| 1. |
- Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Photodetector of multilayer exfoliated MoS2 deposited on polyimide films
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We fabricated a photodetector based on multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by micromechanical cleavage of a molybdenite crystal using a polyimide film. We deposited 40 nm of gold by vacuum sputtering and copper tape was used for the contacts. Without any surface treatment, we achieved high responsivity at different incident optical power. The calculated responsivity was 23 mA/W of incident optical power in the range between 400 and 800 nm. For the responsivity measurement it was estimated that MoS2 have a bandgap of 1.6 eV, which lies between monolayer and multilayer films. The thickness of the MoS2 thin film was determined by Raman spectroscopy evaluating the difference between the in plane and out of plane Raman modes. The measurement of IV curves indicated Ohmic contacts in respect to the Au regardless of the incident optical power. Our device fabrication was much simpler than previous reported devices and can be used to test the light absorption and luminescence capabilities of exfoliated MoS2.
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| 2. |
- Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Printability of functional inkjet inks onto commercial inkjet substrates and a taylor made pigmented coated paper
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Printed electronics are of increasing interest. The substrates used have primarily been plastics although the interest for cellulose-based substrates is increasing due to the environmental aspect as well as cost. The requirements of substrates for electronically active inks differs from graphical inks and therefore we have investigated a custom-made pigment based coated paper and compared it to commercial photo-papers and a coated PE film.Our goal with the study of different substrates was to select the most suitable substrate to print water based 2D materials inkjet inks for flexible electronics.The discovery of graphene, a layered material achieved from the exfoliation of graphite, has resulted in the study of other materials with similar properties to cover areas where graphene could not be used due to the absence of a bandgap in the material. For example in thin film transistors (TFT) a semiconductor layer is essential to enable turn on and off the device. This semiconductor layer can be achieved using various materials but particular interest have been dedicated to abundant and cheap 2D materials such as the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). To date, most of the dispersions based on TMDs use organic solvents or water solutions of surfactants. Previously we focus on the study of environmental friendly inks produced by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of MoS2 in water using cellulose stabilizers such as ethyl cellulose (EC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanofibrilcellulose (NFC). We have study various aspects of the ink fabrication includi ng pH range, the source of MoS2, nanosheets thickness, particle size distribution, ink stabilizers, ink concentration, viscosity and surface tension. These inks have very low concentration requiring a number of printing passes to cover the substrate. Therefore the substrate selection is crucial as a large amount of solvent is to be absorb by the substrate. Our goal was to use such an ink to print electrodes of MoS2 into a paper substrate after substrate selection.Commercial photo papers, a commercial coated PE film and a tailor made multilayer pigment coated paper substrate were used for the substrate selection analysis. We print the substrates using a DIMATIX inkjet printer with a 10 pL printing head using the distillated water waveform supplied by the printer manufacturer. The voltage used was 23V and 4 nozzles were used for the print outs. The inkjet ink used was the organic PEDOT:PSS. We printed lines ranging from 1 pixel to 20 pixels with 1, 2 and 3 printing passes. The printing quality was evaluated through measurements of the waviness of the printed lines measured after imaging the printed samples with a SEM microscope. The line width measurement was done using the software from the SEM.We also evaluated the structure of the coatings using SEM and topography measurements. The ink penetration through the substrates was evaluated using Raman Spectroscopy. For the pigmented coated sample we measured 4% of ink penetration through the substrate for the 1pxl printed line printed once onto the paper. Cross-section SEM images of the printed lines were made to visualize the ink penetration into the substrate.Regarding the electrical conductivity of the printed samples, the differences in resistivity varying the width of the printed lines and the number of printed passes were evaluated. The resistivity of the printed electrodes was evaluated using the 2-points probe method. Before the resistivity measurements, the printed substrates were heated at 50°C and 100°C for 30 minutes in an oven.We choose the PEDOT:PSS ink because it is a low price ink compared to metal nanoparticles inks for printed electronics. The print outs had low resistivity at a few printing passes with no need for sintering at high temperatures. The MoS2 ink has a very high resistance at a few printing passes due to lower coverage of the substrate therefore for this ink these measurements were not possible to be made. The main pigment composition of the paper coatings of the substrates was evaluated using FT-IR and EDX, these data plus the coating structure evaluated by SEM was related to the print quality.The best in test papers were used to print MoS2 electrodes. After the printing tests, another step for the optimization of the MoS2 ink properties shall be carried out in future studies for better print quality. We also evaluated the surface energy of the substrates through contact angle measurements to match the surface tension of the PEDOT:PSS ink and later the MoS2 ink. Although the pigmented coated printing substrate did not show better results than the commercial photo papers and PE foil in terms of line quality, it shows the lowest resistivity and sufficient results for low cost recyclable electronics, which do not require high conductivity. Nevertheless, the substrate was very thin and it could even be used in magazines as traditional lightweight coated papers (LWC) are used but with the additional of a printed electronic feature.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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High-performance transparent and flexible electrodes made by flash-light sintering of gold nanoparticles
- 2018
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In: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 1:12, s. 7191-7198
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Metallic nanowire-based transparent electrodes (TEs) are potential alternatives to indium tin oxide (ITO). To achieve a high performance [sheet resistance (Rs) < 100 Ω/sq, transmittance (T%) > 90%], the nanowires must have a high length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio to minimize the number of wire-to-wire junctions. Attempts to produce TEs with gold nanowires have been made, and the results reveal difficulties in achieving the requirements. A successful strategy involves creating templated gold nanonetworks through multiple procedures. Here, we present a simple and efficient method that uses flash-light sintering of a gold nanonetwork film into gold TEs (Rs: 82.9 Ω/sq, T %: 91.79%) on a thin polycarbonate film (25 μm). The produced gold TEs have excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical stabilities. Mechanisms of the formation of gold nanonetworks and the effect of flash-light have been analyzed. Our findings provide a scalable process for producing transparent and flexible gold electrodes with a total processing time of less than 8 min without the use of heating, vacuum processing, and organic chemicals and without any material loss. This is possible because all the gold nanoparticles have been aggregated and filtrated on the filter membranes. The area density of gold is 0.094 g/m2 leading low material costs, which is very competitive with the price of commercial TEs.
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| 4. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Photoconductivity of acid exfoliated and flash-light-processed MoS2 films
- 2018
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- MoS2 has been studied intensively during recent years as a semiconducting material in several fields, including optoelectronics, for applications such as solar cells and phototransistors. The photoresponse mechanisms of MoS2 have been discussed but are not fully understood, especially the phenomenon in which the photocurrent slowly increases. Here, we report on a study of the photoresponse flash-light-processed MoS2 films of different thicknesses and areas. The photoresponse of such films under different light intensities and bias voltages was measured, showing significant current changes with a quick response followed by a slow one upon exposure to pulsed light. Our in-depth study suggested that the slow response was due to the photothermal effect that heats the MoS2; this hypothesis was supported by the resistivity change at different temperatures. The results obtained from MoS2 films with various thicknesses indicated that the minority-carrier diffusion length was 1.36 mu m. This study explained the mechanism of the slow response of the MoS2 film and determined the effective thickness of MoS2 for a photoresponse to occur. The method used here for fabricating MoS2 films could be used for fabricating optoelectronic devices due to its simplicity.
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| 5. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Sensing body motions based on charges generated on the body
- 2019
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In: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 63
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The sensing of body motions is of great importance in areas such as healthcare, rehabilitation, and human-computer interactions. Different methods have been developed based on visual or electrical signals. However, such signals are acquired by external devices and are not intrinsic signals that are created on the body. Here, we report a new universal body motion sensor (UBS) to detect motions based on the intrinsic contact electrification (CE) of the skin or electrical induction (EI) of the body. The CE or EI generates charges on the body, leading to potential differences between the body and ground that can be measured to identify different body motions, such as motions of the head, arms, fingers, waist, legs, feet and toes. Proof-of-concept experiments have demonstrated that the UBS can be used to monitor the conditions of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to quantitatively monitor the recovery of those with a leg injury, suggesting great potential for healthcare applications.
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| 6. |
- An, Siwen, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of Elemental Analysis Techniques for Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration using X-rays and Electron Beams
- 2019
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In: IOP Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With the rapid expansion of the waste incineration business both in Europe and globally, there is a growing need for the elemental analysis for fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. In this work, samples of washed and unwashed ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Sundsvall are evaluated. Qualitative analysis and semi-quantitative analysis are used to compare two elemental analysis methods, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement. Both methods are used to retrieve the difference in elemental composition between washed and unwashed fly ash. SEM-EDS accurately detects light elements from well-prepared samples in a vacuum environment, while, for online measurements, XRF is a potential method that analyses hazardous metal content in the fly ash.
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| 7. |
- Blomquist, Nicklas, 1987-, et al.
(author)
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Effects of Geometry on Large-scale Tube-shear Exfoliation of Multilayer Graphene and Nanographite in Water
- 2019
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Industrially scalable methods for the production of graphene and other nanographites are needed to achieve cost-efficient commercial products. At present, there are several available routes for the production of these materials but few allow large-scale manufacturing and environmentally friendly low-cost solvents are rarely used. We have previously demonstrated a scalable and low-cost industrial route to produce nanographites by tube-shearing in water suspensions. However, for a deeper understanding of the exfoliation mechanism, how and where the actual exfoliation occurs must be known. This study investigates the effect of shear zone geometry, straight and helical coil tubes, on this system based on both numerical simulation and experimental data. The results show that the helical coil tube achieves a more efficient exfoliation with smaller and thinner flakes than the straight version. Furthermore, only the local wall shear stress in the turbulent flow is sufficient for exfoliation since the laminar flow contribution is well below the needed range, indicating that exfoliation occurs at the tube walls. This explains the exfoliation mechanism of water-based tube-shear exfoliation, which is needed to achieve scaling to industrial levels of few-layer graphene with known and consequent quality.
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| 8. |
- Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al.
(author)
-
Cellulose stabilizers for 2D materials inkjet inks
- 2017
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To date, the most promising scalable method for achieving 2D materials dispersions is through liquidbasedexfoliation of nanosheets in solvents. We study the use of high throughput shear exfoliation insteadof sonication to exfoliate water dispersions of MoS2 using environmental friendly stabilizers based oncellulose. The resulted dispersion was then concentrated and inkjet printed on a flexible substrate. We usedethyl cellulose, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (UF-CNF). The stability wasevaluated by measuring the differences in concentration over time. The particle size distribution (PSD) ofthe dispersed particles was evaluated using statistical methods applied to SEM images of the dispersions(See Fig 1 and 2). The zeta potential and the mechanisms of stabilization involved was evaluated (See Fig4). All three stabilizers appear to work very well for MoS2 nanosheets even though the mechanisms ofstabilization were different i.e. steric stabilization for MoS2-EC and electrostatic stabilization for MoS2-CNF and MoS2-UF-CNF dispersions. For the MoS2-EC dispersions we achieved a broader PSD (Fig. 1)and higher stability. Thin nanosheets was observed from the SEM image of MoS2-EC dispersions depositedonto cellulose filters by vacuum filtration (Fig. 5) which demonstrated that the exfoliation technique usedwas successful. The estimated concentration of the MoS2-EC dispersion after 8 days of sample preparationwas 0.24 mg/mL, 77% of the initial concentration (see Fig. 6) and it was relatively steady after 40 days ofsample preparation (0.22 mg/mL). To adjust the concentration and the viscosity of the MoS2-EC dispersion,we concentrated it using a rotary evaporator solvent exchange technique. For this we used terpineol andadjusted the viscosity using ethanol. This paper presents the results of an inkjet 2D material ink usingenvironmental friendly components different than previous 2D materials inks that used organic solvents orwater based dispersions containing surfactants.
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| 9. |
- Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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The Influence of pH on the Stability of Inks of Two-Dimensional Materials for Digital Fabrication
- 2017
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We aim to achieve stable printable 2D inks with environmental friendly solvents using a surfactant as a stabilizer. This study focuses on the influence of the pH on the stability of the MoS2 dispersionsin acetic acid at concentrations ranging from pH 1 to 5.The effectiveness of liquid-based exfoliation using shear exfoliation was also evaluated though SEM images and resulted in very thin nanosheets. We observed that at pH concentrations higher than 2, the dispersions were more stable.
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| 10. |
- Forsberg, Viviane, 1981-, et al.
(author)
-
Towards flexible and cheap printed electronics using inks of exfoliated 2D materials stabilized by cellulose
- 2017
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Flexible and cheap electronics are needed for simple applications such as sensors and solar cells. To achieve this, thin functional materials should be deposited efficiently to flexible substrates such as paper. A promising method for the deposition of such materials is through inkjet printing that said a stable and printable dispersion is necessary. We achieved this through liquid-based exfoliation of 2D materials in water using shear exfoliation and cellulose stabilizers. The resulted dispersion was then concentrated and inkjet printed on a flexible substrate. We used ethyl cellulose, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (UF-CNF). All three stabilizers appear to work very well for MoS2 nanosheets even though the mechanisms of stabilization were different among them. For the MoS2-EC dispersions we achieved a broader PSD and higher dispersion stability. Thin nanosheets were observed from the SEM image of MoS2-EC dispersions deposited onto cellulose filters. The estimated concentration of the MoS2-EC dispersion after 20 days of sample preparation was 0.20 mg/mL. This dispersion was further processed to adjust the concentration and viscosity. Good coverage of the substrate was achieved after 50 printing passes. If the same technique is applied to other 2D materials such as graphene (conductor) and boro nitride (insulator), a transistor can be fabricated.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Niskanen, Ilpo, et al.
(author)
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Determination of nanoparticle size using Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory
- 2019
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In: Chemical Engineering Science. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2509 .- 1873-4405. ; 201, s. 222-229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Accurate determination of the size of nanoparticles has an important role in many different scientific and industrial purposes, such as in material, medical and environment sciences, colloidal chemistry and astrophysics. We describe an effective optical method to determine the size of nanoparticles by analysis of transmission and scattering of visible spectral range data from a designed UV-Vis multi-spectrophotometer. The size of the nanoparticles was calculated from the extinction cross section of the particles using Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory. We validated the method using polystyrene nanospheres, cellulose nanofibrils, and cellulose nanocrystals. A good agreement was achieved through graphical analysis between measured extinction cross section values and theoretical Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory predictions for the sizes of polystyrene nanospheres at wavelength range 450-750 nm. Provided that Rayleigh approximation's forward scattering (FS)/back scattering (BS) ratio was smaller than 1.3 and Mie theory's FS/BS ratio was smaller than 1.8. A good fit for the hydrodynamic diameter of nanocellulose was achieved using the Mie theory and Rayleigh approximation. However, due to the high aspect ratio of nanocellulose, the obtained results do not directly reflect the actual cross-sectional diameters of the nanocellulose. Overall, the method is a fast, relatively easy, and simple technique to determine the size of a particle by a spectrophotometer. Consequently, the method can be utilized for example in production and quality control purposes as well as for research and development applications.
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| 13. |
- Phadatare, Manisha R., et al.
(author)
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Silicon-Nanographite Aerogel-Based Anodes for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
- 2019
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To increase the energy storage density of lithium-ion batteries, silicon anodes have been explored due to their high capacity. One of the main challenges for silicon anodes are large volume variations during the lithiation processes. Recently, several high-performance schemes have been demonstrated with increased life cycles utilizing nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films. However, a method that allows the large-scale production of silicon anodes remains to be demonstrated. Herein, we address this question by suggesting new scalable nanomaterial-based anodes. Si nanoparticles were grown on nanographite flakes by aerogel fabrication route from Si powder and nanographite mixture using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This silicon-nanographite aerogel electrode has stable specific capacity even at high current rates and exhibit good cyclic stability. The specific capacity is 455 mAh g−1 for 200th cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 97% at a current density 100 mA g−1.
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| 14. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Escherichia coli Bacteria Develop Adaptive Resistance to Antibacterial ZnO Nanoparticles
- 2018
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In: Advanced Biosystem. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2366-7478. ; 2:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Antibacterial agents based on nanoparticles (NPs) have many important applications, e.g., for the textile industry, surface disinfection, wound dressing, water treatment, and food preservation. Because of their prevalent use it is important to understand whether bacteria could develop resistance to such antibacterial NPs similarly to the resistance that bacteria are known to develop to antibiotics. Here, it is reported that Escherichia coli(E. coli) develops adaptive resistance to antibacterial ZnO NPs after several days' exposure to the NPs. But, in contrast to antibiotics‐resistance, the observed resistance to ZnO NPs is not stable—after several days without exposure to the NPs, the bacteria regain their sensitivity to the NPs' antibacterial properties. Based on the analyses it is suggested that the observed resistance is caused by changes in the shape of the bacteria and the expressions of membrane proteins. The findings provide insights into the response of bacteria to antibacterial NPs, which is important to elucidate for designing and evaluating the risk of applications based on antibacterial NPs.
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| 15. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Gold and Zno-Based Metal-Semiconductor Network for Highly Sensitive Room-Temperature Gas Sensing
- 2019
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In: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 19:18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Metal-semiconductor junctions and interfaces have been studied for many years due to their importance in applications such as semiconductor electronics and solar cells. However, semiconductor-metal networks are less studied because there is a lack of effective methods to fabricate such structures. Here, we report a novel Au-ZnO-based metal-semiconductor (M-S)n network in which ZnO nanowires were grown horizontally on gold particles and extended to reach the neighboring particles, forming an (M-S)n network. The (M-S)n network was further used as a gas sensor for sensing ethanol and acetone gases. The results show that the (M-S)n network is sensitive to ethanol (28.1 ppm) and acetone (22.3 ppm) gases and has the capacity to recognize the two gases based on differences in the saturation time. This study provides a method for producing a new type of metal-semiconductor network structure and demonstrates its application in gas sensing.
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| 16. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Harvesting triboelectricity from the human body using non-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators
- 2018
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In: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 45, s. 298-303
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Triboelectrification has been known and discussed since antiquity. Triboelectrification occurs in the human body due to friction between human skin and other materials such as clothing. However, charges on the body have not been harvested to power small electronics. Here, we report for the first time that the electricity generated on the human body due to triboelectrification can be measured and harvested using human body-based non-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (H-TENGs). The H-TENGs can have an output of up to 3.3 W/m(2) and can spontaneously harvest energy from several people. The functions of the human body in the H-TENGs are analyzed and experimentally proven to be those of a triboelectric material, conductor and capacitor. Our results demonstrate that the triboelectricity generated on a human body can be harvested using H-TENGs and provide scientific insights into body functions that will promote further studies of TENGs.
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| 17. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Human body constituted triboelectric nanogenerators as energy harvesters, code transmitters and motion sensors
- 2018
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In: ACS Applied Energy Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0962. ; 1:6, s. 2955-2960
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human skin is a dielectric material that can be used as a triboelectric material for harvesting energy from body motions. The output power of such a human skin-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is relatively low. Here, we assembled high-output human body constituted TENGs (H-TENGs) by taking advantage of the unique electrical properties of the human body, such as high skin impedance, low tissue resistance, body capacitance, and conductivity. The output of a H-TENG can reach 30 W/m2, which is enough to drive small electronic devices, such as a timer or a calculator. The unique feature of the H-TENG is that it can perform the four fundamental modes of TENGs, which has not been reported elsewhere. Such a feature allows the H-TENG to act as a code transmitter to send light and electrical signals, such as Morse code. H-TENGs also benefit the development of high-performance, self-powered body motion sensors. Our findings suggest new strategies for harvesting energy from human body motions, as well as new types of motion sensors and signal senders.
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| 18. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(author)
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Interaction of the human body with triboelectric nanogenerators
- 2019
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In: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 57, s. 279-292
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The use of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is a new technique for energy harvesting at both small and large scales. Almost all types of mechanical energy can be harvested with TENGs by using four modes of operation that cover almost all mechanical motions. The interactions of the human body with TENGs range from energy harvesting, motion sensing, and biomedical applications to human-computer communications. Different types of TENGs have been developed to directly or indirectly involve the human body. This review will summarize the recent advances in the interaction of the human body with TENGs.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Öhlund, Thomas, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Sintering Inhibition of Silver Nanoparticle Films via AgCl Nanocrystal Formation
- 2017
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In: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 7:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrically conductive films are key components in most printed and flexible electronics applications. For the solution processing of conductive films, inks containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) remain important because of their relatively easy processing and generally low resistivity after a sintering procedure. Because the commonly used, moderate sintering temperatures of 150-300 °C are still too high for most low-cost flexible substrates, expanding the knowledge of surface-ink interactions that affect the sintering temperature is desirable. It is known that chloride ions can assist the sintering of AgNP films by displacing capping agents on the surfaces of AgNPs. However, very little is known about other possible Cl-AgNP interactions that affect the resistivity and no interaction having the opposite effect (sintering inhibition) has been identified before. Here we identify such a Cl-AgNP interaction giving sintering inhibition and find that the mechanism involves the formation of AgCl nanocrystals within the AgNP film. The AgCl formation was observed after inkjet-printing of AgNP inks with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent onto papers with quick-absorbing coatings containing 0.3 wt % KCl. Our findings show that chloride can have opposite roles during sintering, either assisting or inhibiting the sintering depending on the prevalence of AgCl formation. The prevalence of AgCl formation depends on the absorption properties and the capping agent.
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