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| 2. |
- Camerer, C. F., et al.
(author)
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Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015
- 2018
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In: Nature Human Behaviour. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-3374. ; 2:9, s. 637-644
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being able to replicate scientific findings is crucial for scientific progress1-15. We replicate 21 systematically selected experimental studies in the social sciences published in Nature and Science between 2010 and 201516-36. The replications follow analysis plans reviewed by the original authors and pre-registered prior to the replications. The replications are high powered, with sample sizes on average about five times higher than in the original studies. We find a significant effect in the same direction as the original study for 13 (62%) studies, and the effect size of the replications is on average about 50% of the original effect size. Replicability varies between 12 (57%) and 14 (67%) studies for complementary replicability indicators. Consistent with these results, the estimated truepositive rate is 67% in a Bayesian analysis. The relative effect size of true positives is estimated to be 71%, suggesting that both false positives and inflated effect sizes of true positives contribute to imperfect reproducibility. Furthermore, we find that peer beliefs of replicability are strongly related to replicability, suggesting that the research community could predict which results would replicate and that failures to replicate were not the result of chance alone.
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| 3. |
- Camerer, C. F., et al.
(author)
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Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics
- 2016
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 351:6280, s. 1433-1436
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The replicability of some scientific findings has recently been called into question. To contribute data about replicability in economics, we replicated 18 studies published in the American Economic Review and the Quarterly Journal of Economics between 2011 and 2014. All of these replications followed predefined analysis plans that weremade publicly available beforehand, and they all have a statistical power of at least 90% to detect the original effect size at the 5% significance level. We found a significant effect in the same direction as in the original study for 11 replications (61%); on average, the replicated effect size is 66% of the original. The replicability rate varies between 67% and 78% for four additional replicability indicators, including a prediction market measure of peer beliefs.
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- Baptista, Marisa A. P., et al.
(author)
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Deletion of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein triggers Rac2 activity and increased cross-presentation by dendritic cells
- 2016
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In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the WASp gene. Decreased cellular responses in WASp-deficient cells have been interpreted to mean that WASp directly regulates these responses in WASp-sufficient cells. Here, we identify an exception to this concept and show that WASp-deficient dendritic cells have increased activation of Rac2 that support cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Using two different skin pathology models, WASp-deficient mice show an accumulation of dendritic cells in the skin and increased expansion of IFN gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells in the draining lymph node and spleen. Specific deletion of WASp in dendritic cells leads to marked expansion of CD8(+) T cells at the expense of CD4(+) T cells. WASp-deficient dendritic cells induce increased cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells by activating Rac2 that maintains a near neutral pH of phagosomes. Our data reveals an intricate balance between activation of WASp and Rac2 signalling pathways in dendritic cells.
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| 10. |
- Forsell, E., et al.
(author)
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Overcoming procrastination : One-year follow-up and predictors of change in a randomized controlled trial of Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy
- 2016
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Procrastination; the purposeful delay of an intended course of action is, for many, a persistent behavior associated with reduced mood, increased stress, and poorer performance. 20 % of adults and 50 % of students experience significant difficulties with procrastination. Internet- based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) shows promise for several conditions, but has never been applied to procrastination. The current study examined the efficacy of ICBT for procrastination at post treatment and one-year follow-up, and investigated predictors of change.Method: Participants (N = 150) were randomized to 10 weeks of either guided self-help, unguided self-help, or wait-list control (receiving unguided self-help after the first treatment period). Outcome measures were the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS), the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS), the Susceptibility to Temptation Scale, the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment, and the Quality of Life Inventory. Intention-to-treat was used for all statistical analyses, with mixed-effects models to assess the effect of time and group.Results: Moderate to large effect sizes were obtained post treatment comparing guided and unguided self-help with wait-list control, the PPS, Cohen’s d = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.29, 1.10], and d = 0.50, 95% CI [0.10, 0.90], and the IPS, d = 0.81 95% CI [0.40, 1.22], and d = 0.69 95% CI [0.29, 1.09]. Clinically significant change was achieved among 31.3–40.0% for guided self-help and 24.0–36.0% for unguided self-help. Neither treatment condition was superior on any outcome measure, Fs (98, 65.17-72.55) < 1.70, p > .19. One-year follow-up data has been collected and the results will be available at the time of the conference, including predictors of change.Conclusion: ICBT could be useful for self-reported problems of procrastination, with results at one-year follow-up and predictors of change revealing the long-term benefit and variables associated with successful treatment outcome.
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| 11. |
- Forsell, Mattias N. E., et al.
(author)
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Regulation of subunit-specific germinal center B cell responses to the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins by antibody-mediated feedback
- 2017
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In: Frontiers in Immunology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-3224. ; 8:JUN
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The regulation of germinal center (GC) B cell responses to single epitopes is well investigated. How monoclonal B cells are regulated within the polyclonal B cell response to protein antigens is less so. Here, we investigate the primary GC B cell response after injection of mice with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. We demonstrate that single GCs are seeded by a diverse number of B cell clones shortly after a single immunization and that the presence of Env-specific antibodies can inhibit the development of early GC B cells. Importantly, the suppression was dependent on the GC B cells and the infused antibodies to target the same subunit of the injected HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. An affinity-dependent antibody feedback has previously been shown to regulate GC B cell development. Here, we propose that this antibody-based feedback acts on GC B cells only if they target the same or overlapping epitopes. This study provides important basic information of GC B cell regulation, and for future vaccine designs with aim to elicit neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1.
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| 12. |
- Kolan, Shrikant S, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Growth-inhibition of cell lines derived from B cell lymphomas through antagonism of serotonin receptor signaling
- 2019
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A majority of lymphomas are derived from B cells and novel treatments are required to treat refractory disease. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine influence activation of B cells and the effects of a selective serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1A) antagonist on growth of a number of B cell-derived lymphoma cell lines were investigated. We confirmed the expression of 5HT1A in human lymphoma tissue and in several well-defined experimental cell lines. We discovered that the pharmacological inhibition of 5HT1A led to the reduced proliferation of B cell-derived lymphoma cell lines together with DNA damage, ROS-independent caspase activation and apoptosis in a large fraction of cells. Residual live cells were found ‘locked’ in a non-proliferative state in which a selective transcriptional and translational shutdown of genes important for cell proliferation and metabolism occurred (e.g., AKT, GSK-3β, cMYC and p53). Strikingly, inhibition of 5HT1A regulated mitochondrial activity through a rapid reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing dehydrogenase activity. Collectively, our data suggest 5HT1A antagonism as a novel adjuvant to established cancer treatment regimens to further inhibit lymphoma growth.
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| 17. |
- Rahman, M. S., et al.
(author)
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Exercise Reduces Salivary Morning Cortisol Levels in Patients with Depression
- 2019
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In: Molecular Neuropsychiatry. - : S. Karger. - 2296-9209 .- 2296-9179. ; 4:4, s. 196-203
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose of the Study: Cortisol hypersecretion plays a role in depression pathophysiology. Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) and physical exercise (PE) are new treatment alternatives for depression, and their long-lasting effect on cortisol is unknown. We investigated cortisol level changes after 12 weeks of ICBT, PE or treatment as usual (TAU).Procedures: The present pre-post repeated measure study analysed data derived from a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of 12 weeks’ interventions of ICBT, PE and TAU in depressed primary care patients (Sweden 2011–2013) and aimed at prospectively evaluating the within-group effects of ICBT, PE and TAU on diurnal salivary cortisol levels in a small representative subsample (n = 56, 38 and 27, respectively).Results: We found a marked flattening of the diurnal cortisol slope (p = 0.004) and a reduced cortisol level at awakening (p = 0.017) after 12 weeks of PE treatment. No apparent effects of ICBT or TAU interventions were seen on diurnal cortisol levels.Conclusions and Message: PE reduced the rate of cortisol level decline across the day in depressed adults. ICBT and TAU treatments had no detectable effects on diurnal cortisol levels. Larger samples are required for the detection and comparison of smaller effects of PE, ICBT and TAU on diurnal cortisol levels.
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| 19. |
- Rozental, Alexander, et al.
(author)
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Overcoming procrastination : One-year follow-up and predictors of change in a randomized controlled trial of Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy
- 2016
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: Procrastination refers to the purposeful delay of an intended course of action and can become a persistent behavioral pattern associated with reduced mood, increased stress, and poorer performance. One-fifth of the adult population and half of the student population experience significant difficulties due to procrastination, but has received little attention in clinical research. Meanwhile, Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) has been found promising for several conditions, but has not yet been used in relation to procrastination. The current study thus aimed to examine the efficacy of ICBT for procrastination at post treatment and one-year follow-up, as well as to investigate predictors of change.Method: Participants (N = 150) were randomized to a ten-week treatment programme; guided self-help, unguided self-help, and wait-list control (receiving unguided self-help after the first treatment period). Outcome measures were administered at screening, post treatment, one-year follow-up, or weekly, consisting of the Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS), the Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS), the Susceptibility to Temptation Scale, the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment, and the Quality of Life Inventory. Intention-to-treat was used for all statistical analyses, with mixed-effects models to assess the effect of time and group.Results: Moderate to large effect sizes were obtained at post treatment comparing guided and unguided self-help with wait-list control, the PPS, Cohen’s d = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.29, 1.10], and d = 0.50, 95% CI [0.10, 0.90], and the IPS, d = 0.81 95% CI [0.40, 1.22], and d = 0.69 95% CI [0.29, 1.09]. Clinically significant change was achieved among 31.3–40.0% for guided self-help, compared with 24.0–36.0% for unguided self-help. Neither of the treatment conditions was found to be superior on any of the outcome measures, Fs (98, 65.17-72.55) < 1.70, p > .19. One-year follow-up data has just been collected and the results of will be available at the time of the conference, including predictors of change.Conclusion: ICBT could be useful for managing self-reported problems of procrastination, with results at one-year follow-up and predictors of change revealing the long-term benefit and possible variables responsible for a successful treatment outcome.
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| 20. |
- Rozental, Alexander, et al.
(author)
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Understanding and treating procrastination
- 2015
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Prokrastinering definieras som beteendet att medvetet förhala ett tilltänkt handlingsförlopp, trots medvetenhet om att det kan medföra negativa konsekvenser. Utöver att påverka prestationen på en given uppgift eller aktivitet har prokrastinering även visat sig vara associerat med sämre psykisk och fysisk hälsa. Trots detta är forskning på effektiva behandlingsinterventioner för prokrastinering ytterst begränsat. Aktuellt symposium syftar till att delge resultaten från två kliniska studier där kognitiv beteendeterapi har använts i behandling av personer med svåra problem av prokrastinering, dels i form av Internetbaserad självhjälpsbehandling, dels i form av gruppbehandling. Utöver en presentation av utfallet ges dessutom en genomgång av en klusteranalys av de deltagare som har sökt hjälp för prokrastinering, vilken visar på behovet av noggrann screening och god differentialdiagnostik inför en behandling.
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| 25. |
- Sundling, Christopher, et al.
(author)
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B cell profiling in malaria reveals expansion and remodeling of CD11c+ B cell subsets
- 2019
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In: JCI Insight. - : American Society for Clinical Investigation. - 2379-3708. ; 4:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Humoral immunity is important in limiting clinical disease in malaria, yet the longitudinal B cell response to infection remains unclear. We performed a 1-year prospective study in patients treated for acute Plasmodium fakiporum malaria for the first time or with previous exposure to the disease. Using an unbiased exploratory approach with mass cytometry, followed by targeted flow cytometry, we found that approximately 80% of mature B cells that proliferated in response to acute infection expressed CD11c. Only approximately 40% of CD11c+ B cells displayed an atypical B cell phenotype, with the remaining cells primarily made up of activated and resting memory B cells. The CD11c+ B cells expanded rapidly following infection, with previous exposure to malaria resulting in a significantly larger increase compared with individuals with primary infection. This was attributed to an expansion of switched CD11c+ B cells that was absent in primary infected individuals. The rate of contraction of the CD11c+ B cell compartment was independent of previous exposure to malaria and displayed a slow decay, with a half-life of approximately 300 days. Collectively, these results identify CD11c as a marker of B cells responding to malaria and further highlight differences in primary and secondary B cell responses during infection.
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