| 1. |
- Asahina, Shunsuke, et al.
(author)
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Direct observation and analysis of york-shell materials using low-voltage high-resolution scanning electron microscopy : Nanometal-particles encapsulated in metal-oxide, carbon, and polymer
- 2014
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In: APL Materials. - : AIP Publishing. - 2166-532X. ; 2:11, s. 113317-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nanometal particles show characteristic features in chemical and physical properties depending on their sizes and shapes. For keeping and further enhancing their features, the particles should be protected from coalescence or degradation. One approach is to encapsulate the nanometal particles inside pores with chemically inert or functional materials, such as carbon, polymer, and metal oxides, which contain mesopores to allow permeation of only chemicals not the nanometal particles. Recently developed low-voltage high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was applied to the study of structural, chemical, and electron state of both nanometal particles and encapsulating materials in york-shell materials of Au@C, Ru/Pt@C, Au@TiO2, and Pt@Polymer. Progresses in the following categories were shown for the york-shell materials: (i) resolution of topographic image contrast by secondary electrons, of atomic-number contrast by back-scattered electrons, and of elemental mapping by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy; (ii) sample preparation for observing internal structures; and (iii) X-ray spectroscopy such as soft X-ray emission spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was also used for characterization of Au@C. (C) 2014 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
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| 2. |
- Harada, Yoshihisa, et al.
(author)
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Selective Probing of the OH or OD Stretch Vibration in Liquid Water Using Resonant Inelastic Soft-X-Ray Scattering
- 2013
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 111:19, s. 193001-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-resolution O 1s resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of liquid H2O, D2O, and HDO, obtained by excitation near the preedge resonance show, in the elastic line region, well-separated multiple vibrational structures corresponding to the internal OH stretch vibration in the ground state of water. The energy of the first-order vibrational excitation is strongly blueshifted with respect to the main band in the infrared or Raman spectra of water, indicating that water molecules with a highly weakened or broken donating hydrogen bond are correlated with the preedge structure in the x-ray absorption spectrum. The vibrational profile of preedge excited HDO water is well fitted with 50% +/- 20% greater OH-stretch contribution compared to OD, which strongly supports a preference for OH being the weakened or broken H-bond in agreement with the well-known picture that D2O makes stronger H-bonds than H2O. Accompanying path-integral molecular dynamics simulations show that this is particularly the case for strongly asymmetrically H-bonded molecules, i.e., those that are selected by preedge excitation.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Schiros, Theanne, et al.
(author)
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The Role of Substrate Electrons in the Wetting of a Metal Surface
- 2010
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 132:9, s. 094701-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We address how the electronic and geometric structures of metal surfaces determine water-metal bonding by affecting the balance between Pauli repulsion and electrostatic attraction. We show how the rigid d-electrons and the softer s-electrons utilize different mechanisms for the redistribution of charge that enables surface wetting. On open d-shell Pt(111), the ligand field of water alters the distribution of metal d-electrons to reduce the repulsion. The closed-shell Cu d10 configuration of isostructural Cu(111), however, does not afford this mechanism, resulting in a hydrophobic surface and three-dimensional ice cluster formation. On the geometrically corrugated Cu(110) surface, however, charge depletion involving the mobile sp-electrons at atomic rows reduces the exchange repulsion sufficiently such that formation of a two-dimensional wetting layer is still favored in spite of the d10 electronic configuration
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| 5. |
- Tokushima, Takashi, et al.
(author)
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High resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy of water and its assignment based on two structural motifs
- 2010
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In: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 177:03-feb, s. 192-205
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We evaluate proposed interpretations of previous X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) data on liquid water. The split peak in the lone-pair orbital region has been interpreted in terms of either two different structural motifs, tetrahedral and distorted, or as due to core-hole-induced dissociative dynamics; here we add new data on a 1:1 H2O/D2O isotopic mixture and additional spectrum simulations including the core-hole-induced dynamics. The XES spectrum of HDO is quite nicely reproduced as the sum of spectra of H2O and D2O, which we interpret as that core-hole-induced dynamics contribute only to the peak shape and do not affect the intensity ratio between tetrahedrally coordinated and distorted. We find the simulation-based interpretation of the two lone-pair peaks as being of completely different symmetries, molecular 1b(1) and dissociated 3a(1), difficult to reconcile with the experimental intensities in the 1b(2) and 3a(1) spectral regions. We report extensive theoretical simulations of spectra probing both the distance and velocity quantum distributions of the internal OH stretch; sharp features not associated with the lone-pair, that are seen when the OH stretch is treated as a classical oscillator, become smeared out when the zero-point Franck-Condon profile and momentum distribution in the v=0 level of the OH stretch are taken into account. This demonstrates that neglecting zero-point motion in simulating XES spectra of water generates artificially sharp structures. XES spectra of 1 M and 4 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are reported. These spectra indicate that dissociated species most likely can be excluded as the origin of the double 1b(1) peak structure. We thus argue that the experimental observation of two distinct peaks in the lone-pair region is less likely to be explained by an unstructured continuum model of the liquid, but is easily explained within a two-component fluctuating model.
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| 6. |
- Tokushima, Takashi, et al.
(author)
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Polarization dependent resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy of D2O and H2O water : Assignment of the local molecular orbital symmetry
- 2012
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In: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 136:4, s. 044517-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The polarization dependence of the split two peaks in the lone-pair region in the x-ray emission spectra has been determined at several different excitation energies for both D2O and H2O water. In contrast to predictions based on a narrow range of local water structures where the two peaks would be of different molecular orbital symmetry and arise from, respectively, intact and dissociated molecules, we show that the two peaks in the lone-pair region are both of lone-pair 1b(1) orbital symmetry. The results support the interpretation that the two peaks appear due to fluctuations between two distinct different main structural environments.
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