| 1. |
- Hallqvist, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Interactions with income
- 2006
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In: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 17:3, s. 343-343
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 2. |
- Stjärne, Maria K, et al.
(author)
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Neighborhood socioeconomic context, individual income and myocardial infarction
- 2006
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In: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 17:1, s. 14-23
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND:The incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) varies among socioeconomic groups, and geographic differences in incidence rates are observed within most urban regions. Whether spatial social differentiation gives rise to social contexts detrimental to health is still an open question. In this study, we evaluate 2 aspects of the neighborhood context as contributory factors in MI: level of economic resources and degree of socioeconomic homogeneity. We adopt a multilevel approach to analyze potential mechanisms, which involve individual social characteristics. METHODS:We analyzed data from the SHEEP study, a population-based case-control study of first events of acute MI in Stockholm County in 1992-1994. Data on socioeconomic characteristics in neighborhoods came from total population registers of income and social circumstances. RESULTS:The level of neighborhood socioeconomic resources had a contextual effect on the relative risk of MI after adjustment for individual social characteristics. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) in low-income, compared with high-income, neighborhoods was 1.88 for women and 1.52 for men. Although the degree of socioeconomic homogeneity in neighborhoods has less impact on MI, the IRR for men in homogenous low-income areas compared with men living in heterogeneous high-income areas was 2.65. For men, the combined exposure to low-personal disposable income and low-income level in the neighborhood seemed to have an additive effect but for women, a synergistic (supra-additive) effect was found.CONCLUSION:The socioeconomic context of neighborhoods has an effect on cardiovascular outcomes.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bäckman, O., et al.
(author)
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Hälsa - en fördelningsfråga
- 2008
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In: Framtider. ; 1, s. 18-23
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 5. |
- Bäckman, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Marginalisering och uppväxtvillkor
- 2008
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In: Framtider. - : Institutet för framtidsstudier. - 0281-0492. ; :4, s. 21-23
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 6. |
- Celeste, R. K., et al.
(author)
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The individual and contextual pathways between oral health and income inequality in Brazilian adolescents and adults
- 2009
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In: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 69:10, s. 1468-1475
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We evaluate the association between incomeinequality (Gini index) and oralhealth and in particular the role of alternative models in explaining this association. We also studied whether or not income at the individual level modifies the Gini effect. We used data from an oralhealth survey in Brazil in 2002–2003. Our analysis included 23,568 15–19 and 22,839 35–44 year-olds nested in 330 municipalities. Different models were fitted using multilevel analysis. The outcomes analysed were the number of untreated dental caries (count), having at least one missing tooth (dichotomous) and being edentulous (dichotomous). To assess interaction as a departure from additivity we used the Synergy Index. For this, we dichotomized the Gini coefficient (high vs low inequality) by the median value across municipalities and the individualincome in the point beyond which it showed roughly no association with oralhealth. Adjusted rate ratio of mean untreated dental caries, respectively for the 15–19 and 35–44 age groups, was 1.12 and 1.16 for each 10 points increase in Gini scale. Adjusted odds ratio of a 15–19 year-old having at least one missing tooth or a 35–44 year-old being edentulous was, respectively, 1.19 and 1.01. High incomeinequality had no statistically significant synergistic effect with being poor or living in a poor municipality. Higher levels of incomeinequality at the municipal level were associated with worse oralhealth and there was an unexplained residual effect after controlling for potential confoundings and mediators. Municipal level incomeinequality had a similar, detrimental effect, among individuals with lower or higher income.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Janelidze, Shorena, et al.
(author)
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Immunizations With IFN gamma Secreting Tumor Cells can Eliminate Fully Established and Invasive Rat Gliomas
- 2009
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In: Journal of Immunotherapy. - 1524-9557. ; 32:6, s. 593-601
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Immunotherapy of malignant primary brain tumors holds the potential to improve the dismal prognosis after current clinical therapy. Although immunotherapy of experimental gliomas has been demonstrated to have the capacity to cure intracerebral tumors no convincing effects of immunotherapy have been shown in clinical trials. One reason for this could be that some of the models used do not display full features of human glioblastomas. The N29 rat gliomas exhibited all the histologic features of human glioblastoma multiforme including nuclear atypia, mitotic figures, necrosis, and diffuse infiltration into the normal brain tissue. Surprisingly, immunotherapy with autologous interferon gamma producing tumor cells against preestablished intracerebral N29 turners yielded a higher cure rate than immunotherapy against less invasive tumors. Furthermore, when immunizations were postponed until day 5 after tumor establishment 50% of the animals survived. When immunizations were postponed until day 11 after tumor establishment no glioma-bearing animals were cured but survival was significantly prolonged. The superior effect of immunotherapy in the invasive N29 model compared with the less invasive tumors could depend oil combined effects of up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex I and induction of major histocompatibility complex II plus CD80 after transfection and irradiation of the tumor cells used for immunizations. This study demonstrates that immunotherapy against experimental brain tumors indeed is feasible even against highly invasive and established tumors. These results strengthen the translational potential of immunotherapy against malignant brain tumors.
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| 9. |
- Kanter-Smoler, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Clinical characterization and the mutation spectrum in Swedish adenomatous polyposis families
- 2008
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In: BMC Medicine. - : BioMed Central. - 1741-7015. ; 6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The dominantly inherited condition familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by germline mutations in the APC gene. Finding the causative mutations has great implications for the families. Correlating the genotypes to the phenotypes could help to improve the diagnosis and follow-up of patients.Methods: Mutation screening of APCand the clinical characterization of 96 unrelated FAP patients from the Swedish Polyposis Registry was performed. In addition to generally used mutation screening methods, analyses of splicing-affecting mutations and investigations of the presence of low-frequency mutation alleles, indicating mosaics, have been performed, as well as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect lowered expression of APC.Results: Sixty-one different APC mutations in 81 of the 96 families were identified and 27 of those are novel. We have previously shown that 6 of the 96 patients carried biallelic MUTYH mutations. The 9 mutation-negative cases all display an attenuated or atypical phenotype. Probands with a genotype (codon 1250-1464) predicting a severe phenotype had a median age at diagnosis of 21.8 (range, 11-49) years compared with 34.4 (range, 14-57) years among those with mutations outside this region (P < 0.017). Dense polyposis (> 1000) occurred in 75% of the probands with a severe phenotype compared with 30% in those with mutations outside this region. The morbidity in colorectal cancer among probands was 25% at a mean age of 37.5 years and 29% at a mean age of 46.6 years.Conclusion: Using a variety of mutation-detection techniques, we have achieved a 100% detection frequency in classical FAP. Probands with APC mutations outside codon 1250-1464, although exhibiting a less-severe phenotype, are at high risk of having a colorectal cancer at diagnosis indicating that age at diagnosis is as important as the severity of the disease for colorectal cancer morbidity. © 2008 Kanter-Smoler et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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| 13. |
- Lundberg, Olle, et al.
(author)
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The role of welfare state principles and generosity in social policy programmes for public health : an international comparative study
- 2008
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In: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 372:9650, s. 1633-1640
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Many important social determinants of health are also the focus for social policies. Welfare states contribute to the resources available for their citizens through cash transfer programmes and subsidised services. Although all rich nations have welfare programmes, there are clear cross-national differences with respect to their design and generosity These differences are evident in national variations in poverty rates, especially among children and elderly people. We investigated to what extent variations in family and pension policies are linked to infant mortality and old-age excess mortality. Methods Infant mortality rates and old-age excess mortality rates were analysed in relation to social policy characteristics and generosity. We did pooled cross-sectional time-series analyses of 18 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries during the period 1970-2000 for family policies and 1950-2000 for pension policies. Findings Increased generosity in family policies that support dual-earner families is linked with lower infant mortality rates, whereas the generosity in family policies that support more traditional families with gainfully employed men and homemaking women is not. An increase by one percentage point in dual-earner support lowers infant mortality by 0.04 deaths per 1000 births. Generosity in basic security type of pensions is linked to lower old-age excess mortality, whereas the generosity of earnings-related income security pensions is not. An increase by one percentage point in basic security pensions is associated with a decrease in the old age excess mortality by 0.02 for men as well as for women. Interpretation The ways in which social policies are designed, as well as their generosity, are important for health because of the increase in resources that social policies entail. Hence, social policies are of major importance for how we can tackle the social determinants of health.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Olsson, Gabriella, et al.
(author)
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Identifying factors associated with good and ill health. Not just opposite sides of the same coin
- 2009
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In: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 16:4, s. 323-330
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Work-related health research has traditionally focused on identifying risks rather than determinants of good health. Our knowledge of variation in ill health is thus greater than our understanding of such variations in good health. Purpose In this study, the associations between work-environment exposures and good health are examined. We are especially interested in contrasting our indices of ill health with a narrow measure of good health. Moreover, the salutary effect of sense of coherence (SOC) is explored, focusing particularly on its moderating role. Method Data stem from the panel of Swedish level of living surveys for 1991 and 2000. The analysis is based on a sample of 2,334 employed men and women. Logistic regressions are used. Results Assessed work-environment factors are to a large extent related, in a mirrored way, to good health and ill health. The models' fit are, however, generally better for the latter. Our findings also indicate that SOC has a protective role for individuals exposed to work risks such as stress and high physical demands. Conclusion To improve our understanding of what promotes good health, research needs to focus on salutary factors. One such salutary factor explored in this paper is sense of coherence.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Rostila, Mikael, 1977-
(author)
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Healthy bridges : Studies of social capital, welfare, and health
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to study whether social capital is related to health and health inequality, and to investigate the significance of welfare state features for levels of social capital. Another aim is to examine whether social capital may be important for the relation between the welfare state and health. A final aim is to examine the downsides of social capital in relation to health.The theoretical definition of social capital guiding this thesis suggests that it comprises social resources that evolve in social networks and social structures characterized by mutual trust. These social resources, in turn, facilitate access to various instrumental and expressive returns, which might benefit the individual as well as the collective.The findings suggest that universal welfare states generally seem to have a positive influence on levels of social capital, as social capital increased rather than decreased during the time period when the Swedish welfare state was maturing. Accordingly, cross-national comparisons show that the highest levels of social capital are to be found in the universal welfare states, amongst them Sweden.The findings further show that both individual and collective social capital are related to various health outcomes, although the most robust findings are found at the individual level. Some of the findings also support that associations may be causal. Hence, social capital may be considered an important social determinant of health. Moreover, social capital at the individual level is important in explaining health inequalities especially between groups based on country of birth in Sweden, whereas collective social capital is important in explaining health inequalities between clusters of European countries, grouped into welfare regimes. Thus, social capital seems important in explaining and understanding health inequalities both between and within countries.Finally, the principle of migrant homophily – when migrants chiefly interact with other migrants – has negative consequences for migrants’ health in Sweden. However, only those migrants included in homogenous and closed networks have poorer health. This supports the hypothesis that social capital chiefly has negative health externalities when social networks are characterized by a high degree of network closure, lacking bridges to other networks.
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