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- Bellerby, Richard, et al.
(author)
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Acidification in the Arctic Ocean
- 2013
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In: Chapter 2 in: AMAP, 2013. AMAP Assessment 2013: Arctic Ocean Acidification. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). - Oslo, Norway : AMAP. - 9788279710820 ; , s. 9-36
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A consequence of the persistent release of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere following fossil fuel combustion and changes in land use is that there is an increasing net air-to-sea transport of CO2. Although this oceanic uptake will reduce the potential for greenhouse warming that would have arisen had the gas remained in the atmosphere, it will also result in major changes in ocean chemistry. The most obvious signal in this respect is the fall in ocean pH and the change in the speciation of the marine carbonate system. The Arctic Ocean is one of the regions where ocean acidification is occurring fastest. From a baseline where the seawater is already poorly buffered and thus small changes in CO2 content have large changes in pH, there are a multitude of stressors that act on the Arctic Ocean amplifying the acidification. This chapter summarizes carbonate chemistry in seawater (Section 2.2) and reviews the major processes influencing the Arctic Ocean carbonate system (Section 2.3). The chapter also describes some of the biogeochemical processes sensitive to ocean acidification (Section 2.4). Section 2.5 addresses the major sources and sinks of carbon to the Arctic Ocean, and presents a regional breakdown of contemporary rates of ocean acidification. Finally, simulations from earth system models and regional models are analyzed to project potential changes to the Arctic Ocean carbonate system (Section 2.6).
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| 3. |
- Willis, Megan D., et al.
(author)
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Polar oceans and sea ice in a changing climate
- 2023
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In: Elementa. - 2325-1026. ; 11:1
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Polar oceans and sea ice cover 15% of the Earth's ocean surface, and the environment is changing rapidly at both poles. Improving knowledge on the interactions between the atmospheric and oceanic realms in the polar regions, a Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project key focus, is essential to understanding the Earth system in the context of climate change. However, our ability to monitor the pace and magnitude of changes in the polar regions and evaluate their impacts for the rest of the globe is limited by both remoteness and sea-ice coverage. Sea ice not only supports biological activity and mediates gas and aerosol exchange but can also hinder some in-situ and remote sensing observations. While satellite remote sensing provides the baseline climate record for sea-ice properties and extent, these techniques cannot provide key variables within and below sea ice. Recent robotics, modeling, and in-situ measurement advances have opened new possibilities for understanding the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere system, but critical knowledge gaps remain. Seasonal and long-term observations are clearly lacking across all variables and phases. Observational and modeling efforts across the sea-ice, ocean, and atmospheric domains must be better linked to achieve a system-level understanding of polar ocean and sea-ice environments. As polar oceans are warming and sea ice is becoming thinner and more ephemeral than before, dramatic changes over a suite of physicochemical and biogeochemical processes are expected, if not already underway. These changes in sea-ice and ocean conditions will affect atmospheric processes by modifying the production of aerosols, aerosol precursors, reactive halogens and oxidants, and the exchange of greenhouse gases. Quantifying which processes will be enhanced or reduced by climate change calls for tailored monitoring programs for high-latitude ocean environments. Open questions in this coupled system will be best resolved by leveraging ongoing international and multidisciplinary programs, such as efforts led by SOLAS, to link research across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface.
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