| 1. |
- Gandaglia, G., et al.
(author)
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The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor oleoyl ethyl amide counteracts bladder overactivity in female rats
- 2014
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In: Neurourology and Urodynamics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0733-2467 .- 1520-6777. ; 33:8, s. 1251-1258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS:To study micturition and bladder overactivity in female rats after chronic treatment with the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor oleoyl ethyl amide (OEtA).METHODS:Sprague-Dawley rats received daily subcutaneous injections of OEtA (0.3 mg/kg), or vehicle for 2 weeks. Cystometries, organ bath studies, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were then used. Expressions of FAAH, cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), vesicular acetyl choline-transporter protein (VAChT), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were evaluated.RESULTS:At baseline, OEtA-treated rats had higher values (P < 0.05) of micturition intervals (MI) and volumes (MV), bladder capacity (BC), threshold pressure, and flow pressure than vehicle controls. Intravesical PGE2 reduced MI, MV, and BC, and increased basal pressure and the area under the curve in all rats. However, these urodynamic parameters were altered less by intravesical PGE2 in OEtA-treated rats (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle controls). Compared to vehicle controls, detrusor from OEtA-treated rats had larger contractions to carbachol at 10-0.1 µM, but no difference in Emax was recorded. FAAH, CB1, CB2, VAChT, or CGRP was similarly expressed in bladders from all rats. In separate experiments, intravesical OEtA increased mucosal expression of phosphorylated MAPK.CONCLUSIONS:Chronic FAAH inhibition altered sensory urodynamic parameters and reduced bladder overactivity. Even if it cannot be excluded that OEtA may act on central nervous sensory pathways to contribute to these effects, the presence of FAAH and CB receptors in the bladder and activation of intracellular signals for CB receptors by intravesical OEtA suggest a local role for FAAH in micturition control. Neurourol. Urodynam
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| 2. |
- Holmfeldt, Linda, et al.
(author)
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The genomic landscape of hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- 2013
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In: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 45:3, s. 242-252
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The genetic basis of hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a subtype of ALL characterized by aneuploidy and poor outcome, is unknown. Genomic profiling of 124 hypodiploid ALL cases, including whole-genome and exome sequencing of 40 cases, identified two subtypes that differ in the severity of aneuploidy, transcriptional profiles and submicroscopic genetic alterations. Near-haploid ALL with 24-31 chromosomes harbor alterations targeting receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and Ras signaling (71%) and the lymphoid transcription factor gene IKZF3 (encoding AIOLOS; 13%). In contrast, low-hypodiploid ALL with 32-39 chromosomes are characterized by alterations in TP53 (91.2%) that are commonly present in nontumor cells, IKZF2 (encoding HELIOS; 53%) and RB1 (41%). Both near-haploid and low-hypodiploid leukemic cells show activation of Ras-signaling and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-signaling pathways and are sensitive to PI3K inhibitors, indicating that these drugs should be explored as a new therapeutic strategy for this aggressive form of leukemia.
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| 3. |
- Strittmatter, F., et al.
(author)
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Expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in human, mouse, and rat urinary bladder and effects of FAAH inhibition on bladder function in awake rats
- 2012
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In: European Urology. - : Elsevier. - 0302-2838 .- 1873-7560. ; 61:1, s. 98-106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Cannabinoid receptor (CB)-mediated functions may be involved in the regulation of bladder function, but information on endocannabinoid signals during micturition is scarce.OBJECTIVE:Investigate the expression of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in human, rat, and mouse bladders and study the effects of inhibition of FAAH during urodynamics in awake rats.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:Bladder tissue from humans, mice, and rats was used for measurements. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered the FAAH inhibitor oleoyl ethyl amide (OEtA) or vehicle intravenously (IV) or intravesically (IVES) with or without rimonabant (CB1 antagonist) or SR144528 (CB2 antagonist).MEASUREMENTS:Real-time transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and cystometry in awake rats.RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS:Messenger RNA and protein for FAAH was expressed in the mucosa of human, mouse, and rat urinary bladders. Immunoreactivities for FAAH and CB2 were codistributed in rat and human urothelium. IV OEtA (0.3mg/kg) to rats increased intercontraction intervals (ICIs), micturition volume (MV), bladder capacity (BC), and threshold pressure (TP) by 17±1%, 16±1%, 17±1%, and 19±5%, respectively (all p<0.05 vs baseline). IVES OEtA (1 and 10mg/l) in rats dose-dependently increased (p<0.05 vs baseline) ICI (19±2% and 35±5%), MV (15±3% and 32±4%), BC (16±2% and 34±4%), and TP (15±1%, 21±3%). SR144528 (IVES 5mg/l) abolished all effects of OEtA, whereas rimonabant only counteracted effects of OEtA on TP.CONCLUSIONS:Bladder mucosa of all species expressed FAAH. Rat and human urothelium coexpressed FAAH and CB2. The FAAH inhibitor OEtA altered urodynamic parameters that reflect sensory functions of micturition in rats. Suggesting a role for the endocannabinoid system in bladder mechanoafferent functions of rats, effects of IVES OEtA were abolished by an IVES CB2 antagonist and partly counteracted by an IVES CB1 antagonist.
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| 4. |
- Bauer, Ricarda M., et al.
(author)
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Coupling of α1-adrenoceptors to ERK1/2 in the human prostate
- 2011
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In: Urologia internationalis. - : S. Karger AG. - 0042-1138 .- 1423-0399. ; 86:4, s. 427-433
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: α1-Adrenoceptors are considered critical for the regulation of prostatic smooth muscle tone. However, previous studies suggested further α1-adrenoceptor functions besides contraction. Here, we investigated whether α1-adrenoceptors in the human prostate may activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). METHODS: Prostate tissues from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were stimulated in vitro. Activation of ERK1/2 was assessed by Western blot analysis. Expression of ERK1/2 was studied by immunohistochemistry. The effect of ERK1/2 inhibition by U0126 on phenylephrine-induced contraction was studied in organ-bath experiments. RESULTS: Stimulation of human prostate tissue with noradrenaline (30 μM) or phenylephrine (10 μM) resulted in ERK activation. This was reflected by increased levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2. Expression of ERK1/2 in the prostate was observed in smooth muscle cells. Incubation of prostate tissue with U0126 (30 μM) resulted in ERK1/2 inhibition. Dose-dependent phenylephrine-induced contraction of prostate tissue was not modulated by U0126. CONCLUSIONS: α1-Adrenoceptors in the human prostate are coupled to ERK1/2. This may partially explain previous observations suggesting a role of α1-adrenoceptors in the regulation of prostate growth.
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| 5. |
- Bezemer, T. M., et al.
(author)
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Divergent composition but similar function of soil food webs of individual plants: plant species and community effects
- 2010
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In: Ecology. - 0012-9658. ; 91:10, s. 3027-3036
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Soils are extremely rich in biodiversity, and soil organisms play pivotal roles in supporting terrestrial life, but the role that individual plants and plant communities play in influencing the diversity and functioning of soil food webs remains highly debated. Plants, as primary producers and providers of resources to the soil food web, are of vital importance for the composition, structure, and functioning of soil communities. However, whether natural soil food webs that are completely open to immigration and emigration differ underneath individual plants remains unknown. In a biodiversity restoration experiment we first compared the soil nematode communities of 228 individual plants belonging to eight herbaceous species. We included grass, leguminous, and non-leguminous species. Each individual plant grew intermingled with other species, but all plant species had a different nematode community. Moreover, nematode communities were more similar when plant individuals were growing in the same as compared to different plant communities, and these effects were most apparent for the groups of bacterivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous nematodes. Subsequently, we analyzed the composition, structure, and functioning of the complete soil food webs of 58 individual plants, belonging to two of the plant species, Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) and Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). We isolated and identified more than 150 taxa/groups of soil organisms. The soil community composition and structure of the entire food webs were influenced both by the species identity of the plant individual and the surrounding plant community. Unexpectedly, plant identity had the strongest effects on decomposing soil organisms, widely believed to be generalist feeders. In contrast, quantitative food web modeling showed that the composition of the plant community influenced nitrogen mineralization under individual plants, but that plant species identity did not affect nitrogen or carbon mineralization or food web stability. Hence, the composition and structure of entire soil food webs vary at the scale of individual plants and are strongly influenced by the species identity of the plant. However, the ecosystem functions these food webs provide are determined by the identity of the entire plant community.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Gratzke, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Cannabinor, a Selective Cannabinoid-2 Receptor Agonist, Improves Bladder Emptying in Rats With Partial Urethral Obstruction
- 2011
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In: JOURNAL OF UROLOGY. - : Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam. - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 185:2, s. 731-736
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: We studied the effects of chronic treatment with the novel selective cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist cannabinor (Procter andamp; Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnatti, Ohio) on bladder function in conscious rats with partial urethral obstruction and on the functional properties of isolated detrusor muscle. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 female Sprague-Dawley(R) rats with surgically created partial urethral obstruction received daily intraperitoneal injections of 3 mg/kg cannabinor (12) or saline as controls (12) for 2 weeks. Cystometry was done, the rats were sacrificed and the bladders were prepared for in vitro studies. Results: Mean +/- SEM bladder weight was 0.97 +/- 0.15 gm in controls and 0.53 +/- 0.08 gm in cannabinor treated rats (p andlt; 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in the mean micturition interval, or mean baseline, threshold, flow or maximum pressure. In controls and cannabinor treated rats mean post-void residual volume was 0.28 +/- 0.07 and 0.06 +/- 0.02 ml, mean micturition compliance was 0.032 +/- 0.006 and 0.069 +/- 0.016 ml/cm H2O, and mean bladder wall force at the start of flow was 950 +/- 280 and 1,647 +/- 325 mN/gm, respectively (each p andlt; 0.05). Nonvoiding contractions were significantly less frequent in cannabinor treated rats than in controls. We noted no difference in carbachol (Sigma(R)) half maximum concentration between the groups but the carbachol maximum response in detrusor strips from cannabinor treated rats was significantly higher than that in control strips. Conclusions: In rats with partial urethral obstruction treated daily for 14 days with cannabinor bladder weight was lower, the ability to empty the bladder was preserved and nonvoiding contraction frequency was low compared to those in controls. Detrusor preparations from cannabinor treated rats showed a higher response to nerve stimulation than those from controls. Selective cannabinoid 2 receptor activation may be a novel principle to enable improved bladder function after partial urethral obstruction.
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| 8. |
- Gratzke, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Effects of cannabinor, a novel selective cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist, on bladder function in normal rats
- 2010
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In: European Urology. - : Elsevier. - 0302-2838 .- 1873-7560. ; 57:6, s. 1093-1100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Cannabinoid (CB) receptors may be involved in the control of bladder function; the role of CB receptor subtypes in micturition has not been established.OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the effects of cannabinor, a novel CB2 receptor agonist, on rat bladder function.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Sprague Dawley rats were used. Distribution of CB2 receptors in sensory and cholinergic nerves of the detrusor was studied. Selectivity of cannabinor for human and rat CB receptors was evaluated. Effects of cannabinor on rat detrusor and micturition were investigated.MEASUREMENTS: Immunohistochemistry, radioligand binding, tritium outflow assays, organ bath studies of isolated bladder tissue, and cystometry in awake rats were used.RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: CB2 receptor immunoreactivity was expressed in the urothelium and in sensory and cholinergic bladder nerves. Cannabinor exhibited similar binding at human and rat CB2 receptors and a 321-fold functional selectivity for the CB2 receptor versus the CB1 receptor. Cannabinor had no effect on isolated detrusor muscle function. In vivo, cannabinor 3.0mg/kg increased micturition intervals and volumes by 52% (p<0.05) and 96% (p<0.01), respectively, and increased threshold and flow pressures by 73% (p<0.01) and 49% (p<0.001), respectively. Cannabinor 0.3 or 1.0mg/kg or vehicle did not affect urodynamic parameters.CONCLUSIONS: Considering that CB2 receptors are localized on sensory nerves and on the urothelium and that cannabinor had effects on "afferent" urodynamic parameters, peripheral CB2 receptors may be involved in sensory functions of rat micturition. Effects of cannabinor on cholinergic nerve activity in normal bladder tissue appear to be limited.
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| 9. |
- Gratzke, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Localization and Function of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Corpus Cavernosum: Basis for Modulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Nerve Activity
- 2010
-
In: EUROPEAN UROLOGY. - : Elsevier BV. - 0302-2838 .- 1873-7560. ; 57:2, s. 342-348
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Anandamide, a proposed endogenous cannabinoid (CB) agonist, has been shown to enhance neurogenic responses in vitro of the rat corpus cavernosal tissue (CC). However, no information is available on the distribution of CB-receptors or effects by anandamide in CC from primates or humans. Objective: To characterize the distribution of CB-receptor isoforms in the human and primate CC and to investigate the effects of anandamide on isolated CC preparations. Design, setting, and participants: CC tissue was excised from the crura penis of six rhesus monkeys and five patients. Expression and distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors were characterized with Western blot analyses and immunohistochemical investigations. The effects of anandamide on isolated CC preparations were analyzed during pharmacologic and nerve-mediated activation of primate tissue in aerated organ baths. Measurements: The expression and localization of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the primate CC and effects of anandamide on nerve-mediated relaxations and pharmacologically evoked contractions. Results and limitations: Western blot experiments revealed CB1 and CB2 receptors at expected band weights. Within and between strands of CC smooth muscle, CB1 and CB2 immunoreactivity (IR) was found in nerve fibers that also expressed IR for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1). Neither CB1-IR nor CB2-IR nerves were colocalized with calcitoningene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing or tyrosine hydroxylase-containing nerves. No differences were observed between primate and human CC sections. Anandamide (10(-9) to 10(-4) M) had no contractile effects on CC smooth muscle, no relaxant effects on precontracted preparations, and no effect on phenylephrine-induced contractions. However, anandamide (10 mu M) inhibited electrically evoked smooth-muscle relaxations (34-48%; p andlt;= 0.05). Conclusions: CB1 and CB2 receptors are located on NOS-containing nerves in primate and human CC tissue. In contrast to findings in rats, anandamide antagonized nerve-mediated relaxations of the primate CC, suggesting important species differences for CB-mediated functions. The results also suggest a peripheral mechanism for cannabis-related sexual dysfunction.
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| 10. |
- Gratzke, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Transient Receptor Potential A1 and Cannabinoid Receptor Activity in Human Normal and Hyperplastic Prostate: Relation to Nerves and Interstitial Cells
- 2010
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In: EUROPEAN UROLOGY. - : Elsevier BV. - 0302-2838 .- 1873-7560. ; 57:5, s. 902-910
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Ion channel transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) and cannabinoid (CB) receptors are involved in mechanoafferent signaling from the bladder and the urethra. Objective: To characterize TRPA1-, CB1-, and CB2-receptor activities in the human prostate. Design, setting, and participants: Prostate specimens were obtained from 12 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. We studied expressions (n = 6) of TRPA1, CB1, and CB2 receptors and effects of the TRPA1 agonists allyl isothiocyanate (AI), cinnamaldehyde (CA), sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), and CP 55940 (a CB1/CB2 agonist) on prostatic preparations. Measurements: Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and functional experiments were performed. Results and limitations: Western blot detected expected bands for CB1, CB2, and TRPA1. TRPA1 immunoreactivity was located on nerves that were positive for CB1, CB2, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). CB1 and CB2 immunoreactivity was found on nerves that were positive for NOS, VAChT, or CGRP. Adrenergic nerves were not immunoreactive for TRPA1, CB1, or CB2. In nodular hyperplasia, nerves containing the above markers were scarce or absent. TRPA1 immunoreactivity was detected in cyclic guanosinemonophosphate-positive basal cells of the glandular epithelium. Basal or subepithelial TRPA1-immunoreactive cells contained vimentin and c-kit immunoreactivity. CA and NaHS relaxed precontracted preparations by 55 +/- 7% and 35 +/- 3% (n = 6 for each). CP 55940, NaHS, AI, capsaicin, and CA decreased nerve contractions up to 27%, 80%, 47%, and 87%, respectively (n = 6 for each). Conclusions: The distribution and function of TRPA1 and CB receptors in prostatic tissue suggest a role for these receptors in mechanoafferent signals, epithelial homeostasis, emission, or inflammation of the human prostate.
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| 11. |
- Hannan, Johanna L., et al.
(author)
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Inhibition of Rho-Kinase Improves Erectile Function, Increases Nitric Oxide Signaling and Decreases Penile Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury
- 2013
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In: Journal of Urology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-5347 .- 1527-3792. ; 189:3, s. 1155-1161
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Bilateral cavernous nerve injury results in up-regulation of ROCK signaling in the penis. This is linked to erectile dysfunction in an animal model of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. We evaluated whether daily treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, Missouri) would prevent erectile dysfunction in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury.Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley(R) rats underwent surgery to create sham (14) or bilateral (27) cavernous nerve injury. In the injury group 13 rats received treatment with Y-27632 (5 mg/kg twice daily) and 14 received vehicle. At 14 days after injury, rats underwent cavernous nerve stimulation to determine erectile function. Penes were assessed for neuronal and nitric oxide synthase membrane-endothelial nitric oxide synthase. ROCK2 was assessed by Western blot. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cavernous homogenates were tested for ROCK and protein kinase G enzymatic activity. Penile apoptosis was evaluated using the Apostain technique (Alexis, San Diego, California). Data were analyzed on ROCK using ANOVA and the t test.Results: While erectile function was decreased in rats with bilateral cavernous nerve injury, daily administration of Y-27632 improved erectile responses. Injury decreased neuronal and nitric oxide synthase membrane-endothelial nitric oxide synthase but ROCK2 was significantly increased. Y-27632 treatment restored neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide synthase membrane-endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, and protein kinase G activity. Treatment significantly decreased ROCK2 protein and ROCK activity. There were significantly fewer apoptotic cells after treatment than in injured controls.Conclusions: These results provide evidence for up-regulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway with detrimental effects on erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve injury. ROCK inhibition improved erectile dysfunction associated with bilateral cavernous nerve injury by preserving penile nitric oxide bioavailability and decreasing penile apoptosis.
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| 12. |
- Hennenberg, Martin, et al.
(author)
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α1-adrenoceptor activation induces phosphorylation of β2-adrenoceptors in human prostate tissue
- 2011
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In: BJU International. - 1464-4096 .- 1464-410X. ; 108:6, s. 922-928
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:• To test whether β1-adrenoceptor activation leads to phosphorylation of the β2-adrenoceptor in human prostate tissue.PATIENTS AND METHODS:• Prostate tissue from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy was stimulated in vitro with the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (10 µM).• α2-adrenoceptor phosphorylation at serines 345/346 was studied using Western blot analysis with a phospho-specific antibody.• The role of second messenger kinases was assessed by studying the effects of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro 31-8425 and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 on phenylephrine-induced phosphorylation.• The expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 2/3 was analysed using quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:• Stimulation of prostate tissue with phenylephrine resulted in phosphorylation of the β2-adrenoceptor (5, 10 and 20 min after stimulation).• This α1-adrenoceptor-induced phosphorylation of β2-adrenoceptors was resistant to inhibition of PKC and PKA.• Changes in phosphorylation levels were not attributable to changes in receptor levels, as these remained constant during stimulation.• RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed expression of GRK2/3 in human prostate tissues.• Immunohistochemical staining showed that GRK2/3 expression in human prostate tissue is located to stromal and smooth muscle cells.CONCLUSIONS:• Activation of α1-adrenoceptors causes phosphorylation of β2-adrenoceptors in the human prostate. This may enhance α1-adrenergic contraction and is possibly mediated by GRK2, which is expressed in prostate smooth muscle.• Mutual regulation between different adrenergic receptors might be involved in the therapeutic effects of α1-blockers in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Kutlu, O., et al.
(author)
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Increased expression of nestin in the major pelvic ganglion following cavernous nerve injury
- 2012
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In: International Journal of Impotence Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5489 .- 0955-9930. ; 24:2, s. 84-90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In an effort to identify neuronal repair mechanisms of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG), we evaluated changes in the expression of nestin, an intermediate filament protein and neural stem cell marker following cavernous nerve crush injury (CNI). We utilized two groups of Sprague Dawley rats: (i) sham and (ii) bilateral CNI. Erectile responses to cavernous nerve stimulation (CNS) were determined at 48h in a subset of rats. The MPG was isolated and removed at 48h after CNI, and nestin immunolocalization, protein levels and RNA expression were evaluated. At 48 h, erectile responses to CNS in CNI rats were substantially reduced (P<0.05; similar to 70% decrease in intra-cavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure) compared with sham surgery controls. This coincided with a dramatic 10-fold increase (P<0.05) in nestin messenger RNA expression and protein levels in the MPG of rats with CNI. Immunoflourescence microscopy demonstrated that nestin upregulation after CNI occurred within the ganglion cell bodies and nerve fibers of the MPG. In conclusion, CNI induces nestin in the MPG. These data suggest that nestin may be involved in the regenerative process of the cavernous nerve following crush injury. International Journal of Impotence Research (2012) 24, 84-90; doi:10.1038/ijir.2011.50; published online 13 October 2011
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| 15. |
- Perman, Karin, et al.
(author)
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WREF 2012: Gender, ethnicity and energy use in multi-family houses - Swedish norms in a multi-etnic context
- 2012
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In: World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012, Including World Renewable Energy Congress XII and Colorado Renewable Energy Society (CRES) Annual Conference. - : American Solar Energy Society. - 9781622760923 ; , s. 1834-1840
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to present data and analysis of an investigation of a renewal project in a big public housing area in a Swedish municipality. The project will combine the creation of at better quality of daily life in the multi- family housing area with the aim to reduce energy consumption. The area is in great need of renewal. We study the interaction between technological and social activities. Our theoretical approach in this study is the concept gendered.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Sjöberg, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Separation of CO2 from black liquor derived syngas using an MFI membrane
- 2013
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In: Journal of Membrane Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0376-7388 .- 1873-3123. ; 443, s. 131-137
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Membrane separation of CO2 from synthesis gas could be an energy efficient and simple alternative to other separation techniques. In this work, a membrane comprised of an about 0.7μm thick MFI film on a graded alumina support was used to separate CO2 from synthesis gas produced by pilot scale gasification of black liquor. The separation of CO2 from the synthesis gas was carried out at a feed pressure of 2.25MPa, a permeate pressure of 0.3MPa and room temperature. In the beginning of the experiment, when the H2S concentration in the feed was 0.5% and the concentration of water in the feed was 0.07%, a CO2/H2 separation factor of 10.4 and a CO2 flux of 67.0kgm-2h-1 were observed. However, as the H2S concentration in the feed to the membrane increased to 1.7%, the CO2/H2 separation factor and the CO2 flux decreased to 5 and 61.4kgm-2h-1, respectively. The results suggest that MFI membranes are promising candidates for the separation of CO2 from synthesis gas.
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| 19. |
- Strittmatter, Frank, et al.
(author)
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Thromboxane A2 induces contraction of human prostate smooth muscle by Rho kinase- and calmodulin-dependent mechanisms
- 2011
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In: European Journal of Pharmacology. - : Elsevier. - 0014-2999 .- 1879-0712. ; 650:2-3, s. 650-655
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) induces contraction in different smooth muscle types via its receptor (TXA(2) receptor). However, any motoric role of TXA(2) in prostate smooth muscle tone has not been studied to date. Here, we investigated whether TXA(2) induces contraction of human prostate tissue. After ethical approval, prostate tissue was obtained from 47 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Effects of the TXA(2) analogue U46619 ((5Z)-7-[(1R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxy-1-octenyl]-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-yl]-5-heptonic acid) in isolated human prostate strips were studied in organ bath experiments with or without the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y27632 (trans-4-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-N-4-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride), or the calmodulin antagonist W7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide hydrochloride). Expression of TXA(2) synthase and TXA(2) receptors were examined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Endogenous TXA(2) was quantified by enzyme immunoassay. U46619 induced concentration-dependent contractions of human prostate strips, with a maximum contraction at 3 μM. U46619-induced prostate contraction was significantly inhibited by Y27632 (30 μM) and by W7 (100 μM). TXA(2) synthase and TXA(2) receptors were detected by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that expression of TXA(2) synthase in prostate tissue was located to glandular cells, while prostate TXA(2) receptors were located to smooth muscle and glandular cells. The stable TXA(2) metabolite TXB(2) was detected by enzyme immunoassay in the prostate. TXA(2) induces contraction of isolated human prostate tissue by TXA(2) receptor activation. Prostate smooth muscle TXA(2) receptors are coupled to Rho kinase and Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms. The distribution of TXA(2) synthase and TXA(2) receptors in the human prostate suggests TXA(2)-mediated paracrine epithelial-stromal interactions.
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| 20. |
- Waldkirch, Eginhard, et al.
(author)
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Expression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase isoforms in the human prostate : functional significance and relation to PDE4
- 2010
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In: Urology. - : Elsevier. - 0090-4295 .- 1527-9995. ; 76:2, s. 515.e8-515.e14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To investigate the expression of isoforms of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (cAK) in the transition zone of the human prostate and the functional significance of the enzyme in the control of prostate smooth muscle. METHODS: Using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, the expression and distribution in the prostate of cAKIalpha, cAKIbeta, cAKIIalpha, and cAKIIbeta in relation to alpha-actin and the phosphodiesterase PDE4 (types A and B) were investigated. The effects of the cAK inhibitor Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS on the reversion of the adrenergic tension of isolated prostate tissue induced by forskolin, rolipram, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and tadalafil were examined by means of the organ bath technique. RESULTS: Immunosignals specific for cAKIalpha, cAKIIalpha, and cAKIIbeta were observed in the smooth musculature and glandular structures of the prostate. Double stainings revealed the colocalization of alpha-actin and PDE4 with the cAK isoforms. The expression of the cAK isoforms was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The relaxation of the tension induced by norepinephrine brought about by forskolin, rolipram, SNP, and tadalafil was significantly attenuated by Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS. CONCLUSIONS: The colocalization of smooth muscle alpha-actin and PDE4 with cAK, as well as the results from the organ bath experiments, provide further evidence for a pivotal role of the cAMP-dependent signaling in the regulation of prostate smooth muscle contractility. Compounds interacting with the cAMP/cAK pathway might represent a new therapeutic avenue to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptomatology.
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| 21. |
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