59 (p<0.001). However, period-specific analyses revealed a structural break implying that the procyclical effect outweighs the protective effect in the period prior to 1976, whereas the reverse is true for the period 1976–2011. Study IV: Unemployment might affect several risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death globally. The characterization of the relation between these two phenomena is thus of great significance from a public-health perspective. The main aim of this study was to estimate the association between the unemployment rate and mortality from CVD and from coronary heart disease (CHD). We used time-series data for 32 countries spanning the period 1960–2015. We applied two alternative modelling strategies: (a) error correction modelling, provided that the data were co-integrated; and (b) first-difference modelling in the absence of co-integration. Separate models were estimated for each of five welfare state regimes with different levels of unemployment protection. We also performed country-specific ARIMA-analyses. Because the data did not prove to be co-integrated, we applied first-difference modelling. Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that heart-disease mortality does not respond to economic fluctuations.
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| 3. |
- Edmark, Karin Margret, et al.
(author)
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The impact of attending an independent upper secondary school : Evidence from Sweden using school ranking data
- 2021
-
In: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 84
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the 1990s, the Swedish education market has gone through a dramatic transformation due to the introduction of voucher-funded independent schools. We make use of data on school applications to condition on student preferences for independent versus public education, and estimate a positive relationship between independent upper secondary school attendance and grades, graduation rates, and post-secondary education. We however also find strong indications of more lenient grading standards in independent schools, especially in schools organized as for-profit entities and in schools with a low share of qualified teachers. Our results suggest that, although independent school attendance seems to benefit the individual students in terms of higher grades and increased transition to post-secondary studies, grade inflation in the Swedish upper secondary independent schools may be a serious problem.
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| 4. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Resultat och betygsättning i gymnasiefriskolor
- 2024
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Book (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- I den här rapporten undersöks hur elevers skolresultat och övergång till eftergymnasial utbildning påverkas av att gå i en fristående i stället för en kommunal gymnasieskola. Resultaten tyder på att friskoleeleverna i genomsnitt får högre betyg, bättre provresultat i svenska och engelska, oftare går klart gymnasiet och i högre utsträckning studerar vidare. Men författarna finner också tecken på en mer generös betygsättning i friskolorna. Exempelvis sätter friskolor högre kursbetyg jämfört med resultaten på nationella prov. Även om författarna inte kan säga om en mer generös betygsättning förklarar hela resultatskillnaden mellan fristående och kommunala skolor, indikerar det här mönstret att det behövs åtgärder för att förbättra likvärdigheten i betygsättningen mellan skolor.
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| 5. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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SNS Analys 88. Resultat och betygsättning i gymnasiefriskolor
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Fristående gymnasieskolor ger högre betyg än kommunala. Det gynnar friskoleelever, men skapar orättvisor om betygen inte speglar en högre kunskapsnivå, skriver forskarna Karin Edmark och Lovisa Persson i en ny SNS-rapport
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| 6. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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The impact of attending an independent upper secondary school : Evidence from Sweden using school ranking data
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper provides a comprehensive study on how attending a Swedish Independent upper secondary school affects students’ academic and short-term post-secondary outcomes. Beyond having access to population registers that measure school attendance and student outcomes, we are able to control for student preferences for independent provision, as stated in school application forms. The results from a CEM/VAM approach suggest a positive independent school effect on: final GPA, test results in English and Swedish, the likelihood to graduate on time, and attending post-secondary education. However, we also find a larger discrepancy between the final grade and the standardized test result among the independent school students, in a way that accords with more lenient grading practices among independent schools. Results from an alternative difference-in-difference analysis around admission thresholds yielded no additional insights, due to imprecise estimates.
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| 7. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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The Impact of Voucher Schools : Evidence from Swedish Upper Secondary Schools
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Empirical studies investigating the impact of private voucher schools on student outcomes have focused on a number of mechanisms, including productivity and competitive effects. Arguably, the possibility that these voucher schools may provide greater variety, in terms of education options or tracks remains an understudied area. This paper exploits the rapid expansion of private academic and vocational track schools in Sweden, to address this question. We uncover new evidence that the introduction of private voucher schools induced greater vocational education participation, and not simply a substitution of public for private vocational schools. In effect, private school penetration lead to a switch away from academic tracks, including both science and social science, in favour of vocational options. We then ask what impact inducing greater participation in vocational education had on short- and medium-term outcomes, including GPA, on-time graduation from high school, university participation and field of study at university. We discuss other possible mechanisms, including changes in peer and teacher quality.
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| 8. |
- Edmark, Lennart, 1954-, et al.
(author)
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Pressure-controlled versus manual facemask ventilation for anaesthetic induction in adults : A randomised controlled non-inferiority trial
- 2023
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In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 67:10, s. 1356-1362
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Pressure-controlled face mask ventilation (PC-FMV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) after apnoea following induction of general anaesthesia prolongs safe apnoea time and reduces atelectasis formation. However, depending on the set inspiratory pressure, a delayed confirmation of a patent airway might occur. We hypothesised that by lowering the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) when using PC-FMV with PEEP, confirmation of a patent airway would not be delayed as studied by the first return of CO2, compared with manual face mask ventilation (Manual FMV).Methods: This was a single-centre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Seventy adult patients scheduled for elective day-case surgery under general anaesthesia with body mass index between 18.5 and 29.9 kg m(-2), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes I-III, and without anticipated difficult FMV, were included. Before the start of pre-oxygenation and induction of general anaesthesia, participants were randomly allocated to receive ventilation with either PC-FMV with PEEP, at a PIP of 11 and a PEEP of 6 cmH(2)O or Manual FMV, with the adjustable pressure-limiting valve set at 11 cmH(2)O. The primary outcome variable was the number of ventilatory attempts needed until confirmation of a patent airway, defined as the return of at least 1.3 kPa CO2.Results: The return of >= 1.3 kPa CO2 on the capnography curve was observed after mean +/- SD, 3.6 +/- 4.2 and 2.5 +/- 1.9 ventilatory attempts/breaths with PC-FMV with PEEP and Manual FMV, respectively. The difference in means (1.1 ventilatory attempts/breaths) had a 99% CI of similar to 1.0 to 3.1, within the accepted upper margin of four breaths for non-inferiority.Conclusion: Following induction of general anaesthesia, PC-FMV with PEEP was used without delaying a patent airway as confirmed with capnography, if moderate pressures were used.
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