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- Hanberger, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Surveillance of microbial resistance in European Intensive Care Units: a first report from the Care-ICU programme for improved infection control
- 2009
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In: Intensive Care Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-4642 .- 1432-1238. ; 35:1, s. 91-100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To report initial results from a European ICU surveillance programme focussing on antibiotic consumption, microbial resistance and infection control. Methods: Thirty-five ICUs participated during 2005. Microbial resistance, antibiotic consumption and infection control stewardship measures were entered locally into a web-application. Results were validated locally, aggregated by project leaders and fed back to support local audit and benchmarking. Results: Median (range) antibiotic consumption was 1,254 (range 348–4,992) DDD per 1,000 occupied bed days. The proportion of MRSA was median 11.6% (range 0–100), for ESBL phenotype of E. coli and K. pneumoniae 3.9% (0–80) and 14.3% (0–77.8) respectively, and for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa 22.5% (0–100). Screening on admission for alert pathogens was commonly omitted, and there was a lack of single rooms for isolation. Conclusions: The surveillance programme demonstrated wide variation in antibiotic consumption, microbial resistance and infection control measures. The programme may, by providing rapid access to aggregated results, promote local and regional audit and benchmarking of antibiotic use and infection control practices.
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- Walther, Sten M, et al.
(author)
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Marked differences between prone and supine sheep in effect of PEEP on perfusion distribution in zone II lung
- 2005
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In: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 99:3, s. 909-914
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The classic four-zone model of lung blood flow distribution has been questioned. We asked whether the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is different between the prone and supine position for lung tissue in the same zonal condition. Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated prone (n = 6) and supine (n = 5) sheep were studied at 0, 10, and 20 cmH2O PEEP. Perfusion was measured with intravenous infusion of radiolabeled 15-μm microspheres. The right lung was dried at total lung capacity and diced into pieces (≈1.5 cm3), keeping track of the spatial location of each piece. Radioactivity per unit weight was determined and normalized to the mean value for each condition and animal. In the supine posture, perfusion to nondependent lung regions decreased with little relative perfusion in nondependent horizontal lung planes at 10 and 20 cmH2O PEEP. In the prone position, the effect of PEEP was markedly different with substantial perfusion remaining in nondependent lung regions and even increasing in these regions with 20 cmH2O PEEP. Vertical blood flow gradients in zone II lung were large in supine, but surprisingly absent in prone, animals. Isogravitational perfusion heterogeneity was smaller in prone than in supine animals at all PEEP levels. Redistribution of pulmonary perfusion by PEEP ventilation in supine was largely as predicted by the zonal model in marked contrast to the findings in prone. The differences between postures in blood flow distribution within zone II strongly indicate that factors in addition to pulmonary arterial, venous, and alveolar pressure play important roles in determining perfusion distribution in the in situ lung. We suggest that regional variation in lung volume through the effect on vascular resistance is one such factor and that chest wall conformation and thoracic contents determine regional lung volume. Copyright © 2005 the American Physiological Society.
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