| 1. |
- Lundahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Introduction : Poverty in contemporary economic thought
- 2021
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | : Routledge. - 9780367354268 - 9781000368291 ; , s. 1-12
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book provides presentation of the work of the economists who received the 2019 Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. It deals almost exclusively with poverty within a nation, with the situation of individuals in society. The book explores the perspective to a comparison between nations, rich versus poor nations, and to the mechanisms which make for differences between national income levels. It identifies and examines what he had to say about the nature, origin, and possible solution of poverty. The book discusses poverty in the context of criticism of socialism, and the authors explain why this is so. It provides a discussion of the causes of poverty and its possible remedies, according to Hayek.
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, Ali, Professor, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Ethnic Discrimination During the Covid-19 Pandemic
- 2023
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In: Migration and Integration in a Post-Pandemic World. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783031191558 - 9783031191534 - 9783031191527 ; , s. 291-314
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ethnic discrimination is common in labor and housing markets. It leads to lower wages and higher unemployment for ethnic minorities, to segregation in the labor market, and to residential segregation. Several studies show that the Covid-19 pandemic increased the extent of ethnic discrimination. The prejudice against hiring migrants may have increased because people from countries where the epidemic started or from countries with a lower vaccination coverage were blamed for the spread. It may also have increased in the cases where the Covid-19 pandemic led to higher unemployment making it less costly for employers to discriminate.
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Hayek, welfarism, and the deserving poor
- 2021. - 1
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | : Routledge. - 9780367354268 - 9780429331312
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hayek sees poverty in its absolute sense as a factual problem, which the society has an obligation to deal with. Relative poverty, on the other hand, is not a problem with which the state should be concerned. Hayek approves the use of redistribution to decrease absolute poverty. However, redistribution of income for the sake of greater material equality would necessarily imply unequal treatment of men. This means that individuals will be used to fulfill the aims of other individuals; they will not be free. To Hayek, this is inacceptable. Other than the helping of the deserving poor to overcome poverty in its absolute sense, Hayek did not write much on poverty. The explanation for that is that Hayek viewed the problem of poverty mostly as a problem of the absence of prosperity. To Hayek, there is only one way to abolish poverty in the long run, and it is to make the society generally prosperous. A prosperous society is a society in continuous progress where all knowledge is put to its best use. Only in a free society, where the reward for supplying a good or service corresponds to the value it has to other individuals, will all knowledge come to use.
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| 4. |
- Carlson, Benny, et al.
(author)
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Eli Heckscher on poverty: causes and cures
- 2020
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In: Poverty in the History of Economic Thought : From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics - From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics. - 9780367354237 ; , s. 165-177
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 5. |
- Carlson, Benny, et al.
(author)
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Från Värmland till Washington: Episoder ur IUI:s historia
- 2020. - 1
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna bok innehåller nytt och omarbetetat material om Industriens Utredningsinstitut (IUI), numera institutet för Näringslivsforskning (IFN). Många intressanta forskare har varit knutna till instituet under årens lopp. På ett engagerat och livfullt vis skildras några av dessa personligheters arbete och resor i västerled av författarna Benny Catlsson och Mats Lundahl.
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| 6. |
- Carlson, Benny, et al.
(author)
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Gustav Cassel on Poverty: Growth, not Grants!
- 2020
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In: Poverty in the History of Economic Thought : From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics - From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics. - 9780367354237 ; , s. 147-164
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Carlson, Benny, et al.
(author)
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'Like Locusts on the Mississippi' : A Pioneer Study of the Expansion of the Swedish Public Sector
- 2020
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In: Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift. - 0039-0747. ; 122:2, s. 161-182
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 1962, the first thorough investigation into the expansion of the Swedish public sector was presented as a doctoral dissertation by Erik Höök. This article investigates the origin and reception of this thesis. Höök’s work has been consid ered a standard work of financial statistics. However, it attracted heavy criticism in the media and from other academics for having explained the public sector expansion as being almost exclusively driven by demand, neglecting the supply side and the role of politicians. Liberals, Conservatives and Social Democrats all reacted – although for different reasons – against the idea that an ever-growing welfare state was fated. The debate thus revolved around what would eventually, by James Buchanan, be designated as responsive (demand-driven) and excessive (supply-driven) public sector expansion. Höök was furthermore optimistic about the prospects of increased public sector productivity and sceptical towards Ingvar Svennilson’s ‘Iron Law of Costs’, a precursor of William Baumol’s Cost Disease.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Dong, Jin, et al.
(author)
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Understanding Statin-Roxadustat Drug–Drug-Disease Interaction Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
- 2023
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In: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 114:4, s. 825-835
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A different drug–drug interaction (DDI) scenario may exist in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with healthy volunteers (HVs), depending on the interplay between drug–drug and disease (drug-drug-disease interaction (DDDI)). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, in lieu of a clinical trial, is a promising tool for evaluating these complex DDDIs in patients. However, the prediction confidence of PBPK modeling in the severe CKD population is still low when nonrenal pathways are involved. More mechanistic virtual disease population and robust validation cases are needed. To this end, we aimed to: (i) understand the implications of severe CKD on statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin) pharmacokinetics (PK) and DDI; and (ii) predict untested clinical scenarios of statin-roxadustat DDI risks in patients to guide suitable dose regimens. A novel virtual severe CKD population was developed incorporating the disease effect on both renal and nonrenal pathways. Drug and disease PBPK models underwent a four-way validation. The verified PBPK models successfully predicted the altered PKs in patients for substrates and inhibitors and recovered the observed statin-rifampicin DDIs in patients and the statin-roxadustat DDIs in HVs within 1.25- and 2-fold error. Further sensitivity analysis revealed that the severe CKD effect on statins PK is mainly mediated by hepatic BCRP for rosuvastatin and OATP1B1/3 for atorvastatin. The magnitude of statin-roxadustat DDI in patients with severe CKD was predicted to be similar to that in HVs. PBPK-guided suitable dose regimens were identified to minimize the risk of side effects or therapeutic failure of statins when co-administered with roxadustat.
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| 12. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Malthus and the poor
- 2020
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In: Poverty in the History of Economic Thought : From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics - From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics. - 9780367354237 - 9780429331299 ; , s. 44-55
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 13. |
- Findlay, Ronald, et al.
(author)
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Globalization, Economics and History
- 2020
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In: Past, Present and Future - Economic History in Eli F Heckscher's Footsteps. - : Erik Lakomaa (Vulkan). - 9789189179035 ; , s. 39-73
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lundahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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A ‘Low-Road’ Approach to the Haitian Apparel Sector
- 2021
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The paper analyzes the need for structural change in the Haitian economy, an economy where the majority make their living in agriculture – a sector characterized by a severe erosion problem. It is argued that tourism does not offer any solution, other than possibly in the long run. The only alternative is export-based industrialization, since Haiti is a small and poor country. Its comparative advantage rests on an abundant supply of unskilled labor and exports are heavily concentrated to the apparel sector. This comparative advantage is reinforced by advantageous access to the United States market. Unfortunately, the expected employment effects have not materialized so far and wages are low in the sector. Still, employment there makes a contribution to the household economy, together with remittances from Haitians abroad. The apparel sector provides employment at a wage which is higher than the one in agriculture or the urban informal sector. Raising wages above the level prevailing in competing countries is difficult, but employment can potentially be expanded, but Haiti’s bad business climate does not attract investors. Here, the government plays a central role. Haiti’s infrastructure is bad and the Haitian state has always displayed strong predatory features.
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| 16. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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Bo Södersten from Left to Right : Portrait of a Political Economist
- 2022. - 1st
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This book explores the economic work and legacy of Bo Södersten. While best known internationally for his textbook International Economics, Södersten’s influence stretches well beyond this. Through his academic work and newspaper articles, he covered a wide spectrum of topics that often challenged conventional wisdom. By examining his work on housing, the labor-managed economy, development economics, nuclear power, childcare, and higher education, a full view of his diverse work is presented. This book aims to provide insight into the motivations and impact of Bo Södersten during each phase of his life: his academic career, his political life, and his time as a debater-provocateur. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in Swedish economics, the history of economic thought, and international economics.
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| 17. |
- Lundahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Economic Challenges for East Timor
- 2020
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The situation in East Timor is turbulent and future growth prospects are indeterminate. This paper discusses the economic challenges facing East Timor. Most inhabitants depend on subsistence farming and there is a need to both modernize agriculture and to foster a modern sector that can generate employment for the growing population. Public expenditures play an important role in this development and East Timor is fortunate to have a large petroleum fund to utilize for economic growth and development. Unfortunately, the fund is about to dry up. There are also clear signs that a large part of investments and development efforts are misplaced. Political conflicts and weak institutions are explaining some of the failures to generate a more growth enhancing economic environment.
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| 18. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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Haiti : The Country that God Forgot
- 2023. - 1st
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Haiti: The Country that God Forgot deals with some of the most important reasons for the present chaotic state of affairs in Haiti. The chapters of the book were written between 2012 and 2022. During that period, the economic, political and social situation in Haiti underwent a drastic degeneration. The spiral of violence which accelerated after the murder of president Moïse in 2021 continues its movement. In 2023, there is no question about the fact that Haiti has turned into a failed state, a state that threatens to collapse completely.
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| 19. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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Knut Wicksell and the causes of poverty
- 2021
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In: Poverty in the History of Economic Thought: From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics. - Oxon & New York : Routledge. - 9780429331299 - 9780367354237 ; , s. 128-146
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- According to Knut Wicksell, the cause of poverty was found in the growth of the population—a fact that Wicksell stressed all his professional life. Too many children made for poor families. Diminishing returns everywhere characterized the economy, which in the end would be conducive to a Malthusian situation unless the surplus population emigrated. The optimum population was the one maximizing the per capita income. As Wicksell saw it, the remedy, in turn, was early marriages combined with the use of contraceptive methods within the family. For a long time, the conventional wisdom was that Wicksell’s analysis of poverty was the one area where he was not original; he was simply considered a follower of Malthus. Our analysis, however, shows that Knut Wicksell’s views on population growth, diminishing returns and poverty constitute a full-fledged general equilibrium system of population growth, production, consumption, international trade and migration in a framework that was later recognized as the specific factors model of international trade.
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| 20. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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No love in the time of Corona: A view from Haiti, a country that is poorly prepared to handle COVID-19
- 2020
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In: Sweden through the crisis. - Stockholm : Stockholm School of Economics Institute for Research. - 9789186797386 ; , s. 305-319
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this article, Mats Lundahl discusses how COVID-19 could affect Haiti. Being one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, the author describes how Haiti has struggled to handle previous crises and how the country identifies several risks in coping with COVID-19. With Haiti as an illustration, Lundahl points to potential problems that could happen in other countries with few resources.
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| 21. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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Poverty and circular, cumulative causation: The views of Gunnar Myrdal
- 2021
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | : Routledge. ; , s. 47-68
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The chapter surveys Gunnar Myrdal’s approach to the study of poverty. It begins with an account of how he gradually developed his methodology through a series of works dating from the late 1920s and early 1930s and continues with how he applied it to the population issue in Sweden, the racial problem in the United States, in An American Dilemma, in his analysis of international inequalities in the 1950s, and the issue of poverty in South Asia, in Asian Drama, from the 1930s to the end of the 1960s. Myrdal’s analysis rests on some or all of the following elements: dynamic analysis; circular, cumulative causation; institutionalism; explicit value premises; and social engineering. There is no factor that is more important than others as the cause of poverty, but Myrdal works with a social system where all the elements that integrate the system influence and are influenced by each other. When one of them begins to move in a certain direction, the others will do so too and in the process reinforce the impact of the rest. In order to break out of poverty, political intervention is needed-social engineering-and this must rest on explicitly stated value judgments as to the desired goals and means. © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Mats Lundahl, Daniel Rauhut, and Neelambar Hatti; individual chapters, the contributors.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Lundahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Preface
- 2021
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - 9781000368291 - 9780367354268
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 24. |
- Lundahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Preface (Editorial)
- 2021
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. - 9781000368291 ; , s. xi-, s. xvii-xx
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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The Dynamics of Poverty : Circular, Cumulative Causation, Value Judgments, Institutions and Social Engineering in the World of Gunnar Myrdal
- 2021
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This book examines Gunnar Myrdal's analysis of poverty in relation to Sweden, the United States, South Asia, and the international economy. The chapters investigate Mrydal's methodological development and his focus on the principle of circular and cummulative causation, dynamic economic analysis, institutional frameworks, value premises, and social engineering. The challenge of world poverty, the international dimension of poverty, and the legacy of The American Dilemma and Asian Drama are also discussed. This book aims to explore the development of Myrdal's analysis of poverty during his life. It will be relevant to students and academics interested in the history of economic thought, development economics, the political economy, and labor economics.
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| 27. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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The economics of being poor: The gospel according to Theodore W. Schultz
- 2021
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | : Routledge. ; , s. 103-124
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter deals with the view of Theodore W. Schultz on what causes poverty and how poverty can be overcome, mainly as he expressed it in Transforming Traditional Agriculture, published in 1964. It also examines the criticism directed against Schultz and some suggested alternatives to his analysis. The basic tenet of Schultz’ analysis is that farmers in poor countries are profit maximizers who behave rationally. They are poor because they are constrained. The production factors at their disposal are fully utilized, but their yield is low. New, technologically superior production factors are needed to break out of poverty: above all improvement of the human factor through education. Schultz’ critics argued that he neglected that traditional farmers are operating in an environment characterized by risk of falling below the subsistence level in bad years, and that hence their behavior was guided by survival algorithms instead of by profit maximization, and that his discussion of education and its effects failed to take the institutional context in the Third World into account. © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Mats Lundahl, Daniel Rauhut, and Neelambar Hatti; individual chapters, the contributors.
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| 28. |
- Lundahl, Mats
(author)
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Twelve figures in Swedish economics : Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin, Gunnar Myrdal, Ingvar Svennilson, Axel Iveroth, Jan Wallander, Erik Höök, Bo Södersten, Rolf Henriksson, Ingemar Ståhl, Villy Bergström and Göte Hansson
- 2022. - 1st
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Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This book explores the development of economic thought in Sweden through some of the people who shaped it. The book highlights both some of the well-known contributions and some overlooked areas of research. It begins with the origins of the pioneer neoclassical Heckscher-Ohlin theorem and Gunnar Myrdal ’s circular, cumulative approach to economic development. Secondly, it focuses on a number of economists related to the Industrial Institute of Economic and Social Research: Ingvar Svennilson, Axel Iveroth, Jan Wallander, Erik Höök, Villy Bergström and Rolf Henriksson. Finally, it offers portraits of three economists from Lund University: Bo Södersten, Ingemar Ståhl and Göte Hansson. The work of all of them is placed within the context of the contemporary academic and public economic debate. This book aims at providing a perspective on the legacy of the Swedish tradition in economics and will be relevant to students and academics interested in the history of economic thought.
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| 29. |
-
Poverty in contemporary economic thought
- 2021
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Editorial collection (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought aims to describe and critically examine how economic thought deals with poverty, including its causes, consequences, reduction and abolition. This edited volume traces the ideas of key writers and schools of modern economic thought across a significant period, ranging from Friedrich Hayek and Keynes to latter-day economists like Amartya Sen and Angus Deaton. The chapters relate poverty to income distribution, asserting the point that poverty is not always conceived of in absolute terms but that relative and social deprivation matters also. Furthermore, the contributors deal with both individual poverty and the poverty of nations in the context of the international economy. In providing such a thorough exploration, this book shows that the approach to poverty differs from economist to economist depending on their particular interests and the main issues related to poverty in each epoch, as well as the influence of the intellectual climate that prevailed at the time when the contribution was made. This key text is valuable reading for advanced students and researchers of the history of economic thought, economic development and the economics of poverty.
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| 30. |
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Poverty in the History of Economic Thought: From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics
- 2021
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Editorial collection (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Poverty in the History of Economic Thought: From Mercantilism to Neoclassical Economics aims to describe and critically examine how economic thought deals with poverty and the poor, including its causes, consequences, reduction, and abolition. This edited volume traces the economic ideas of key writers and schools of thought across a significant period, ranging from Adam Smith and Malthus through to Wicksell, Cassel, and Heckscher. The chapters relate poverty to income distribution, asserting that poverty is not always conceived of in absolute terms, and that relative and social deprivation matter also. Furthermore, the contributors deal with both individual poverty and the poverty of nations in the context of international economy. By providing such a thorough exploration, this book shows that the approach to poverty differs from economist to economist, depending on their particular interests and the main issues related to poverty in each epoch, as well as the influence of the intellectual climate that prevailed at the time when the contribution was made. This key text is valuable reading for advanced students and researchers of the history of economic thought, economic development, and the economics of poverty.
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| 31. |
- Rauhut, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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Capability deprivation and poverty : Amartya sen revisited
- 2021
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In: Poverty in Contemporary Economic Thought. - First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | : Routledge. - 9781000368291 - 9780367354268 ; , s. 158-171
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The strength of Sen’s concept of poverty lies in the fact that it goes beyond the traditional concepts of poverty and is able to grasp the complexity of poverty. At the same time, the strength of Sen’s concept of poverty is also its weakness. It is very abstract indeed. Income does not tell us much about poverty according to the capability deprivation approach since poverty is more than being short of money or about income inequalities. However, while income plays an important role in achieving capabilities, it is the capability sets of different persons that should be compared with each other to see what real opportunities different persons actually have. Adam Smith and the classical economics have had a strong influence on Sen, something which he admits himself. Sen follows the Smithian tradition arguing that poverty should mainly be fought by the market mechanisms, complemented by public action. In addition, John Rawls has had significant influence on Sen’s notion of social justice. Partly in opposition to Rawls’ theory of social justice, Sen presents his own theory of justice, based not only on his previous work in welfare economics and social choice theory, but also on his philosophical thoughts. Institutions and processes in which the individual’s capabilities (including human rights) are in focus. The impact of Sen’s ideas on policies on how to fight poverty, capability deprivation, and social injustices is against mainstream economics: social reforms-such as improvements in education and public health-must precede economic reform. His views encourage policy makers to pay attention not only to alleviating immediate suffering but also to finding ways to replace the lost income of the poor-for example through public works.
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| 32. |
- Sobiech, Cilli, et al.
(author)
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Safety Case for Autonomous Trucks (SCAT)
- 2023
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- To aim for market introduction and sustainability of automated vehicles requires technology innovation towards safe products and policy innovation to enable testing on open roads and type approvals. Further, it needs an enabling infrastructure to provide reliable connectivity, business models and increased public acceptance of this new technology. The project SCAT – Safety Case for Autonomous Trucks contributed to this transmission by looking at new policy strategies and system tests to prove how to handle vehicles when introducing this new technology safely. Main objective of the project was to investigate more systematically – from a legal and technical perspective – how to safely operate remote controlled vehicles in mixed traffic and with higher velocity. A safety case for the selected traffic environment has been described and explorative tests have been performed at the AstaZero test site in Sweden. This allowed us to investigate limiting parameters and stress testing the system's boundaries under real conditions with higher velocity – before the actual demo will be run. With regards to policy, we addressed which obligations drivers and road users have according to today's regulations and which of those may need to be handled through technological development, but also through adaptation of legislation in terms of new roles, tasks, and liability when a vehicle is driven automatically. We looked also at if and how these issues are treated in national and international legislation, in Sweden, France and the USA. What we learned from exploring the safety case contributes to practical improvement, theory building and recommendations on how to safely operate the vehicles. Together the partners have developed an approach to advanced argumentation for safety. In our approach, we combined policy lab methodology and an investigation of the technical safety aspects that helped to identify gaps and tests for improved safety. The approach provides step-by-step guidance before future trials. The project was running from October 2020 until September 2022. The consortium consisted of the partners AstaZero, Einride, Ericsson, RISE (coordinator), Telia as well as reference partners in France and the USA.
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