SwePub - search: WFRF:(Lindegarth Susanne 1964)

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1.	Albertsson, Eva, 1979, et al. (author) Marin fiskodling på den svenska västkusten: Biologiska förutsättningar : Rapport nummer 1 från Vattenbrukscentrum Väst, Göteborgs universitet 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract I den av regeringen beställda utredningen ”Det växande Vattenbrukslandet” föreslås att ”Göteborgs universitet (GU) tillförs resurser för att fortsätta att utveckla vattenbruksrelaterad forskning när det gäller musslor, ostron och marina fiskarter”. Därför tog under 2011 företrädare inom den odlingsrelaterade fiskforskningen vid Gö- teborgs universitet initiativet till denna studie om förutsättningarna för marin fiskodling. Studien har syftet att utreda de odlingsbiologiska förutsättningarna för etablering av vattenbruk av marina fiskarter på den svenska västkusten. Målet är att den ska kunna användas som kunskapsunderlag för en framtida handlingsplan för fiskodling på västkusten, och främja kunskapsutbytet mellan den fiskodlingsrelaterade forskningen, beslutsfat- tande organ och privata entreprenörer för att utveckla konkurrenskraftiga innovationer inom vattenbruket. En central fråga för sammanhanget är vilka fiskarter det finns potential för att odla på den svenska västkusten. Vattenbruket måste vara ekonomiskt bärkraftigt och en urvalsmodell baserad på svenska marina fiskarters kg- pris i förhållande till en minsta tänkbara produktionskostnad användes därför i denna studie. Vidare bedöm- des arterna utifrån kunskapsläge och odlingspotential. Arterna hälleflundra, tunga, piggvar, havskatt (vanlig och fläckig) samt lyrtorsk och torsk bedömdes att vara ”kandidatarter” för framtida odling i Sverige. För dessa arter gjordes omfattande studier för att vidare utreda behov och möjligheter. Det gjordes även en analys av de abiotiska faktorerna (vattentemperatur, syrgas- och salthalt) på den svenska västkusten. I en sista del av studien kombinerades kunskapen om kandidatarternas biologiska förutsättningar med västkustens abiotiska faktorer. De abiotiska förhållandena på den svenska västkusten är inte odlingsbiologiskt optimala för traditionell nät- kasseodling för någon av de framtagna kandidatarterna, då för höga sommartemperaturer skapar problem för kallvattensarterna medan varmvattensarterna hämmas av de låga vintertemperaturerna. En av de huvudsak- liga slutsatserna i denna rapport är därför att året-runt-bedriven fiskodling i öppna system, såsom i kustnära nätkassar, knappast är praktiskt genomförbart på den svenska västkusten för de arter som i denna studie i övrigt ansågs ha hög odlingspotential. För etablering av framgångsrika odlingssystem behövs speciella tekniska lösningar, som möjliggör reglering av abiotiska faktorer såsom syrgashalter och temperatur. För att Sverige skall kunna bli ett växande vattenbruksland krävs samordnade insatser mellan forskare från flera discipliner, privata aktörer och andra intressenter. Dessutom krävs satsningar på forskning och utredning av de mera tekniskt avancerade odlingssystem som den svenska västkusten kommer behöva. Med tanke på miljöbelastningsproblematiken kring öppna havsbaserade system för fiskodling samt de abiotiska faktorerna längs västkusten som inte är optimala för någon av kandidatarterna i utredningen, så är slutsatsen att man bör undersöka, alternativa odlingssystem till traditionella öppna nätkassar för fiskodling, där man kan kontrollera faktorer som temperatur, salthalt och syrenivåer och minimera utsläppen. Nästa steg som föreslås är att göra en teknisk/ekonomisk utredning kring hållbara havs- eller landbaserade system för marin fiskodling. Utred- ningen bör innehålla fall-studier för en eller två fiskarter och ett kräftdjur och inkludera en myndighetspröv- ning för de framtagna koncepten. Ytterligare en förutsättning för att vattenbruket skall kunna utvecklas är satsningar på nödvändig infrastruktur, som ett marint kläckeri för forskning och utvecklingsarbete.
2.	Ungfors, Anette, 1974, et al. (author) Marin fiskodling på den svenska västkusten: Tekniska lösningar 2015 Reports (other academic/artistic)
3.	Bergström, Per, 1980, et al. (author) Differences in growth patterns among three bivalve species and in relation to exposure and implications for aquaculture and ecological functions 2024 In: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - 0272-7714. ; 303 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, similarities and differences in growth patterns, measured as changes in soft tissue weight and shell length, among three bivalve species in Sweden (blue mussels, Pacific oysters and European flat oysters) were studied with the aim to achieve information on spatial and temporal variability among these commercially important species. The study showed that there are significant differences in spatial growth pattern between blue mussels and both of the oyster species, where oysters grew faster in more protected locations compared to mussels, which had a generally faster growth in the exposed localities. The weight: length ratio also differed among species, where mussels had a lower ratio compared to oysters. Potential causes of the observed patterns and consequences for bivalve farming as well as implications for ecological functions are discussed. The results are valuable in site-selection processes at both local (individual farmers) and regional/national scales (planning processes etc), and indicates that spatial planning of bivalve aquaculture need inclusion of species specific growth parameters.
4.	Bergström, Per, 1980, et al. (author) Modeling and predicting the growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis: implications for planning of aquaculture and eutrophication mitigation 2015 In: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 5:24, s. 5920-5933 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The increased pressure on the marine ecosystems highlights the need for policies and integrated approaches for sustainable management of coastal areas. Spatial planning based on geographic information of human activities, ecological structures and functions, and their associated goods and services is a fundamental component in this context. Here, we evaluate the potential of predictive modeling to provide spatial data on one ecosystem function, mussel growth for use in such processes. We developed a methodology based on statistical modeling, spatial prediction, and mapping for the relative growth of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. We evaluated the performance of different modeling techniques and classification schemes using empirical measurements of growth from 144 sampling sites and data on biological, chemical, and physical predictors. Following comparisons of the different techniques and schemes, we developed random forest models to predict growth along the Swedish west coast. Implemented into GIS the best model produced in this study predicts that low, intermediate, and high growth rates can be expected in 53%, 32%, and 15% of modeled area, respectively. The results of this study also suggest that the nature and quality of predictor data hold the key to improving the predictive power of models. On a more general note, this study exemplifies a feasible approach based on measuring, modeling, and mapping for obtaining scientifically based spatial information on ecosystem functions and services affected by a complex set of factors. Such information is fundamental for maritime spatial planning and ecosystem-based management and its importance is likely to increase in the future. Because of its close link to nutrient assimilation and production yield, site-specific information of soft tissue growth such as the map of predicted growth rate developed in this study can be used as a tool for optimizing actions aimed at mitigating eutrophication and aquaculture operations and in maritime spatial planning processes of coastal areas.
5.	Bergström, Per, 1980, et al. (author) Restaurering av övergödda havsvikar med hjälp av miljömusselodling 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)
6.	Bergström, Per, 1980, et al. (author) Temporal consistency of spatial pattern in growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis: Implications for predictive modelling 2013 In: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7714 .- 1096-0015. ; 131, s. 93-102 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Human pressures on coastal seas are increasing and methods for sustainable management, including spatial planning and mitigative actions, are therefore needed. In coastal areas worldwide, the development of mussel farming as an economically and ecologically sustainable industry requires geographic information on the growth and potential production capacity. In practice this means that coherent maps of temporally stable spatial patterns of growth need to be available in the planning process and that maps need to be based on mechanistic or empirical models. Therefore, as a first step towards development of models of growth, we assessed empirically the fundamental requirement that there are temporally consistent spatial patterns of growth in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Using a pilot study we designed and dimensioned a transplant experiment, where the spatial consistency in the growth of mussels was evaluated at two resolutions. We found strong temporal and scale-dependent spatial variability in growth but patterns suggested that spatial patterns were uncoupled between growth of shell and that of soft tissue. Spatial patterns of shell growth were complex and largely inconsistent among years. Importantly, however, the growth of soft tissue was qualitatively consistent among years at the scale of km. The results suggest that processes affecting the whole coastal area cause substantial differences in growth of soft tissue among years but that factors varying at the scale of km create strong and persistent spatial patterns of growth, with a potential doubling of productivity by identifying the most suitable locations. We conclude that the observed spatial consistency provides a basis for further development of predictive modelling and mapping of soft tissue growth in these coastal areas. Potential causes of observed patterns, consequences for mussel-farming as a tool for mitigating eutrophication, aspects of precision of modelling and sampling of mussel growth as well as ecological functions in general are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
7.	Bergström, Per, 1980, et al. (author) Testing the potential for improving quality of sediments impacted by mussel farms using bioturbating polychaete worms 2017 In: Aquaculture Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1365-2109 .- 1355-557X. ; 48:1, s. 161-176 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Biodeposits from farmed mussels severely influence the biogeochemistry of sediments by increasing the levels of organic matter (OM). Mitigation of such negative impacts is important for the development of sustainable aquaculture operations. As a step towards developing methods for remediation of coastal sediments affected by mussel farming, the effects of the polychaete, Hediste diversicolor was evaluated experimentally. In a series of field- and laboratory experiments we tested hypotheses about the effects of polychaetes on sediment oxygen consumption, nutrient fluxes and sulphide pools under different polychaete densities and sedimentation regimes. The experimental results support the idea that polychaetes can mitigate negative effects on the benthic environment beneath mussel farms. H.diversicolor oxidized the sediment and generally enhanced the oxygen consumption, and thus the decomposition of OM. The accumulation of pore water sulphides were reduced and fluxes of nutrients across the sediment-water interface increased. Additional calculations suggest that the effects of polychaetes were mainly indirect and driven by increased microbial activity due to the borrowing activity of the polychaetes. Trends of increasing decomposition with increasing polychaete density suggest that the decomposition could be further enhanced by higher densities. Overall, we concluded that H.diversicolor is a potentially strong candidate for remediation of mussel farm sediments. The results show that sediments inhabited by H.diversicolor have high assimilative capacity of OM and oxygen conditions are significantly improved following the addition of polychaetes at naturally occurring densities. However, technological developments are needed in order to allow the approach to be used in practice.
8.	Dunér Holthuis, Thomas, et al. (author) Monitoring Recruitment Patterns of Mussels and Fouling Tunicates in Mariculture 2015 In: Journal of Shellfish Research. - : National Shellfisheries Association. - 0730-8000 .- 1943-6319. ; 34:3, s. 1007-1018 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
9.	Lindegarth, Mats, 1965, et al. (author) Ostron (Ostrea edulis) i Kosterhavets nationalpark: kvantitativa skattningar och modellering av förekomst och totalt antal 2014 Reports (other academic/artistic)
10.	Mafambissa, Mizeque, et al. (author) Experimental spat collection of the pearl and rocky shore oysters on ceramic tile substrates 2024 In: Aquaculture Reports. - 2352-5134. ; 36 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Temporal and spatial variation in oyster larvae settlement is a crucial factor determining the abundance and success of adult populations in their natural environment. The overall understanding of oyster recruitment provides information on site selection and strategies employed for obtaining spats for oyster culture. In this study, spat of Pinctada capensis and Saccostrea cucullata were collected from four selected sites in a sub-tropical setting at Inhaca Island, Southern Mozambique during an experimental period of 8 months to assess the effect of different factors (season, duration and surface) on spat settlement and abundance. Ceramic tiles were deployed as artificial substrates from the surface to 5 m depth. They were replaced monthly. Overall, settlement on ceramic tiles was higher for S. cucullata than for pearl oyster P. capensis. There was a tendency for higher numbers of spat settling during the summer than winter for both species. For both species larger numbers of recruits were found on tiles deployed for four months than for two months and on the roughly textured surfaces compared to smooth. The results have also indicated that the ceramic tiles could be used as substrate for rocky shore oyster S. cucullata settlement in the late summer.
11.	Mattsson-Thorngren, Linnea, et al. (author) Developing methods for assessing abundance and distribution of European oysters (Ostrea edulis) using towed video 2017 In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:11 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Due to large-scale habitat losses and increasing pressures, benthic habitats in general, and perhaps oyster beds in particular, are commonly in decline and severely threatened on regional and global scales. Appropriate and cost-efficient methods for mapping and monitoring of the distribution, abundance and quality of remaining oyster populations are fundamental for sustainable management and conservation of these habitats and their associated values. Towed video has emerged as a promising method for surveying benthic communities in a both non-destructive and cost-efficient way. Here we examine its use as a tool for quantification and monitoring of oyster populations by (i) analysing how well abundances can be estimated and how living Ostrea edulis individuals can be distinguished from dead ones, (ii) estimating the variability within and among observers as well as the spatial variability at a number of scales, and finally (iii) evaluating the precision of estimated abundances under different scenarios for monitoring. Overall, the results show that the can be used to quantify abundance and occurrence of Ostrea edulis in heterogeneous environments. There was a strong correlation between abundances determined in the field and abundances estimated by video-analyses (r2 = 0.93), even though video analyses underestimated the total abundance of living oysters by 20%. Additionally, the method was largely repeatable within and among observers and revealed no evident bias in identification of living and dead oysters. We also concluded that the spatial variability was an order of magnitude larger than that due to observer errors. Subsequent modelling of precision showed that the total area sampled was the main determinant of precision and provided general method for determining precision. This study provides a thorough validation of the application of towed video on quantitative estimations of live oysters. The results suggest that the method can indeed be very useful for this purpose and we therefor recommend it for future monitoring of oysters and other threatened habitats and species. © 2017 Thorngren et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
12.	Norling, P., et al. (author) Effects of live and post-mortem shell structures of invasive Pacific oysters and native blue mussels on macrofauna and fish 2015 In: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 518, s. 123-138 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract © Inter-Research 2015. Blue mussels Mytilus edulis and the invasive Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas are both ecosystem engineering species which modify the environment, thus having large effects on associated species. With the introduction of the Pacific oyster, a new biogenic structure has been added to subtidal sediment habitats in Scandinavia. By conducting a field experiment, the effects of live and post-mortem shell structures of C. gigas and M. edulis on associated infauna, epibenthic fauna and fish on the Swedish west coast were evaluated. Plots with 5 different treatments (live Pacific oysters, oyster shells, live blue mussels, mussel shells and sand control) were constructed on bare sandy sediment at 2 subtidal localities. Epibenthic macrofauna and fish were sampled with a drop trap, and sediment and infauna samples were collected with sediment cores. Live bivalve treatments had significant effects on organic content of the sediment; however, no treatment effects on infauna were found. In contrast, abundance and biomass of epibenthic fauna increased 4 to 8 times and species richness increased in the presence of the bivalves or their shells, compared to the sand control. Epibenthic fauna abundance and biomass was higher in the oyster shell treatment compared to the live bivalve treatments, which in turn had higher abundance and biomass than the mussel shell treatment. In general, the mussel shell treatment favoured small crustaceans, while the oyster shell and live bivalve treatments favoured fish and larger invertebrate species. Based on these results, we conclude that further establishment of the Pacific oyster in Swedish waters will cause large changes to community structure of benthic macrofauna and fish.
13.	Dolmer, Per, et al. (author) The invasive Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Scandinavian coastal waters: A risk assessment on the impact in different habitats and climate conditions 2014 In: Fisken og havet. - 0071-5638 .- 1894-5031. ; :2 Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract A massive invasion of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has occurred in Scandinavia during the last decade. The introduction and dispersal was described through collaboration between scientists from Sweden, Denmark and Norway. This work has been followed up by national activities that clearly visualized the need for a continued collaboration between scientists in the Scandinavian countries, as the bio-invasion is a cross-border issue and management actions then have to be synchronized, and based on a “state of the art” knowledge of the Scandinavian bio-invasion of the species. The risk assessment presented in this report is based on available scientific literature, expert judgments and data collected during a Nordic collaboration project on Pacific oysters in 2011 – 2013.
14.	Joyce, Alyssa, et al. (author) Experimental effects of temperature and photoperiod on synchrony of gametogenesis and sex ratio in the European oyster Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus) 2013 In: Journal of Shellfish Research. - : National Shellfisheries Association. - 0730-8000 .- 1943-6319. ; 32:2, s. 447-458 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Insufficient knowledge about physiological processes underpinning reproduction in the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus), presents a number of unique challenges when designing a large-scale selective breeding program for hatchery production. The European flat oyster is a larviparous, protandric hermaphrodite wherein asynchronous spawns and variable sex ratios can lead to loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression within hatchery populations as a result of disproportionate gametic contributions in mass matings. A better understanding of O. edulis physiology in relation to environmental factors has the potential to improve hatchery processes for synchronization of gametogenesis, thus increasing fertilization potential and maximizing breeding population size of broodstock. This study sought to determine whether specific conditioning procedures-notably, manipulation of temperature and photoperiod-could be used to improve synchrony of gametogenesis and predictability of sex ratios in O. edulis. Two trials of accelerated yearly variations of temperature and photoperiod were conducted to uncouple the specific role of these factors in the timing of gametogenesis and sex of gametes over several spawning cycles. Histological analysis and quantitative analysis of gonad using a gonad filling index allowed for determination of sex ratios and staging of gametogenesis. Temperature was a controlling factor, although experimental results suggested that the effects of photoperiod, uncoupled from temperature, had no effect on the timing or rate of gametogenesis, or on sex ratios during a breeding season. A better understanding of factors affecting sex ratio and synchrony in timing of gamete release will allow for improved conditioning and broodstock handling protocols in the selective breeding of O. edulis.
15.	Lindegarth, Susanne, 1964 (author) Analys av fettlösliga algtoxiner i plankton och musslor med LC-MS/MS metodik. Final report, Fiskeriverket. November 2007. 2007 Reports (other academic/artistic)
16.	Lindegarth, Susanne, 1964 (author) Avgiftning av diarrétoxiner i blåmusslor. Final report, Fiskeriverket. Juni 2007. 2007 Reports (other academic/artistic)
17.	Lindegarth, Susanne, 1964 (author) Diarrétoxiner-ett problem för svensk ostronnäring? Final report 2008 Reports (other academic/artistic)
18.	Lindegarth, Susanne, 1964, et al. (author) DIFFERENTIAL RETENTION OF OKADAIC ACID (OA) GROUP TOXINS AND PECTENOTOXINS (PTX) IN THE BLUE MUSSEL, MYTILUS EDULIS (L.), AND EUROPEAN FLAT OYSTER, OSTREA EDULIS (L.) 2009 In: Journal of Shellfish Research. - 0730-8000. ; 28:2, s. 313-323 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
19.	Lindegarth, Susanne, 1964 (author) Paralytiska algtoxiner i plankton och musslor. Final report, Fiskeriverket. Juli 2007. 2007 Reports (other academic/artistic)
20.	Strand, Åsa, et al. (author) HIGH TOLERANCE OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA GIGAS, THUNBERG) TO LOW TEMPERATURES 2011 In: JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH. - 0730-8000. ; 30:3, s. 733-735 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
21.	Strand, Åsa, et al. (author) Impact of an icy winter on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793) populations in Scandinavia 2012 In: Aquatic Invasions. - : Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre Oy (REABIC). - 1798-6540 .- 1818-5487. ; 7:3, s. 433-440 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is an invasive species that has dispersed into Scandinavia during the last few decades. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of extreme winter conditions on the mortality of the Pacific oyster in Scandinavia. The study was done by compiling mortality data from independent surveys in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Winter mortality of the oysters increased with latitude, which can be explained by the colder climate experienced at higher latitudes. Mortality was also found to be affected by site specific conditions such as water depth at the sampling sites of oyster populations. Despite the severe winter conditions of 2009/2010 causing high mortality, the Pacific oyster still exists in large numbers in Scandinavia. The present investigation indicates that extreme winter conditions may result in a temporary reduction of the density of the Pacific oyster, but that the species can be expected to continue its invasion of Scandinavian coastal areas.
22.	Strand, Åsa, et al. (author) Japanska ostron i svenska vatten - Främmande art som är här för att stanna : Rapport nummer 2 från Vattenbrukscentrum Väst 2014 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Where do the Pacific oysters come from? The oyster Crassostrea gigas originates from the western Pacific. It was imported to Europe in the 1960s for aquaculture purposes. Since then, the oysters have dispersed by natural reproduction from the farm areas and established wild populations in many places. In Sweden, the species was disco- vered in large quantities during the summer of 2007. Surveys along the Swedish west coast down to Öresund identified specimens of oysters from the Norwegian border down to Falkenberg in the south. It is not clear how the oyster larvae came to the Swedish west coast in 2006, but modelling conducted within the project show that the most plausible explanation is that oyster larvae were transported by ocean currents from wild oyster stocks in Denmark. Genetic studies are currently undertaken and will provide further insight as to the origin of the Swedish populations. Environmental preferences and habitat choice The oysters can settle on virtually all types of substrates, ranging from muddy sediments with small shell fragments or grains of sand to hard substrates. They are also found in environments with the brown algae bladderwrack. The oysters prefer limited wave action but areas with good water circula- tion. Shallow sandbanks and straits with relatively high water flow is an optimal environment. Oysters thrive in similar environments such as blue mussels and they often occur together. The dense oyster stocks are commonly found at about 0-1 m depth but there are observations from several places where oysters occur deeper. Sites with established oyster populations have increased in den- sity between 2007 and 2013, from 4 individuals/m2 to over 100 individuals/m2, and at some sites the density of oysters can even reach more than 1 000 individuals/m2. Optimum salinity for growth and survival is approximately 25‰ but adult oysters occur in salinities down to 5 and above 40‰, and the temperature span for survival range from below freezing point to about 40°C (depending on exposure time). Suitable conditions for reproduction and larval stages are more limited than for the survival of adult individuals. Our experiments have shown that oysters are extremely cold-resistant and can survive several days at –22° C, thus oysters can survive air exposure during cold winter days. Despite this high tolerance to low temperatures, the winter 2009/2010 caused high mortalities of the oyster population (approximately 87%), most likely as a consequence of low water levels in combi- nation with a prolonged period with extremely low temperatures and heavy ice formation. Condi- tions on the Swedish west coast are thus suitable down to Öresund, although reproduction south of Gothenburg may be limited. It is unlikely that the oysters will become established in the Baltic Sea due to the low salinity. Our conclusions are that climate conditions in the region may temporarily reduce the oyster population, but extinction of the species by natural causes is highly unlikely. Present distribution in Sweden and population structure Since 2007, the presence of oysters has shifted northward and the largest quantities of oysters are now found in northern Bohuslän. This may be a result of the low salinity and high wave exposure along the coastline south of Gothenburg. The number of locations with live oysters in southern and central Bohuslän has decreased between 2007 and 2013. However, at sites where oysters occur in dense aggregates, the numbers are expected to increase as new oyster larvae are attracted to sites with oysters already present. Changes in densities, recruitment, age structure and growth rate have been investigated at five loca- Åsa Strand och Susanne Lindegarth11Japanska OstROn i sVenska Vatten english summary tions visited annually since 2007. Recruitment has occurred annually since the initial invasion, albeit with varying degrees of success. The oysters that arrived and settled in Sweden in 2006 have been dominating the population structure until the summer of 2011, when a very successful reproduction was observed. Winter mortality has been recorded to be very limited over the years, except for during the winter 2009/2010. Despite the high winter mortality that year, several large oyster populations still existed with the ability to reproduce. The oyster population has now recovered and continues to increase in density. The growth rate of individual oysters in Sweden is high and comparable to oysters in other countries.
23.	Torgersen, T., et al. (author) Profiles and levels of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid group toxins and pectenotoxins during toxin depuration, Part I: Brown crab (Cancer pagurus) 2008 In: Toxicon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0041-0101. ; 52:3, s. 407-417 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In 2002, two outbreaks of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) occurred in Norway, which was later confirmed to be caused by the consumption of brown crab (Cancer pagurus) contaminated predominantly by esters of okadaic acid (OA) after feeding on toxic blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). In addition to OA-group toxins, pectenotoxins (PTXs) are commonly detected in the toxin-producing algae (i.e. Dinophysis). In this paper, an experiment was set up to study the fatty acid ester profiles and depuration rates of OA-group toxins and PTXs from C. pagurus after feeding on M. edulis containing these toxin groups. CA, DTX1, DTX2 and PTX2 SA were all detected primarily in the form of fatty acid esters in the crab hepatopancreas (HP). Crabs preferentially assimilated toxins of the OA group after feeding on the mussels for 1 week. Detailed analysis of the fatty acid ester profile in crabs and mussels showed that the ester profiles in the crabs differed slightly from profiles of the fatty acid esters in M. edulis, but neither ester profile nor ester to free toxin ratio appeared to change in the crabs during the first 2 weeks of deputation. Calculations of deputation rates of the free forms of toxins resulted in similar reduction rates for OA and DTX2, whereas the depuration rate of DTX1, PTX2 and PTX2 SA was considerably faster. From the industrial perspective, the PTX-compounds are of minor importance compared to the OA group toxins in crabs, considering (1) the uncertainty regarding the oral toxicity of the PTXs, (2) the preferential ingestion of OA-group toxins compared to PTXs and (3) the faster depuration of PTXs. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
24.	Torgersen, T., et al. (author) Profiles and levels of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid group toxins and pectenotoxins during toxin depuration. Part II: Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) 2008 In: Toxicon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0041-0101. ; 52:3, s. 418-427 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Bivalve molluscs accumulate toxins of the okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTX) groups, which are frequently found in Dinophysis spp. Transformation of the OA-group toxins into fatty acid ester derivatives (often designated "DTX3") is common in many bivalve species but the degree to which these toxins are transformed vary between species, and is also depending on the parent toxin involved. In this paper, detailed profiles and levels of fatty acid esters of OA, DTX1, DTX2 and PTX2 SA were studied in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), collected during a bloom of Dinophysis spp. and after 3 and 6 weeks of depuration. Analysis of samples by HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-MS2 revealed some differences in identity and abundance of fatty acid moieties of the OA-group esters between species, but the 16:0 fatty acid esters dominated in both oysters and mussels, which is in accordance with the free fatty acid profiles in these species. A wider range of FM SA-esters were detected compared to esters of the CA-group toxins in both mussels and oysters, and in oysters, both 14:0, 18:4 and 20:5 fatty acid side chains were more common than 16:0. OA-group toxins were esterified to a larger degree in oysters (83-93%) compared to mussels (21-41%), and in mussels a higher proportion of OA was esterified compared to DTX1 and DTX2. Contrary to what was observed for CA-group toxins, PTX2 SA was esterified to a larger degree in mussels (81%) compared to oysters (64%). Calculations of depuration rates for all individual esters of each parent compound showed that the esters of DTX1 depurated significantly slower from both mussels and oysters compared to esters of OA, DTX2 and PTX2 SA, but overall the deputation rates of esters of both toxin group were highly similar for both species. This indicated that differences in depuration rates are not causing the large species-specific differences in levels and profiles of these toxins. Instead, the results for the CA-group toxins suggested that a higher rate of esterification in oysters is the main factor causing the observed differences in the proportion of esters to free toxin. For FM SA, large differences in ester profiles and a higher proportion of esters of PTX2 SA in mussels compared to oysters suggested differential assimilation and metabolic rate processes for the PTXs compared to OA-group toxins between these species. Hence, although produced by the same Dinophysis species, conclusions about the dynamics of one toxin group based on results from the other group should be avoided in future studies. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
25.	Wenblad, Axel, 1949, et al. (author) Maritima kluster i Västra Götaland 2012 2012 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Det finns en stark trend inom EU genom den integrerade havspolitiken att satsa på de maritima områdena både för att skydda miljön men också för att stärka befintliga verksamheter och utveckla nya med anknytning till haven. Det handlar om att kunna nyttja de marina ekosystemens tjänster på ett långsiktigt hållbart sätt samtidigt som ekosystemens struktur och funktion säkras. Föreliggande rapport som har tagits fram på initiativ av Västra Götalandsregionen, Chalmers tekniska högskola och Göteborgs Universitet (GU) visar utifrån ett regionalt perspektiv på vad som kan göras. Västra Götaland har en lång och stark tradition inom alla maritima verksamheter, från sjöfart och logistik till marinbiologisk forskning. Begreppet kluster, som varit centralt i utredningen, har många tolkningar och definitioner men vi har för enkelhetens skull valt att se på kluster som regionala koncentrationer av företag, myndigheter, organisationer och forskningsinstitutioner som är beroende av varandra inom samma eller näraliggande sektorer. Utredningens slutsatser och förslag kan sammanfattas i figur på följande sida där den vänstra sidan representerar olika forskningsmiljöer och den högra företag, myndigheter och andra aktörer. Det centrala i klusterstrukturen är de olika mötesplatserna. Förslaget bygger på antagandet att utvecklingen är kunskapsdriven. Därför är mötet och samverkan mellan ”kunskapsproducenter” respektive näringsliv och offentliga aktörer en central frågeställning. Utmaningen är att utveckla inspirerande mötesplatser för kunskapsutbyte och kreativa diskussioner som leder till konkreta initiativ för att utveckla bland annat innovationer för framtida tillväxt.
26.	Wrange, Anna-Lisa, 1981, et al. (author) Japanska jätteostron – främmande nykomling i västsvenska vatten. 2008 In: Havsmiljön. ; 2008 Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract Hösten 2007 upptäcktes en helt ny art av ostron på svenska västkusten. Känd för att vara en invaderande art som världen över lett till allvarliga konsekvenser för den marina miljön, är det japanska jätteostronet här för att stanna.
27.	Wrange, Anna-Lisa, 1981, et al. (author) Massive settlements of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Scandinavia. 2009 In: Biological Invasions. - 1387-3547. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is an important aquaculture species world-wide. Due to its wide environmental tolerance and high growth rate, it has also become a successful invader in many areas, leading to major ecosystem changes. Low water temperatures were previously believed to restrict the establishment of Pacific oysters in Scandinavia. However, recent surveys reveal that the Pacific oyster is now established in many areas in Scandinavia. We present data on the current distribution, abundance and age-structure in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The biomass of oysters in the Danish Wadden Sea increased from 1,056 to 6,264 tonnes between 2005 and 2007. Massive settlements were observed along the Swedish west coast in 2007, with densities >400 oysters per m−2. In Norway, populations are established on the southern coast, and specimens have been found as far north as 60°N. The potential impacts and probable causes of this recent large-scale establishment are discussed.

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