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| 3. |
- Choularton, T. W., et al.
(author)
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The Great Dun Fell Cloud Experiment 1993 : An overview
- 1997
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310. ; 31:16, s. 2393-2405
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The 1993 Ground-based Cloud Experiment on Great Dun Fell used a wide range of measurements of trace gases, aerosol particles and cloud droplets at five sites to study their sources and sinks especially those in cloud. These measurements have been interpreted using a variety of models. The conclusions add to our knowledge of air pollution, acidification of the atmosphere and the ground, eutrophication and climate change. The experiment is designed to use the hill cap cloud as a flow-through reactor, and was conducted in varying levels of pollution typical of much of the rural temperate continental northern hemisphere in spring-time.
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| 7. |
- Hansson, L, et al.
(author)
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The Nordic Comparative Study on Sectorized Psychiatry. Part V. Contact rates, contact patterns and care level at index contact.
- 1997
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In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 32:1, s. 12-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry in seven Nordic catchment areas, a prospective investigation of contact rates of new patients and pathways to the psychiatric services was performed. The results showed that there was more than a twofold difference between the services in the total contact rates. Regarding diagnostic groups, contact rates for neurosis were predominant in three of the services, while adjustment disorders, dependencies and personality disorders were predominant in other the services. The contact rate of functional psychosis, as well as the ratio of psychotic patients to the total contact rate were highest in two catchment areas serving inner parts of big cities. The most common way of getting into contact with the services was by self-referral, 39.4% of total referrals, followed by primary care referrals, although there were large differences between the services. Psychotic patients made contact with the services to a significantly less extent by self-referral. The majority of patients were treated in outpatient care at entry to the services, with a large variation between the services. It was also found that inpatient care at index contact was predicted by clinical characteristics-a diagnosis of psychosis and a history of former inpatient care-as well as by social characteristics-male, widowed or divorced, sick pension/old age pension.
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| 9. |
- Korsgren, M, et al.
(author)
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Natural killer cells determine development of allergen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation in mice
- 1999
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In: The Journal of experimental medicine. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 0022-1007 .- 1540-9538. ; 189:3, s. 553-562
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The earliest contact between antigen and the innate immune system is thought to direct the subsequent antigen-specific T cell response. We hypothesized that cells of the innate immune system, such as natural killer (NK) cells, NK1.1+ T cells (NKT cells), and γ/δ T cells, may regulate the development of allergic airway disease. We demonstrate here that depletion of NK1.1+ cells (NK cells and NKT cells) before immunization inhibits pulmonary eosinophil and CD3+ T cell infiltration as well as increased levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-12 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a murine model of allergic asthma. Moreover, systemic allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG2a levels and the number of IL-4 and interferon γ–producing splenic cells were diminished in mice depleted of NK1.1+ cells before the priming regime. Depletion of NK1.1+ cells during the challenge period only did not influence pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation. CD1d1 mutant mice, deficient in NKT cells but with normal NK cells, developed lung tissue eosinophilia and allergen-specific IgE levels not different from those observed in wild-type mice. Mice deficient in γ/δ T cells showed a mild attenuation of lung tissue eosinophilia in this model. Taken together, these findings suggest a critical role of NK cells, but not of NKT cells, for the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation, and that this effect of NK cells is exerted during the immunization. If translatable to humans, these data suggest that NK cells may be critically important for deciding whether allergic eosinophilic airway disease will develop. These observations are also compatible with a pathogenic role for the increased NK cell activity observed in human asthma.
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| 14. |
- O'Meara, C., et al.
(author)
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Microstructural investigation of the mechanisms of tensile creep deformation in an Al2O3/SiCW composite
- 1996
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In: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 209:1-2, s. 251-259
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The tensile creep behaviour of an SiCw (25%) reinforced alumina composite was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy and automatic image analysis in SEM. The creep tests were carried out in air in the ranges 1100–1300 °C and 11–67 MPa. Each creep test was performed at a constant temperature. The material had a stress exponent of about three for all temperatures and an approximate activation energy of 650 kJ mol−1. The creep resistance of this composite is poorer than that of similar composites studied earlier. Microstructural examination revealed the microstructure to be extremely inhomogeneous consisting of spherical whisker-rich clusters (20–100 μm) surrounded/separated by Al2O3 rich rims (10 μm). The secondary creep rate is dominated by a damage accumulation process namely cavitation and crack growth in both the SiC clusters and the Al2O3 rims. Final fracture seems to occur through the alumina rich regions. The lower creep resistance of this composite compared to that of similar composites is attributed primarily to the inhomogeneity of the as-received material.
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| 15. |
- Saarento, O, et al.
(author)
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The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry. II. Resources of the psychiatric services and treated incidence.
- 1995
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In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 92:3, s. 202-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry, treated incidence was related to the resources and dynamic qualities of psychiatric services in 7 catchment areas. One-year treated incidence cohorts were used. Data was collected concerning number of beds and staff, number of long-term patients and turnover rate of patients in the services and availability of specialized services. A positive correlation was found between rates of outpatient staff and treated incidence. No statistically significant correlation was found between the dynamic qualities of the services and treated incidence. Treated incidence of dependence was the highest in a center that had a special service unit for abusers. Special services for young and old people were not clearly reflected in treated incidence in respective patient groups.
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| 16. |
- Saarento, O, et al.
(author)
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The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry. Utilization of psychiatric hospital care related to amount and allocation of resources to psychiatric services.
- 1996
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In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 31:6, s. 327-35
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry, utilization of inpatient care was related to resources and dynamic qualities of psychiatric services in seven catchment areas in four Nordic countries. One-year treated incidence cohorts were used. Each patient was followed for 1 year after first contact with the psychiatric service. Data were collected concerning number of beds and staff, number of long-term patients and turnover rate of patients in inpatient care. Findings gave some support to the earlier reports that the utilization of inpatient care is determined by the supply of available beds. Highly staffed community services did not themselves reduce the use of inpatient services, but availability of day care services seemed to reduce utilization of inpatient care among psychotic patients.
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| 17. |
- Vinding, H R, et al.
(author)
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The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry. Part IV. The influence of patient social characteristics on treated incidence.
- 1996
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In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 93:5, s. 339-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry, sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age and marital status) were studied in relation to treated incidence in eight diagnostic subgroups. One-year incidence cohorts in seven sectorized psychiatric services were used. Women with a neurosis diagnosis had a significantly higher relative probability of contact with all services. Men with a dependence diagnosis had a significantly higher relative probability of contact with four of the seven services. Older people had a significantly higher relative risk for affective psychosis in six of the seven centres, and younger individuals had a significantly higher relative risk for personality disorders in six of the seven centres. Unmarried people showed a higher relative risk for functional psychosis and personality disorders in five of the seven services.
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| 23. |
- Davidsson, J, et al.
(author)
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Ultrafast multiphoton ionization dynamics and control of NaK molecules
- 1998
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In: JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS. - 0021-9606. ; 109:24, s. 10740-10753
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The multiphoton ionization dynamics of NaK molecules is investigated experimentally using one-color pump-probe femtosecond spectroscopy at 795 nm and intermediate laser field strengths (about 10 GW/cm(2)). Both NaK+ and Na+ ions are detected as a function
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| 26. |
- Gieray, R., et al.
(author)
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Phase partitioning of aerosol constituents in cloud based on single-particle and bulk analysis
- 1997
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In: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310. ; 31:16, s. 2491-2502
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Single-particle analysis, performed by laser microprobe mass spectrometry and bulk analytical techniques were used to study aerosol-cloud interactions within the third field campaign of the EUROTRAC subproject 'ground-based cloud experiments' at the Great Dun Fell, Cumbria, U.K. in spring 1993. The shape of the ridge made it possible for ground-based instrumentation to sample similar parcels of air before, during and after their transit through the cloud. A single jet five-stage minicascade impactor was used for sampling particles of the interstitial aerosol. A second impactor worked in tandem with a counter-flow virtual impactor and collected residues of cloud droplets. Considering marine conditions largest droplets nucleated on sea-salt particles, whereas smaller droplets were formed on sulphate and methane sulphonate containing particles. This clearly indicates chemical inhomogeneities in the droplet phase. Particles, which were disfavoured by droplet formation, often contained the highest amounts of water-insoluble carbonaceous matter. For the submicron size range we found that the carbonaceous matter was always internally mixed with sulphate. The fraction of carbonaceous matter increased with decreasing size. A detectable fraction of particles remained in the cloud interstitial air, although they were in size as well as in composition suitable to form cloud droplets. The findings confirm that nucleation is the most important process affecting phase partitioning in cloud, but that spatial and temporal variations of water vapour supersaturation have also an influence on the observed phase partitioning. Proton induced X-ray emission analysis and light absorption measurements of filter samples showed that the average scavenged fraction was 0.77 for sulphur and 0.57 for soot in clouds formed by continental influenced air and 0.62 and 0.44, respectively, for marine influenced clouds.
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| 30. |
- Hansson, Kenny, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of coagulation in whole blood with application in prothrombin time assay
- 1999
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In: Biosensors & bioelectronics. - 0956-5663 .- 1873-4235. ; 14:8-9, s. 671-682
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is previously shown that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used to study blood plasma coagulation. This work explores the use of this technique for the analysis of tissue factor induced coagulation, i.e. prothrombin time (PT) analysis, of whole blood and plasma. The reference method was nephelometry. The prothrombin time analysis by SPR was performed by mixing two volumes of blood/plasma, one volume of thromboplastin, and one volume of CaCl2 solution directly on a sensor surface. The measurements show good agreement between nephelometry and SPR plasma analysis and also between SPR plasma and whole blood analysis. The effect of anticoagulant treatment on the clotting times was significant both quantitatively and qualitatively. The impact on the SPR signal of different physiological events in the coagulation process is discussed, and tentative interpretations of the sensorgram features are given. The major advantage of the SPR method compared to nephelometry is the possibility to perform analysis on whole blood instead of plasma. In conclusion, SPR is a promising method for whole blood coagulation analysis.
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| 41. |
- Hansson, L, et al.
(author)
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Predictors of subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients living in the community. A Nordic multicentre study.
- 1999
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In: International Journal of Social Psychiatry. - 0020-7640 .- 1741-2854. ; 45:4, s. 247-58
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As part of a Nordic multi-centre study investigating the life and care situation of community samples of schizophrenic patients the aim of the present part of the study was to examine the relationship between global subjective quality of life and objective life conditions, clinical characteristics including psychopathology and number of needs for care, subjective factors such as satisfaction with different life domains, social network, and self-esteem. A sample of 418 persons with schizophrenia from 10 sites was used. The results of a final multiple regression analysis, explaining 52.3% of the variance, showed that five subjective factors were significantly associated with global subjective quality of life, together with one objective indicator, to have a close friend. No clinical characteristics were associated with global subjective quality of life. The largest part of the variance was explained by satisfaction with health, 36.3% of the variance, and self-esteem, 7.3% of the variance. It is concluded that the actual relationship between objective life conditions and subjectively experienced quality of life still remains unclear. Furthermore, it seems obvious that personality related factors such as self-esteem, mastery and sense of autonomy also play a role in the appraisal of subjective quality of life, which implies that factors like these are important to consider in clinical and social interventions for patients with schizophrenia in order to improve quality of life for these persons.
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