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- Obers, Niels A., et al.
(author)
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Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era—A review
- 2022
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In: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0146-6410 .- 1873-2224. ; 125
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multi-messenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of experimental data that is obtained by the detection of the various cosmic messengers (photons, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves) from numerous origins. They give us information about their sources in the universe and the properties of the intergalactic medium. Moreover, multi-messenger astronomy opens up the possibility to search for phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity. On the one hand, the most energetic events allow us to test our physical theories at energy regimes which are not directly accessible in accelerators; on the other hand, tiny effects in the propagation of very high energy particles could be amplified by cosmological distances. After decades of merely theoretical investigations, the possibility of obtaining phenomenological indications of Planck-scale effects is a revolutionary step in the quest for a quantum theory of gravity, but it requires cooperation between different communities of physicists (both theoretical and experimental). This review, prepared within the COST Action CA18108 “Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach”, is aimed at promoting this cooperation by giving a state-of-the art account of the interdisciplinary expertise that is needed in the effective search of quantum gravity footprints in the production, propagation and detection of cosmic messengers.
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- Azevedo, Flavio, et al.
(author)
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Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries
- 2023
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In: Scientific Data. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2052-4463. ; 10:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.
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- Van Bavel, Jay J., et al.
(author)
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National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
- 2022
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In: Nature Communications. - : Nature Portfolio. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic. Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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- Tempel, E., et al.
(author)
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An optimized tiling pattern for multiobject spectroscopic surveys : Application to the 4MOST survey
- 2020
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In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 497:4, s. 4626-4643
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Large multiobject spectroscopic surveys require automated algorithms to optimize their observing strategy. One of the most ambitious upcoming spectroscopic surveys is the 4MOST survey. The 4MOST survey facility is a fibre-fed spectroscopic instrument on the VISTA telescope with a large enough field of view to survey a large fraction of the southern sky within a few years. Several Galactic and extragalactic surveys will be carried out simultaneously, so the combined target density will strongly vary. In this paper, we describe a new tiling algorithm that can naturally deal with the large target density variations on the sky and which automatically handles the different exposure times of targets. The tiling pattern is modelled as a marked point process, which is characterized by a probability density that integrates the requirements imposed by the 4MOST survey. The optimal tilling pattern with respect to the defined model is estimated by the tiles configuration that maximizes the proposed probability density. In order to achieve this maximization a simulated annealing algorithm is implemented. The algorithm automatically finds an optimal tiling pattern and assigns a tentative sky brightness condition and exposure time for each tile, while minimizing the total execution time that is needed to observe the list of targets in the combined input catalogue of all surveys. Hence, the algorithm maximizes the long-term observing efficiency and provides an optimal tiling solution for the survey. While designed for the 4MOST survey, the algorithm is flexible and can with simple modifications be applied to any other multiobject spectroscopic survey.
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- Roziková, M., et al.
(author)
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Electrolytic conductivity at pure water level final report
- 2020
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In: Metrologia. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 0026-1394 .- 1681-7575. ; 58:1 A
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrolytic conductivity in aqueous solutions is one of the most common electrochemical measurement techniques in industry. Since it is sensitive to the amount content of dissolved ions in a solution, a limiting value for conductivity is a clear and simple quality criterium for the ionic purity of water. The relevant measuring range for pure water applications is roughly between 0.055 μS cm-1 (ultrapure water) and 150 μS cm-1 at 25 °C. For instance, the European, Japanese and United States (USP) Pharmacopoeia have specified the requirements for purified water, highly purified water and water for injection for pharmaceutical use based on conductiv-ity. Sectors that also use conductivity limits for water purity are electrical power production, food industry, electronic industry and analytical laboratories. At low conductivity levels it is not feasible to circulate water samples for comparison measure-ments, since the conductivity value is instable due to inevitable ionic contamination. The main contamination results from carbon dioxide in ambient air that dissolves in water and builds H3O+ and hydrogen carbonate ions. The contribution of these ions to conductivity is around 1 μS cm-1. Hence, it is impossible to provide stable samples having usable uncertainties in the conductivity range of interest. EURAMET 1271, performed in 2013, was the first successful comparison measurement of pure water conductivity. In the meanwhile, more NMIs, the majority of which is situated in Europe, have built measurement capabilities in the pure water range. EURAMRET 1271 covered a measurement range up to 50 μS cm-1, whereas more and more customers request conductivity cell calibration in the range up to 150 μS cm-1. Consequently, this comparison intends to extend the measurement range and to enable more NMIs to get support for potential CMCs. Therefore, this comparison is additionally intended being a supplementary CCQM comparison. A commercial conductivity measurement meter, including a conductivity measurement cell, was used for the comparison in a Round-Robin scheme. The devices were provided by PTB and were sent from one institute to another. Each institute had to measure the conductivity of a reference solution using the conductivity meter. The reference solution could either be pure water or a measurement standard solution that was reasonably stable in the range of interest. In the first scheme, the cell had to be integrated in a closed pure water flow though system to minimize impurification by CO2. An adequate fixture for this setup was provided by PTB. In the second scheme, the cell was immersed into the measurement standard solution under tem-perature-controlled conditions. Essentially, the institutes had to report the conductivity values indicated by the conductivity meter and the conductivity reference value assigned to the water in the flow though system or that of the measurement standard solution, respectively. The co-ordinating institute calculated adjusted cell constants for the cell from the reported values, which were used to calculate linking conductivities, the actual quantities to be finally compared. The results showed good equivalence in all conductivity ranges, with only a few inconsistent values. Adequate comparison reference values are suggested that can serve to calculate robust degrees of equivalences for the participants usable to support respective CMC claims.
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