| 1. |
- Arnell, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Evaluating Environmental Performance of Operational Strategies at Wastewater Treatment Plants
- 2016
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In: IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition 2016 (IWA 2016).
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Multi-objectiveperformance assessment of operational strategies at wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is a challenging task. The holistic perspective applied to evaluationof modern WWTPs, including not only effluent quality but also, resourceefficiency and recovery, global environmental impact and operational cost callsfor assessment methods including both on and off-site effects. In this study amethod combining dynamic process models – including greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and detailed energy models – and life cycle assessment was developed.The method is applied and calibrated to a large Swedish WWTP. In a performanceassessment study changing the operational strategy to chemically enhanced primarytreatment was performed and evaluated. The results show that the primaryobjectives, to enhance bio-methane production and reduce greenhouse gasemissions were reached. Bio-methane production increased by 14% and the globalwarming potential (GWP) decreased by 28%. However, the LCA revealed that due toincreased consumption of precipitation chemicals and additional carbon sourcedosing (methanol) the abiotic depletion of elements and fossil re-sourcesincreased by 77 and 305%, respectively. The results emphasise the importance ofusing plant-wide mechanistic models and life cycle analysis to capture thedynamics of the plant – e.g. dynamics of GHG emissions – and the potentialglobal environmental impact.
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| 2. |
- Arnell, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Modellering av avloppsreningsverk för multikriteriebedömning av prestanda och miljöpåverkan
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Genom att använda detaljerade dynamiska modeller och kombinera resultat från årslånga simuleringar av ARV (såväl vatten- som slamlinjer) med livscykelanalys kan olika driftstrategier utvecklas och utvärderas utifrån en bred uppsättning hållbarhetskriterier fö att maximera resursutvinning och energieffektivitet samtidigt som vattenkvalitén bibehålls och driftskostnaderna kontrolleras. Metodiken har tillämpats vid en omfattande fallstudie av Käppalaverket.
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| 3. |
- Arnell, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Multi-objective performance assessment of wastewater treatment plants combining plant-wide process models and life cycle assessment
- 2017
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In: Journal of Water and Climate Change. - : IWA Publishing. - 2040-2244 .- 2408-9354. ; 8:4, s. 715-729
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Multi-objective performance assessment of operational strategies at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a challenging task. The holistic perspective applied to evaluation of modern WWTPs, including not only effluent quality but also resource efficiency and recovery, global environmental impact and operational cost calls for assessment methods including both on- and off-site effects. In this study, a method combining dynamic process models – including greenhouse gas (GHG), detailed energy models and operational cost – and life cycle assessment (LCA) was developed. The method was applied and calibrated to a large Swedish WWTP. In a performance assessment study, changing the operational strategy to chemically enhanced primary treatment was evaluated. The results show that the primary objectives, to enhance bio-methane production and reduce GHG emissions were reached. Bio-methane production increased by 14% and the global warming potential decreased by 28%. However, due to increased consumption of chemicals, the operational cost increased by 87% and the LCA revealed that the abiotic depletion of elements and fossil resources increased by 77 and 305%, respectively. The results emphasize the importance of using plant-wide mechanistic models and life cycle analysis to capture both the dynamics of the plant and the potential environmental impacts.
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| 4. |
- Strandberg, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Utsläpp till ytvatten från gruvverksamhet - En handbok för beskrivning av påverkan på ytvatten
- 2018
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I Gruvdialogen där Boliden, Havs- och vattenmyndigheten, LKAB, Länsstyrelsen i Västerbotten, Naturvårdsverket, SGU och SveMin deltar är det långsiktiga målet att förbättra miljöprövningen av svenska gruvor. Deltagande organisationer är överens om att en förbättrad miljöprövning leder till förbättrad planeringsmöjlighet för industrin, bättre uppfyllande av industrins kunskapskrav och förenklad myndighetshandläggning; sammantaget ett bättre gemensamt resursutnyttjande och kortare ledtider. För att detta ska uppnås krävs både en större förståelse för och anpassning till respektive aktörers roller, behov och agerande i miljöprövningsprocessen samt en gemensam syn på nödvändig och rimlig omfattning på inlämnat beslutsunderlag i en prövningsprocess enligt miljöbalken. Förstudien i Gruvdialogen pekade ut utsläpp till vatten som ett sakområde som återkommer i samtliga gruvprövningar och som fram till idag ofta är föremål för frågor och kompletteringskrav från granskande myndigheter. Den här handboken ger ett underlag till hur en beskrivning av ett framtida utsläpp till ytvatten från gruvverksamhet kan tas fram. Gruvdialogen avser att följa upp hur tillämpbar handboken bedöms vara i konkreta fall och därefter utvärdera om den behöver revideras och eventuellt utvecklas ytterligare. Handbokens rekommendationer är inte rättsligt bindande. Att verksamhetsutövaren följer handboken är ingen garanti för att granskande myndigheter inte kommer att ha synpunkter på underlaget i ett enskilt mål. Det är alltid en bedömning i det enskilda fallet som måste göras. Likaså är det tänkbart att syftet med utsläppsbeskrivningen och miljökonsekvensbeskrivningen kan uppnås på annat vis eller med andra metoder än de som handboken föreslår.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ejhed, Heléne, et al.
(author)
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The effect of hydraulic retention time in onsite wastewater treatment and removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones and phenolic utility substances
- 2018
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 618, s. 250-261
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, hormones and phenolic utility chemicals in sewagewater are considered to be an emerging problem because of increased use and observed adverse effects in the environment. The study provides knowledge on the removal efficiency ofmicropollutantswith a range of physical and chemical properties in three commercially available onsitewastewater treatment facilities (OWTFs), tested on influent wastewater collected from 2500 person equivalents in Bildchen, Germany. A longer hydraulic retention time would in theory be expected to have a positive effect, and this study presents results for three different OWTFs in full-scale comparable tests under natural conditions. A range of 24 different pharmaceuticals, five phenols and three hormoneswere analyzed. Flow-proportional consecutive sampling was performed in order to determine the removal efficiency. Twenty-eight substances were detected in the effluent wastewater out of 32 substances included. Average effluent concentrations of Simvastatin, Estrone, Estradiol and Ethinylestradiolwere above the indicative critical-effect concentration of pharmacological effect on fish in all facilities. Average effluent concentrations of both Diclofenac and Estradiol were higher than the Environmental Quality Standards applied in Sweden (190–240 times and 9–35 times respectively). The removal efficiency of micropollutantswas high for substanceswith high logKow,whichenhance the adsorption and removal with sludge. Low removal was observed for substances with low logKow and acidic characteristics, and for substances with stabilizing elements of the chemical structure. Facilities that use activated sludge processes removed hormones more efficiently than facilities using trickling filter treatment technique. Moreover, longer hydraulic retention time increased the removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones, turbidity and total nitrogen. Removal of Caffeine, Ibuprofen, Estrone, Naproxen and Estradiol,was strongly correlated to the sludge and particles removal. Thus, the efficiency of the tested OWTFs could be improved by adjusting the technical methods and increasing the hydraulic retention time.
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| 7. |
- Grönholdt Palm, Julia, et al.
(author)
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Strategies to deal with information of different reliability exemplified by the use of QSARs to fill the algae data gaps in LCIAs of plastic additives
- 2015
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In: SETAC Europe 25th Annual Meeting.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Data gaps are problematic when screening fordangerous substances or in impact assessments where several chemicals are considered for evaluation. Lacking testing information can be replaced by non-testing information such as Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs), but even though this latter information comes with lower reliability, this is seldom taken into account in theforthcoming assessments. The difficulty to meet standards for best information calls for strategies to handle data gaps which take varying reliability in information into account. Using safety factors when reliability is low can be problematic since this result in more conservative evaluations of substances for which information is of lowreliability and an unknown level of risk aversion in the assessment. An alternative is to reflect lower reliability using probability distributions representing the expected error in the information and propagate this uncertainty in the forthcoming assessments using Monte Carlo analysis.It is even possible to let the error to expect from QSARs depend to what extent a substance falls inside the models domain of applicability.QSARs cannot fill all gaps in data. Default values can be used instead of leaving substances out of assessments, but if so, these should reflect lowreliability as well. We demonstrate the practical implications of four strategies to handle varying reliability in information on algal toxicity in a Life Cycle Impact Assessment on 159 plastic additives of concernusing emissions from societal plastic materials in Sweden. A review concluded that a small amount of these substances had toxicity data for algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. A QSAR was constructed which provided non-testing algal information of substances inside and on theborder of the models domain of applicability evaluated by PmodXPS.Substances with neither testing nor non-testing information were assigned default values. Screening based on characterization factors resulted in different rankings of substances when changing the level of cautiousness. The different strategies to handle varying reliability ininformation do more or less open up for quantifying uncertainty in Life Cycle Impact Assessments.
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| 8. |
- Holmquist, Hanna, 1982, et al.
(author)
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The potential to use QSAR to populate ecotoxicity characterisation factors for simplified LCIA and chemical prioritisation
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 23:11, s. 2208-2216
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Today’s chemical society use and emit an enormous number of different, potentially ecotoxic, chemicals to the environment. The vast majority of substances do not have characterisation factors describing their ecotoxicity potential. A first stage, high throughput, screening tool is needed for prioritisation of which substances need further measures. Methods: USEtox characterisation factors were calculated in this work based on data generated by quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to expand substance coverage where characterisation factors were missing. Existing QSAR models for physico-chemical data and ecotoxicity were used, and to further fill data gaps, an algae QSAR model was developed. The existing USEtox characterisation factors were used as reference to evaluate the impact from the use of QSARs to generate input data to USEtox, with focus on ecotoxicity data. An inventory of chemicals that make up the Swedish societal stock of plastic additives, and their associated predicted emissions, was used as a case study to rank chemicals according to their ecotoxicity potential. Results and discussion: For the 210 chemicals in the inventory, only 41 had characterisation factors in the USEtox database. With the use of QSAR generated substance data, an additional 89 characterisation factors could be calculated, substantially improving substance coverage in the ranking. The choice of QSAR model was shown to be important for the reliability of the results, but also with the best correlated model results, the discrepancies between characterisation factors based on estimated data and experimental data were very large. Conclusions: The use of QSAR estimated data as basis for calculation of characterisation factors, and the further use of those factors for ranking based on ecotoxicity potential, was assessed as a feasible way to gather substance data for large datasets. However, further research and development of the guidance on how to make use of estimated data is needed to achieve improvement of the accuracy of the results.
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| 9. |
- Magnér, Jörgen, et al.
(author)
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Fate of pharmaceutical residues - in sewage treatment and on farmland fertilized with sludge
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Pharmaceutical products constitute a fundamental part of modern medicine and are in many cases crucial for health and wellbeing in our everyday life. However, the benefits from pharmaceutical come with drawbacks for the environment. These chemicals are designed to have a biological effect, which they unfortunately also might have on other living organisms than humans. They are moreover also considered to be semi-persistent due to the continuous discharge from our society. These characteristics make them problematic if they end up in the environment. For the last ten years pharmaceutical companies on the Swedish market can choose to publish environmental information about their products on the public web-based portal www.fass.se. Prior to publication the environmental information is reviewed by an external part (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute). Within the context as third party reviewer, IVL also performs research to increase the knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment to improve the reviewing process. This report describes the Fass research study conducted in 2014 and 2015. The focus of this study was to investigate the distribution and removal of a selection of pharmaceuticals within a sewage treatment plant (STP) and their final fate in the environment. For unclear reasons residues of pharmaceuticals can be represented in higher concentration in the effluent wastewater compared to the influent, which limits correct conclusions to be drawn regarding their removal during sewage treatment. Several studies on matrix effects and metabolism were performed to test different hypothesis that could explain the phenomena and to be able to estimate the “true” concentrations of pharmaceuticals within a STP. A mass balance was also performed to further study the pharmaceutical distribution. To assess the dispersion and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment a farmland fertilized with sludge from the investigated STP were studied. Soil and sludge samples were analyzed as well as soil water collected by lysimeter techniques. In addition laboratory based soil sorption tests of the farmland soil exposed to pharmaceutical and sewage sludge were also performed. The result of the study showed that analytical interferences (ion-suppression) due to competition with co-eluting matrix components during instrumental analysis was the main contributor to the observed increase in concentration of pharmaceuticals from influent to effluent wastewater, with an average ion-suppression of 49% in influent wastewater and 35% in effluent wastewater of the investigated pharmaceuticals. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.
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| 10. |
- Munthe, John, et al.
(author)
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An expanded conceptual framework for solution‑focused management of chemical pollution in European Waters
- 2017
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In: Environmental Sciences Europe. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715. ; 29:13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The conceptual framework consists of four access points: Chemicals, Environment, Abatement and Society, representing different aspects and approaches to engaging in the issue of chemical contamination of surface waters. It widens the scope for assessment and management of chemicals in comparison to a traditional (mostly) perchemical risk assessment approaches by including abatement- and societal approaches as optional solutions. The solution-focused approach implies an identification of abatement- and policy options upfront in the risk assessment process. The conceptual framework was designed for use in current and future chemical pollution assessments for the aquatic environment, including the specific challenges encountered in prioritising individual chemicals and mixtures, and is applicable for the development of approaches for safe chemical management in a broader sense. The four access points of the conceptual framework are interlinked by four key topics representing the main scientific challenges that need to be addressed, i.e.: identifying and prioritising hazardous chemicals at different scales; selecting relevant and efficient abatement options; providing regulatory support for chemicals management; predicting and prioritising future chemical risks. The conceptual framework aligns current challenges in the safe production and use of chemicals. The current state of knowledge and implementation of these challenges is described. The use of the conceptual framework, and addressing the challenges, is intended to support: (1) forwarding sustainable use of chemicals, (2) identification of pollutants of priority concern for cost-effective management, (3) the selection of optimal abatement options and (4) the development and use of optimised legal and policy instruments.
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| 11. |
- Norström, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human populations in the vicinity of International Airports
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Due to the historical usage of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) which contained per- and polyfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) at fire drills at Göteborg Landvetter Airport and Stockholm Arlanda Airport, elevated PFAS concentrations were found in surface waters and fish in the vicinity of these airports. As a result of these findings, Swedavia Swedish Airport and IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd IVL initiated the co-financed project Risks and Effects of the dispersion of PFAS on Aquatic, Terrestrial and Human Populations in the vicinity of international airports (RE-PATH) to study the long-term consequences of the releases of PFAS from firefighting training sites. Since the project start in 2009, about 700 samples have been collected and analysed for their PFAS content. Toxicity tests have been performed to investigate potential influence of PFAS on reproduction, immobility and hatching frequency. The sediment-water balance has been studied to elucidate whether the PFAS accumulated in sediments contributes substantially to the water concentrations. The bioaccumulation and depletion potential was studied in goldfish, zebrafish and in crayfish. Furthermore, the load of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to Lake Mälaren was estimated and compared to releases via other sources. A mass balance model was developed to investigate the distribution and the rate of decline of PFOS-levels in the environment around Stockholm Arlanda Airport. In this final report, the results from 2009 to 2014 are summarised. More details on methods and results are given in individual reports and publications (Woldegiorgis et al., 2010, Norström et al., 2011, Norström& Viktor, 2012, Norström et al., 2013, Ahrens et al., 2015). The main conclusions from the project are: Firefighting training sites are significant point sources contributing to the environmental contamination of PFAS in Sweden. Individual firefighting training sites contribute only by a small fraction of the total load of PFAS to the Swedish environment, but can locally cause elevated concentrations of PFOS in fish and water by up to a factor of 100, in comparison to reference areas. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.
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| 12. |
- Rahmberg, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Impact of European chemicals regulation on the industrial use of plasticizers and patterns of substitution in Scandinavia
- 2018
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In: Environment International. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 2018:119, s. 346–352-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigates the impact of chemicals regulation on substitution of chemicals by analyzing time trends in the industrial use of chemicals from 2000 to 2014 in Scan-dinavia. It is shown that the use of ten water-relevant SVHCs decreased by about 90% in the considered period in Sweden as compared to a control group of unregulated substances which decreased by only 20%. A closer inspection of the use of 23 highly used plasticizers revealed that the use of regulated phthalate plasticizers decreased while the use of non-phthalate plasticizers increased.
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| 13. |
- Rahmberg, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Increase coherence, cooperation and cross-compliance of regulations on chemicals and water quality.
- 2019
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In: Environmental Sciences Europe. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An analysis of existing regulatory frameworks for chemicals reveals a fragmented situation with a number of regulatory frameworks designed for specific groups of chemicals; for protection of different end-points and covering different parts of the chemicals´ life cycle stages. Lack of- and fragmented information on chemicals (properties, use, emissions as well as fate, occurrence and effects in the environment) limit the ability for assessment and early action, and existing legislation would benefit from more transparency and openness of information and knowledge. To achieve harmonisation of existing legislation and an efficient control of chemical contamination of European waters, a solution-focused approach is proposed including increased ambitions (in monitoring, modelling, and risk assessment), cooperation and dialogue. More holistic and efficient development and implementation of existing legislation can be achieved by better cooperation, harmonisation and information exchange between different regulatory frameworks and by improved science–policy interactions. The introduction of an organisational structure and incentives for cooperation are proposed. Cooperation should focus on harmonisation of advanced monitoring activities, modelling, prioritisation, risk assessment and assessment of risk prevention (‘safe by design’) and minimisation options. A process for dialogue and information exchange between existing policy frameworks and with stakeholders (industry, NGO´s, etc.) should be included to identify feasible options for mitigation as well as regulatory gaps—on local and EU-scales. There is also a need to increase international cooperation and strengthen global agreements to cover the full life cycle of chemicals (produced and consumed globally) and for exchanging knowledge and experiences to allow early action. This recommended action would also provide knowledge and a framework for a shift towards a sustainable chemistry approach for chemical safety based on a “safe by design” concept.
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| 14. |
- Rosenqvist, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Spridning av högfluorerade ämnen i mark från Stockholm Arlanda Airport
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Högfluorerade ämnen (PFAS) utgör en stor grupp syntetiska kemikalier som har tillverkats sedan 1950-talet för en mängd olika användningsområden i industriella processer och konsumentprodukter. Användningen av PFAS har dock ifrågasatts av forskare och myndigheter sedan början av 2000-talet då ett flertal av dessa ämnen har visats vara persistenta (ej nedbrytbara), bioackumulerande (anrikas i organismer) och toxiska (giftiga) i miljön. Ett av de mest uppmärksammade föroreningsproblemen med PFAS är den historiska användningen av filmbildande brandsläckningsskum (AFFF) som har lett till lokalt förhöjda halter av perfluoroktansulfonat (PFOS) i miljön runt brandövningsplatser. I denna rapport presenteras resultaten från projektet Re-PATH II som syftade till att studera spridningen av PFAS i mark, yt och grundvatten kring brandövningsplatsen på Stockholm Arlanda Airport (Arlanda flygplats). Fältundersökningar och provtagning har utförts i flera omgångar mellan september och november 2015. Jord, yt- och grundvattenprover analyserades för 13 PFAS och karakteriserades med avseende på organisk kol, mineralsammansättning, pH och konduktivitet. Tolkning av data utfördes med hjälp av multivariata statistiska metoder och en mekanistisk transportmodell. Detektionsfrekvensen av PFAS varierade mellan de olika provmatriserna, var i undersökningsområdet provet togs och de olika ämnenas kemiska struktur. PFAS-ämnen med upp till åtta perfluorerade kolatomer detekterades i stort sett i alla jord- och vattenprover medan de PFAS-ämnen med fler än åtta perfluorerade kolatomer endast återfanns i proverna nära källan. Halterna av samtliga PFAS uppvisade en exponentiellt minskande trend med ökande avstånd till källan vid brandövningsplatsen. En principalkomponentanalys visade signifikanta skillnader i kompositionen av olika PFAS i jord respektive vattenprover samt att dessa förändrades längs med provtagningsgradienten. Dessa trender i sammansättningen av olika PFAS kunde i sin tur förklaras av experimentellt bestämda fördelningskoefficienter från parade jord- och grundvattenprover. I överenstämmelse med tidigare studier observerades ett starkt positivt samband mellan Kd och antalet perfluorerade kolatomer (fluor bundet till kol). Simulerade och uppmätta koncentrationer av PFOS i grundvatten uppvisade relativt god överensstämmelse då platsspecifik inputdata användes. Transportmodellen underskattade dock halterna i grundvatten nära källtermen vilket indikerar att en linjär sorptionsmodell inte kan beskriva de komplexa interaktionerna mellan PFAS och jordmatrisen vid höga koncentrationer och förekomst av andra organiska föroreningar från brandövningsplatser. Med ledning av resultatet från denna studie bedöms grundvattnet inte vara en källa för långväga transport av PFOS och andra PFAS-ämnen med reservation för transport via sprickor i berggrunden som inte undersöktes här. Den främsta transportvägen av PFAS från brandövningsplatsen är istället via ytligt grundvatten, grunda dräneringsdiken eller lokala fördjupningar i terrängen. Baserat på dessa slutsatser skulle uppsamling och rening av dessa ytliga vattenflöden kunna utgöra en rimlig åtgärdsstrategi för att minska belastningen av PFAS till Mälaren.
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| 15. |
- Rydberg, Tomas, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Estimating the environmental risk of the societal stock of additives in plastics by a chemical footprint approach
- 2015
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In: SETAC Europe 25th Annual Meeting.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Environmental risk posed by additives in products in the technosphere in general and in consumer products in particular, is an important issue that has been, so far, investigated to a relatively limited extent. Previous estimates of the national stock and emissions are available on national scale [1,2,3] but the challenge has remained to understand how important or significant these stocks and emissions are from a risk perspective. The research presented here approaches the challenge by assigning risk characterisation scores to the additives and comparing the outcome with corresponding risk characterisation for biocides. We used the previous estimates om stock and emissions of plastic additives. Data for use of biocides were extracted from the Swedish Chemicals Agency The risk characterisation was carried out by applying USETox characterisation factors (CF), The amount of each substance, has been multiplied with its corresponding CF from USETox. These substance specific risk scores were then added to the overall risk score. It is clear that there are many uncertainties in the calculations. For example the emission calculations in the overall society example seem unreasonably high, in the order of 2 % annually of the total stock. In other work applying an advanced emission model to a limited sample of products, the emission rate is in the order of 0.02 % annually. This indicates that the overall society-wide emissions could be in the order of 500 tons rather than 47000 tons. For the risk scores, the uncertainty is even bigger, as the uncertainty of the CFs themselves come into play, as well as the incomplete availability of CFs. The total risk score for the National total use of biocides is 9.3E+09 CTU. This is to be compared with the risk scores as calculated for the additives, which is 1.3E+12 CTU for the total stock of additives and 3E+10 CTU for the emissions, or possible a factor 100 lower if assuming a similar overestimation as for emissions. The results are very sensitive to the identified uncertainties, and also to lack of CFs for possibly important substances, both among the additives and the biocides.
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| 16. |
- Åmand, Linda, et al.
(author)
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Nya utsläppskrav för svenska reningsverk – effekter på reningsverkens totala miljöpåverkan
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Käppalaverket i Lidingö, Henriksdals reningsverk i Stockholm och Kungsängsverket i Västerås har varit projektets tre fallstudier. Miljöpåverkan har undersökts med hjälp av matematiska processmodeller och livscykelanalys (LCA). Fokus har varit att undersöka kategorierna klimat, övergödning, försurning, fossila resurser och materialresurser. När utsläppsvillkoren skärps kan det få stor effekt på miljöpåverkan från reningsverkens processer i förhållande till mängden vatten som renas, men det behöver inte få det. Det som framför allt påverkar utfallet är vilken reningsprocess man har i dag och i framtiden, hur den direkta lustgasavgången ändras vid skärpta utsläppskrav samt varifrån kolkällan kommer. Ökad kemikalieanvändning, ökad dosering av kolkälla och en ökning av direkta utsläpp av växthusgaser leder till ökad användning av fossila resurser och materialresurser samt ökad klimatpåverkan. Alla reningsverk i studien behövde tillsätta kolkälla för att nå ner till 6 mg/l kväve i utgående vatten. Om kolkällan har fossilt ursprung kan det ge upp till tre gånger större påverkan från användning av fossila resurser jämfört med idag. Aktivslamprocessen var det processteg som oftast bidrog mest till klimatpåverkan, förbrukning av fossila resurser och materialresurser. Däremot var slamlagret det processteg som bidrog mest till ökad försurning på grund av läckage av ammoniak. Exemplen visar att avloppsreningsverk som i dag använder aktivslamprocessen kan få kraftigt ökad negativ miljöpåverkan till följd av ändrad processlösning, till exempel vid införande av membranbioreaktor med stort behov av luftning och kemikalier. En ändring kan också bidra till minskad negativ miljöpåverkan. Ett exempel är införande av separat rening av rejektvatten från slamrötningen med anammoxprocess, om det kan bidra till minskad avgång av lustgas. Metoden som tagits fram i projektet kan användas för att se hur val av reningsteknik, driftstrategi och val av kemikalier inverkar på miljöpåverkan från svenska avloppsreningsverk. Den är bäst lämpad för att studera effekten av skärpta utsläppskrav på kväve. Resultaten av systemanalyser och simuleringar av det här slaget påverkas i hög grad av val när det gäller metod och utförande. I rapporten har resultaten från livscykelanalysen inte sammanvägts till ett sammanfattande mått på total miljöpåverkan. Därmed har det inte gjorts en rangordning av vilken miljöpåverkan som är viktigast att undvika. En sådan avvägning behöver göras om resultaten ska kunna fungera som beslutsunderlag.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Åmand, Linda, et al.
(author)
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Simulating the environmental impact of stricter nitrogen and phosphorous discharge criteria
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) expect more stringent discharge criteria for nitrogen and phosphorous as new treatment permits are issued in the near future. Several WWTPs assume the new discharge criteria to be 6 mg/l of total nitrogen, 6 mg/l of BOD and 0.2 mg/l total phosphorous. It is not yet known if the criteria should be reached on a yearly, quarterly or monthly basis. New permits – effluent limits and averaging conditions – will require reconstructions and process adaptions at the wastewater treatment plants. It is today not known how and to what extent such new discharge criteria will affect the total environmental impact from Swedish wastewater treatment plants from a systems perspective. This presentation will show how mathematical process modelling combined with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) modelling was performed for three Swedish wastewater treatment plants (Henriksdal, Käppala and Kungsängen WWTPs). The objective was to evaluate how the total environmental impact of the respective WWTP changes as measures are taken in order to meet new and more stringent discharge criteria for nitrogen and phosphorus.
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