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- Krasilnikov, A. V., et al.
(author)
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Fundamental ion cyclotron resonance heating of JET deuterium plasmas
- 2009
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In: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0741-3335 .- 1361-6587. ; 51:4, s. 044005-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Radio frequency heating of majority ions is of prime importance for understanding the basic role of auxiliary heating in the activated D-T phase of ITER. Majority deuterium ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) experiments at the fundamental cyclotron frequency were performed in JET. In spite of the poor antenna coupling at 25 MHz, this heating scheme proved promising when adopted in combination with D neutral beam injection (NBI). The effect of fundamental ICRH of a D population was clearly demonstrated in these experiments: by adding similar to 25% of heating power the fusion power was increased up to 30-50%, depending on the type of NBI adopted. At this power level, the ion and electron temperatures increased from T-i similar to 4.0 keV and T-e similar to 4.5 keV (NBI-only phase) to T-i similar to 5.5 keV and T-e similar to 5.2 keV (ICRH + NBI phase), respectively. The increase in the neutron yield was stronger when 80 keV rather than 130 keV deuterons were injected in the plasma. It is shown that the neutron rate, the diamagnetic energy and the electron as well as the ion temperature scale roughly linearly with the applied RF power. A synergistic effect of the combined use of ICRF and NBI heating was observed: (i) the number of neutron counts measured by the neutron camera during the combined ICRF + NBI phases of the discharges exceeded the sum of the individual counts of the NBI-only and ICRF-only phases; (ii) a substantial increase in the number of slowing-down beam ions was detected by the time of flight neutron spectrometer when ICRF power was switched on; (iii) a small D subpopulation with energies slightly above the NBI launch energy was detected by the neutral particle analyzer and gamma-ray spectroscopy.
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- Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, et al.
(author)
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A new species of Hyalinobatrachium (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the Amazonian slopes of the central Andes with comments on the diversity of the genus in the area
- 2009
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In: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; :2143, s. 24-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe a new species of Hyalinobatrachium from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia on the basis of morphological, bioacoustic and genetic characteristics. Hyalinobatrachium carlesvilai sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species of Hyalinobatrachium by the combination of the following characters: (1) truncate snout in dorsal and lateral view; (2) white pericardium; (3) enameled dorsal, tarsal and cloacal folds; (4) hand webbing formula III 2(-) -1(+) IV; (5) iris cream; (6) advertisement call consisting of a single, frequency-modulated note with a pulsed section followed by a tonal section. The new species had been previously identified as Hyalinobatrachium munozorum and H. bergeri. The advertisement call of the new species was previously assigned to H. bergeri. Here we describe the previously unknown call of Hyalinobatrachium bergeri. Additionally, we study the taxonomic status of H. lemur and H. pellucidum and place the former as synonym of the later. We extend the distribution of H. pellucidum to Departamento Cusco in southern Peru.
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- Hollenberg, Jacob, et al.
(author)
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Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew--witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
- 2008
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In: Circulation. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1524-4539 .- 0009-7322. ; 118:4, s. 389-96
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health problem. We sought to describe changes in 1-month survival after OHCA in patients given cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during the last 14 years in Sweden. METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients experiencing OHCA in whom CPR was attempted between 1992 and 2005 and who were reported to the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Register were included in the study. In all, 38,646 patients were included in this survey. The proportion of patients who were admitted alive to a hospital increased from 15.3% in 1992 to 21.7% in 2005 (P for trend <0.0001). The corresponding values for patients being alive after 1 month were 4.8% and 7.3%, respectively (P for trend <0.0001). The increase in 1-month survival was particularly evident among patients found with a shockable rhythm (increase from 12.7% in 1992 to 22.3% in 2005; P for trend <0.0001). The corresponding figures for patients found with a nonshockable rhythm were 1.2% in 1992 and 2.3% in 2005 (P for trend=0.044). Factors that potentially contributed to the improved survival rate were an increase in emergency medical crew-witnessed cases from 9% in 1992 to 15% in 2005 (P for trend <0.0001) and, to a lesser degree, an increase in bystander CPR from 31% in 1992 to 50% in 2005 (P for trend <0.0001). After adjustment for potential risk factors, the increase in survival remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant increase in survival after OHCA in Sweden over the last 14 years. The increase was particularly marked among patients found with a shockable rhythm and was associated with an increase in the proportion of crew-witnessed cases and, to a lesser degree, an increase in the performance of bystander CPR.
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- Padial, José M., et al.
(author)
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Deciphering the products of evolution at the species level: the need for an integrative taxonomy
- 2009
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:4, s. 431-447
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Progress in molecular techniques together with the incorporation of phylogenetic analyses of DNA into taxonomy have caused an increase in the number of species' discoveries in groups with morphological characters that are difficult to study or in those containing polytypic species. But some emerged criticisms plead for a taxonomic conservatism grounded either on the requirement of providing evidences of morphological distinctiveness or reproductive barriers to erect new species names. In a case study of taxonomic research on Neotropical frogs, we combine several lines of evidence (morphological characters, prezygotic reproductive isolation and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA) to test the status of 15 nominal species and to assess the degree of agreement of the different lines of evidence. Our study reveals that morphology alone is not sufficient to uncover all species, as there is no other single line of evidence independently. Full congruence between lines of evidence is restricted to only four out of the 15 species. Five species show congruence of two lines of evidence, whereas the remaining six are supported by only one. The use of divergence in morphological characters seems to be the most conservative approach to delineate species boundaries because it does not allow the identification of some sibling reciprocally monophyletic species differing in their advertisement calls. The separate analysis of differences in advertisement calls (evidence of reproductive isolation) or of phylogenetic data alone also shows limitations, because they do not support some morphological species. Our study shows that only an integrative approach combining all sources of evidence provides the necessary feedback to evaluate the taxonomic status of existing species and to detect putative new ones. Furthermore, the application of integrative taxonomy enables the identification of hypotheses about the existence of species that will probably be rejected or changed, and those that can be expected to persist.
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- Padial, Jose M, et al.
(author)
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Rediscovery, resurrection and redescription of Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912) (Anura : Bufonidae)
- 2009
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In: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; :2115, s. 56-64
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We resurrect Rhinella leptoscelis (Anura: Bufonidae) from the synonymy of R. veraguensis and redescribe it on the basis of the holotype, and recently collected specimens from Peru and Bolivia. Rhinella leptoscelis is well distinguished from all other species of the R. veraguensis group by its flat head with well developed orbitotympanic and postorbital crests, distinct tympanum, large parotoid glands, spiny tubercles on dorsal surfaces, long and slender extremities, dorsolateral row of conical, enlarged and elevated tubercles, webbing absent on fingers, basal and serrated webbing between toes, and first finger longer than second. This species is known from the humid forests of the Amazonian versant of the Andes from central Bolivia to southern Peru.
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- Padial, Jose M., et al.
(author)
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Systematics of the Eleutherodactylus fraudator species group (Anura : Brachycephalidae)
- 2007
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In: Herpetological Monographs. - : Herpetologists League. - 0733-1347 .- 1938-5137. ; 21:1, s. 213-240
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Members of the Eleutherodactylus fraudator species group occur in Bolivia and Peru. This group has not been reviewed since its proposal and description. Its putative monophyly has not been tested and its phylogenetic relationships are still unresolved. It was included in the Central American genus Craugastor based on a putative morphological synapomorphy, but this hypothesis of relationship is doubtful. Its alpha-diversity is unknown and some putative members have still not been studied in detail. To assess the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of this species group, we applied a taxonomic integrative approach based on comparisons of morphological characters (external and internal), bioacoustics (based on advertisement calls) and phylogenetic analyses of partial 16S mitochondrial gene (560 bp). We redescribe Eleutheroductylus bisignatus (Werner, 1899) and include it together with E. mercedesae in the group. Molecular, bioacoustical and morphological characters support the taxonomic status of all the species. Maximum parsimony, Bayesian and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analyses of the partial mitochondrial gene as well as the presence of a new condition of the mandibular ramus of the trigeminal nerve and two bioacoustical characters, support the monophyly of this group. Moreover, our data suggest the nonmonophyly of the subgenus Eleutherodactylus and the monophyly of the genus Craugastor when the C. bufonifermas species group is excluded. We redescribe the crown clade formed by members of the E. fraudator group and name it as the subgenus Yunganastes, which contains Eleutherodactylus ashkapara Kohler, 2000, E. bisignatus (Werner, 1899), E. frandator Lynch and McDiarmid, 1987, E. mercedesae Lynch and McDiarmid, 1987 and E. pluvicanorus De la Riva and Lynch, 1997. We describe the advertisement call of E. bisignatus for the first time and compare it with available calls of E. ashkapara and E. pluvicanorus. We suggest the common structure of the advertisement calls and the aggressive calls of the species belonging to Yunganastes (single melodic whistles with frequency modulation and no pulses) as synapomorphic for the new subgenus. We exclude members of Yunganastes from the Middle American genus Craugastor, to which it was previously tied by the presence of the putative synapomorphic "E" condition of the trigeminal nerve of the mandibular ramus of the abductor muscle. We describe a new condition of the trigeminal nerve and consider it synapomorphic for Yunganastes. Members of this subgenus are endemic to the cloud forests and humid montane forests of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes in Bolivia and southern Peru.
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