| 1. |
- Aamodt, K., et al.
(author)
-
The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Campoy-Quiles, M., et al.
(author)
-
On the determination of anistropy in polymer thin films : A comparative study of optical techniques
- 2008
-
In: Physica Status Solidi. C: Current Topics in Solid State Physics. - Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1862-6351. ; 5:5, s. 1270-1273
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have used seven different techniques to measure the anisotropic refractive index of poly(vinylcarbazole) films. These techniques are: two types of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) with multiple sample analysis, Interference enhanced VASE, Transmittance combined with VASE, Polarised Reflectance, beta-scan VASE, and prism coupling. We have found the average ordinary and extraordinary indices at 633 nm to be no = nTE = 1.675 ± 0.008, and ne = nTM = 1.722 ± 0.018, respectively, consistent amongst methods and conclusive on the magnitude of Δn in polymer films.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Andrew, P, et al.
(author)
-
Outer divertor target deposited layers during reversed magnetic field operation in JET
- 2005
-
In: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 337:1-3, s. 99-103
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Divertor surface temperatures are significantly affected by the presence of deposited surface layers. This phenomenon can be used to monitor deposited layer evolution on a shot-by-shot basis. It was found that during an experimental campaign where the B x del B direction was reversed that the outer target, normally an erosion zone, became a deposition zone.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Graham, Ian, et al.
(author)
-
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts).
- 2007
-
In: European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1741-8267. ; 14 Suppl 2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Other experts who contributed to parts of the guidelines: Edmond Walma, Tony Fitzgerald, Marie Therese Cooney, Alexandra Dudina European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): Alec Vahanian (Chairperson), John Camm, Raffaele De Caterina, Veronica Dean, Kenneth Dickstein, Christian Funck-Brentano, Gerasimos Filippatos, Irene Hellemans, Steen Dalby Kristensen, Keith McGregor, Udo Sechtem, Sigmund Silber, Michal Tendera, Petr Widimsky, Jose Luis Zamorano Document reviewers: Irene Hellemans (CPG Review Co-ordinator), Attila Altiner, Enzo Bonora, Paul N. Durrington, Robert Fagard, Simona Giampaoli, Harry Hemingway, Jan Hakansson, Sverre Erik Kjeldsen, Mogens Lytken Larsen, Giuseppe Mancia, Athanasios J. Manolis, Kristina Orth-Gomer, Terje Pedersen, Mike Rayner, Lars Ryden, Mario Sammut, Neil Schneiderman, Anton F. Stalenhoef, Lale Tokgözoglu, Olov Wiklund, Antonis Zampelas
|
|
| 11. |
- Hallquist, Mattias, 1969, et al.
(author)
-
The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues
- 2009
-
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 9:14, s. 5155-5236
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a significant fraction of ambient tropospheric aerosol and a detailed knowledge of the formation, properties and transformation of SOA is therefore required to evaluate its impact on atmospheric processes, climate and human health. The chemical and physical processes associated with SOA formation are complex and varied, and, despite considerable progress in recent years, a quantitative and predictive understanding of SOA formation does not exist and therefore represents a major research challenge in atmospheric science. This review begins with an update on the current state of knowledge on the global SOA budget and is followed by an overview of the atmospheric degradation mechanisms for SOA precursors, gas-particle partitioning theory and the analytical techniques used to determine the chemical composition of SOA. A survey of recent laboratory, field and modeling studies is also presented. The following topical and emerging issues are highlighted and discussed in detail: molecular characterization of biogenic SOA constituents, condensed phase reactions and oligomerization, the interaction of atmospheric organic components with sulfuric acid, the chemical and photochemical processing of organics in the atmospheric aqueous phase, aerosol formation from real plant emissions, interaction of atmospheric organic components with water, thermodynamics and mixtures in atmospheric models. Finally, the major challenges ahead in laboratory, field and modeling studies of SOA are discussed and recommendations for future research directions are proposed.
|
|
| 12. |
- Hau, Stephan, 1960-, et al.
(author)
-
Die Frankfurter Präventionsstudie. Zur psychischen und psychosozialen Integration von verhaltensauffälligen Kindern (insbesondere von ADHS) im Kindergartenalter - ein Arbeitsbericht.
- 2006
-
In: ADHS - Frühprävention statt Medikalisierung. Theorie, Forschung, Kontroversen.. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. - 9783525451786 - 3525451784 ; , s. 238-269
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Wie soll ADHS behandelt werden? Dieses Buch setzt sich auf fachlich-wissenschaftlicher Ebene sowohl mit der Diagnose als auch mit der Behandlung von ADHS auseinander. Die einen plädieren für einen verstehenden und therapeutischen Umgang mit dem betroffenen Kind, während andere in einer medikamentösen Behandlung das Mittel der Wahl sehen.Das Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndrom (ADHS) ist heutzutage eine weitverbreitete Diagnose, mancherorts für fast alle kindlichen Schwierigkeiten im Vorschul- und Grundschulalter. Die Erklärungen reichen von Störungen des Hirnstoffwechsels, Frühverwahrlosungen, psychischen oder psychosozialen Regulationsstörungen bis hin zu Hochbegabungen. Bei den Präventions- und Therapieangeboten gehen die Empfehlungen weit auseinander. Für die einen ist ein verstehender Zugang zum einzelnen Kind und seiner Lebenssituation der richtige Weg, während andere in einer medikamentösen Behandlung die Lösung des Problems sehen. Diese Sichtweise hat in den letzten zehn Jahren enormen Auftrieb erhalten. Die Autoren dieses Bandes problematisieren und diskutieren eine drohende Medikalisierung sozialer Probleme. Sie greifen aktuelle Kontroversen auf und plädieren für eine sorgfältige Diagnostik sowie für eine professionelle Zusammenarbeit aller beteiligten Experten bei der Therapie der betroffenen Kinder.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Klint, Markus, et al.
(author)
-
High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains by multilocus sequence analysis
- 2007
-
In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. - 0095-1137 .- 1098-660X. ; 45:5, s. 1410-1414
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis is limited by the low sequence variation in the genome, and no adequatemethod is available for analysis of the spread of chlamydial infections in the community. We have developeda multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system based on five target regions and compared it with analysis ofompA, the single gene most extensively used for genotyping. Sequence determination of 16 reference strains,comprising all major serotypes, serotypes A to L3, showed that the number of genetic variants in the fiveseparate target regions ranged from 8 to 16. The genetic variation in 47 clinical C. trachomatis isolates ofrepresentative serotypes (14 serotype D, 12 serotype E, 11 serotype G, and 10 serotype K strains) was analyzed;and the MLST system detected 32 variants, whereas 12 variants were detected by using ompA analysis.Specimens of the predominant serotype, serotype E, were differentiated into seven genotypes by MLST but intoonly two by ompA analysis. The MLST system was applied to C. trachomatis specimens from a population ofmen who have sex with men and was able to differentiate 10 specimens of one predominant ompA genotype Gvariant into four distinct MLST variants. To conclude, our MLST system can be used to discriminate C.trachomatis strains and can be applied to high-resolution molecular epidemiology.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Personne, Erwan, et al.
(author)
-
SURFATM-NH3 : a model combining the surface energy balance and bi-directional exchanges of ammonia applied at the field scale
- 2009
-
In: Biogeosciences. - Göttingen, Germany : Copernicus Publications. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 6:8, s. 1371-1388
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new biophysical model SURFATM-NH3, simulating the ammonia (NH3) exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is presented. SURFATM-NH3 consists of two coupled models: (i) an energy budget model and (ii) a pollutant exchange model, which distinguish the soil and plant exchange processes. The model describes the exchanges in terms of adsorption to leaf cuticles and bi-directional transport through leaf stomata and soil. The results of the model are compared with the flux measurements over grassland during the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment at Braunschweig, Germany. The dataset of GRAMINAE allows the model to be tested in various meteorological and agronomic conditions: prior to cutting, after cutting and then after the application of mineral fertilizer. The whole comparison shows close agreement between model and measurements for energy budget and ammonia fluxes. The major controls on the ground and plant emission potential are the physicochemical parameters for liquid-gas exchanges which are integrated in the compensation points for live leaves, litter and the soil surface. Modelled fluxes are highly sensitive to soil and plant surface temperatures, highlighting the importance of accurate estimates of these terms. The model suggests that the net flux depends not only on the foliar (stomatal) compensation point but also that of leaf litter. SURFATM-NH3 represents a comprehensive approach to studying pollutant exchanges and its link with plant and soil functioning. It also provides a simplified generalised approach (SVAT model) applicable for atmospheric transport models.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Smits, Mark M, et al.
(author)
-
The fungal-mineral interface: Challanges and considerations of micro-analytical developments
- 2009
-
In: Fungal Biology Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1749-4613 .- 1878-0253. ; 23:4, s. 122-131
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Over recent years, the role of fungi, especially mycorrhizal fungi, in the weathering of rock-forming minerals has been increasingly recognised. Much of our understanding of the effects of fungi on mineral weathering is based on macroscopic studies. However, the ability of fungi to translocate materials, including organic acids and siderophores, to specific areas of a mineral surface leads to significant spatial heterogeneity in the weathering process. Thus, geomycologists are confronted with unique challenges of how to comprehend and quantify such a high degree of diversity and complicated arrays of interactions. Recent advances in experimental and analytical techniques have increased our ability to probe the fungal-mineral interface at the resolution necessary to decouple significant biogeochemical processes. Modern microscopy, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, wet chemistry, and scattering techniques allow for the selective extraction of physical, chemical, and structural data at the micro- to nano-scale. These techniques offer exciting possibilities to study fungal-mineral interactions at the scale of individual hyphae. In this review, we give an overview of some of these techniques with their characteristics, advantages and limitations, and how they can be used to further our understanding of biotic mineral weathering.
|
|
| 26. |
- Urbonaviciute, V, et al.
(author)
-
Induction of inflammatory and immune responses by HMGB1-nucleosome complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of SLE
- 2008
-
In: The Journal of experimental medicine. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 1540-9538 .- 0022-1007. ; 205:13, s. 3007-3018
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and nucleosomes represent a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the mechanisms involved in breaking the immunological tolerance against these poorly immunogenic nuclear components are not fully understood. Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells with consecutive release of nuclear antigens may contribute to the immune pathogenesis. The architectural chromosomal protein and proinflammatory mediator high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is tightly attached to the chromatin of apoptotic cells. We demonstrate that HMGB1 remains bound to nucleosomes released from late apoptotic cells in vitro. HMGB1–nucleosome complexes were also detected in plasma from SLE patients. HMGB1-containing nucleosomes from apoptotic cells induced secretion of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and expression of costimulatory molecules in macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), respectively. Neither HMGB1-free nucleosomes from viable cells nor nucleosomes from apoptotic cells lacking HMGB1 induced cytokine production or DC activation. HMGB1-containing nucleosomes from apoptotic cells induced anti-dsDNA and antihistone IgG responses in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2–dependent manner, whereas nucleosomes from living cells did not. In conclusion, HMGB1–nucleosome complexes activate antigen presenting cells and, thereby, may crucially contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE via breaking the immunological tolerance against nucleosomes/dsDNA.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
