| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Anderstig, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Multiregionala inputoutputanalyser – idag och imorgon
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport om validering, kvalitetssäkring och demonstration av SCB:s MRIO-tabeller har skrivits inom ramen för ett svenskt utvecklingsarbete med att utnyttja interregionala IO-tabeller för forskning, policy och planering. Det arbete som rapporten behandlar utgör en högre ambition för att skapa kunskapsunderlag om hur de regionala ekonomierna i Sverige och internationellt hänger samman genom handel med varor och tjänster.Frågor om vilka policyinsatser som kan göras för att utveckla svensk konkurrenskraft och främja svenskt klimatarbete i en alltmera specialiserad och internationaliserad ekonomi utgör kärnan i rapportens frågeställningar. Det har länge ansetts som näst intill omöjligt att behandla dessa frågeställningar med metodik som bygger på interregional inputoutputanalys. Denna rapport visar att en sådan ambitionshöjning är både motiverad och möjlig särskilt i Sverige med sin välutvecklade ekonomiska statistik och acceptans föranvändning av evidensbaserade utvärderingsmetoder.Rapportens huvudresultat är att det finns anledning att fortsätta och ytterligare fördjupa SCB:s påbörjade utvecklingsarbete med interregionala input-outputtabeller. För att detta arbete ska bli framgångsrikt krävs att man tillför ytterligare resurser för statistikinsamling, framtagning av kvalitetssäkrade statistikprodukter och demonstration av metodikensanvändningsområden och styrkor i förhållande till befintlig praktik.Ett grundläggande problem som identifierats i SCB:s pågående MRIO-projekt, och som behandlas i forskningsrapporten, är att den regionala nivån betraktas som underordnad den nationella vid statistikinsamling och uppbyggnad av räkenskapssystemen.De nationella räkenskaperna byggs upp från mikrodata utan att tillvarata den geografiska information som återfinns i mikrodata. Därefter tas de regionala räkenskaperna fram via nedbrytnings- och fördelningsmetoder av olika slag.I rapporten visas att detta kan leda till konsistensproblem för både produktionssystemet och den slutliga förbrukningen. Rapporten tar privat konsumtion som exempel men även behandlingen av handelsmarginaler och transportmarginaler ges som exempel. Det visas hur man i Kanada sedan länge har byggt samman den regionala nivån och den nationella inte minst när det gäller interprovinsiell och internationell handel.I rapporten pekas på ytterligare samverkansvinster som kan göras med pågående arbete inom såväl Tillväxtanalys och Tillväxtverket som Trafikverket och Trafikanalys. Dessa kan bestå i en samordning mellan de olika myndigheternas insamling av primärdata exempelvis avseende handelsflöden. Ett huvudresultat som lyfts fram i rapporten är att dessa aspekter kan åtgärdas i en tredje fas av projektet. Sådana fördjupningar behövs för att gå vidare med utvärderingsmodeller för olika policyområden som exempelvis rörfrågor om konkurrenskraft, sysselsättningsåtgärder och klimatutmaningar. Modeller att bygga vidare på finns redan, exempelvis Raps för regionalekonomiska utvärderingar.I rapporten visas vidare att den kommande fasen av SCB:s MRIO-projekt bör innehålla moment som inriktas mot sammanfogning av de svenska regionala och nationella räkenskaperna med det internationella arbetet med konsoliderad input-outputanalys. Multiregionala input-outputanalyser – i dag och i morgon 6/83De svenska räkenskaperna har tidigare har varit föremål för justering bland annat inom OECD för att fungera för analys av globala värdekedjor och klimatpolitiska åtgärder. Nu har en anpassning skett och det ligger inom räckhåll att göra Sverige till förebild när det gäller att samlat utvärdera politik på internationell och interregional nivå.Rapporten är skriven i nära anslutning till SCB:s MRIO-projekt. Detta torde garantera att resultaten av föreliggande projekt kan nyttiggöras i fas tre av SCB-projektet på ett smidigt sätt.Fas två av detta projekt är ännu inte avslutad även om huvuddelen av utvecklingsarbetet är klart inte minst när det gäller programmering i R av en helt ny produkt för insamling och analys av regional statistik. Kvalitetssäkring pågår av projektets olika delar med ambition att denna kvalitetssäkring även ska göras av internationella experter. Det finns därför goda förutsättningar att nästa fas av utvecklingsprojektet kan innebära ett stort steg framåt när det gäller en ny generation av statistikprodukter inom SCB och ett fördjupatunderlag för framtida policyanalyser.
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| 3. |
- Bolin, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Vindkraftens påverkan på människors intressen : Uppdaterad syntesrapport 2021
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- År 2040 ska Sveriges elproduktion vara 100 procent förnybar, det beslutade riksdagen 2016.Målet är allmänt hållet och inte riktat mot något särskilt kraftslag. Likväl kommer vindkraften högst troligt att bli den viktigaste förnybara energikällan i strävan att nå målet. Vindkraftens roll i elsystemet håller på att förändras. På bara några år har vindkraften gått från att vara en marginell energikälla till att producera en betydande del av vår el. Även om det inte finns några särskilda mål för utbyggnad av vindkraft i Sverige, så finns det al. anledning att räkna med att vindkraftens betydelse kommer att fortsätta öka de kommande 20 åren. Detta ställer nya krav på utformningen och planeringen av framtidens energisystem.Rapporten Vindkraftens påverkan på människors intressen publicerades 2012. Sedan dess har mycket hänt, både vad gäller den tekniska utvecklingen och vad gäller kunskapsläget kring vindkraftens påverkan på sin omgivning. Vi har nu nya erfarenheter från den utbyggnad av vindkraften som skett under det senaste decenniet.Föreliggande rapport har till syfte att ge en uppdaterad, kompletterad och sammanfattande version av syntesrapporten Vindkraftens påverkan på människors intressen (2012).Denna uppdaterade och bearbetade rapport har som målatt referera tillbaka till ursprungsskriften i de delar som fortfarande är relevanta,att komplettera med ny kunskap utifrån rådande kunskapsläge och nya politiska målsättningar.Den 28 januari 2021 presenterade Naturvårdsverket och Energimyndigheten en gemensam nationell strategi för en hållbar utbyggnad av vindkraften. Denna rapport avser att bidra till strategin. I strategin lyfts vikten av förbättrad samsyn, förutsägbarhet och rättssäkerhet vid utbyggnad och etablering av vindkraft särskilt fram. Myndigheterna betonar att omställningen till ett helt förnybart energisystem inte bara är en klimatfråga, utan också en fråga om konkurrenskraft, försörjningstrygghet och ökade krav på en trygg och robust elförsörjning. Vindkraftsutbyggnaden behöver även ta hänsyn till värdefull natur, människors livsmiljö och en rad andra samhällsintressen.Lokalisering och etablering av större vindkraftverk styrs dels av bestämmelser i miljöbalken, dels av plan- och bygglagen. Alla större vindkraftsprojekt prövas i en i lag strikt reglerad tillståndsprocess som handläggs av länsstyrelsen, vars miljöprövningsdelegation fattar beslut. Kommunen är ansvarig för den fysiska planeringen och ska tillstyrka eller uttala sitt veto mot varje beslut om vindkraftsetablering som tillståndsprövas enligt miljöbalken. I den nationella strategin för en hållbar vindkraftsutbyggnad rekommenderas att kommunen lämnar sitt besked så tidigt i processen som möjligt och utifrån tydliga rutiner, för en främja en effektiv och transparent process.Lokaliseringen av verksamheter så som vindkraftverk styrs inte bara av bestämmelserna i miljöbalken utan också av den fysiska planeringen. Enligt plan- och bygglagen (PBL) ska hushållningen med mark- och vattenresurser innefatta en öppen demokratisk process där olika samhällsintressen vägs mot varandra, samtidigt som enskildas rättigheter beaktas. En genomgående tanke i PBL är att skapa förutsättningar för medborgarinflytande genom det lagreglerade samråds- och utställningsförfarandet. Här finns stora likheter med europeiska landskapskonventionens grundtankar om betydelsen av delaktighet i frågor som rör landskapet. En viktig förutsättning för att landskapsperspektivet ska kunna utvecklas i översiktsplaneringen är tillgången till kunskaps- och planeringsunderlag som kan bidra till att synliggöra samband mellan olika värden och viktiga sammanhang i landskapet. Kommuner och länsstyrelser behöver, med allmänhetens medverkan, ta fram och regelbundet uppdatera landskapsanalyser, för att på så sätt skapa ett hållbart planeringsunderlag för vindkraftsutbyggnaden i Sverige.Hälsa och ohälsaVindkraftverk kan av boende i närheten upplevas som störande. Den främsta källan till störning är det buller som uppstår när rotorbladen passerar genom luften – ett susande, svischande eller dunkande ljud – men även varningsbelysning och de rörliga skuggor som uppstår när rotorbladen skymmer solen kan upplevas som störande.Vid bullernivåer precis under det nuvarande svenska riktvärdet på 40 dBA uppger cirka 10 procent att de blir mycket störda av vindkraftsbuller. Andelen är jämförbar med andelen bullerstörda av vägtrafik vid dess motsvarande riktvärde. Detta indikerar att nuvarande riktvärde för vindkraftsbuller är rimligt ur störningssynvinkel.Rörliga skuggor kan upplevas som mycket störande, såväl utomhus som inomhus. Teknik finns som kan minska sådana effekter, men den verkar inte användas i tillräcklig utsträckning.Indirekta negativa hälsoeffekter i form av ökad förskrivning av antidepressiva mediciner och sömnmedel har kunnat påvisas i danska undersökningar. Samband mellan vindkraftsbuller och självrapporterad sömnstörning har redovisats i vissa studier, medan andra studier inte funnit något sådant samband. Påståenden om att vindkraft medför risk för ”vibroakustisk sjukdom”, ”vindkraftssyndrom” och skadlig påverkan av infraljud på innerörat saknar belägg.Samhällsnytta och ekonomiEnligt Energimyndighetens beräkningar behöver vindkraftens elproduktion femdubblas fram till 2040 för att målet om 100 procent förnybar energiproduktion ska nås. Det innebär utbyggnad av vindkraften motsvarande en effekt av 100 TWh, och att 1 procent av Sveriges landyta kommer att tas i anspråk av vindkraftsanläggningar.Varje vindkraftsetablering skapar arbetstillfällen: under byggtiden såväl som under kraftverkens driftstid på cirka 25 år. Baserat på detaljerade empiriska studier gjorda i Sverige kan den sysselsättning som genereras per kraftverk på 2,35 MW beräknas till 8,33 årsarbeten under byggtiden och 8,66 årsarbeten under driftstiden: sammanlagt 17 årsarbeten per vindkraftverk. Särskilt intressant att notera är att driftstiden beräknas ge mer jobb än byggtiden.Till markägare på vars mark vindkraftverk byggs utgår arrende som betalas av verksamhetsutövaren, som ofta också enligt en inarbetad praxis betalar ut en frivillig bygdepeng. Bygdepengen används vanligen till investeringar i lokala fritidsanläggningar eller liknande i den kringliggande bygden. Intressanta exempel finns på hur bygdepengen används som bas för kreditföreningar och därmed som riskvilligt kapital för lokal näringslivsutveckling.Vad gäller vindkraftens inverkan på rennäringen visar forskningen – som på området är begränsad – att vindkraften inte bör betraktas som en enskild faktor utan som en av flera (som till exempel turism, transportinfrastruktur, bebyggelse generellt) vars sammanlagda effekter kan vara negativa. Det finns även studier som visar att renar till viss del kan anpassa sig till miljön kring vindkraftverk.Buller för dem som bor närmast och vindkraftverkens negativa inverkan på landskapet är två av de främsta anledningarna till lokalt motstånd mot vindkraftsetableringar. Huruvida vindkraftsutbyggnad medför minskade fastighetsvärden uppvisar den internationella forskningen olika resultat för. En ny svensk studie visar på lägre fastighetsvärden upp till 8 km från vindkraftverk. Det bör observeras att studien inte analyserar värden på samma fastigheter före och efter vindkraftsutbyggnad, samt att någon undersökning av regionala variationer inte gjorts.De i närområdet som berörs uppfattar ofta vindkraftsetableringen som att någon utifrån exploaterar en gemensam lokal resurs. Om den lokala nyttan av vindkraftverken upplevs som obefintlig – eller snarare som en onytta för alla utom direkt berörda markägare – når information och samrådsmöten begränsad framgång i sin strävan att skapa lokal acceptans. Ett sätt att åstadkomma ett framgångsrikt genomförande av vindkraftsstrategin kan vara att utreda och testa nya modeller för lokala ersättningar och kompensation samt för lokalt delägande.Landskap och planeringVarje vindkraftsetablering innebär en konkret förändring av landskapet. De människor som lever och verkar i ett särskilt område och har en långvarig relation till områdets landskap tolkar ofta vindkraft i detta landskap på andra sätt än utomstående, som till exempel sakkunniga, exploatörer och representanter för myndigheter och samhälle. Detta faktum får flera konsekvenser för hur planering av vindkraftsutbyggnaden bör göras och med vilken kunskap som utgångspunkt.Fyra aspekter är särskilt viktiga:Konkretisering. För att kunna fatta kloka beslut krävs noggrann, genomtänkt planering av en vindkraftsetablering, baserad på ingående, konkret kunskap om landskapet och hur alla berörda ser på dess utveckling och framtid.Helhetssyn. I landskapsanalysen ska landskapets kunskaps-, bruks- och upplevelsevärden tillsammans med historiska samband, naturvärden och bedömningar om känslighet och tålighet för förändringar föras samman till en beskrivande och värderande helhet. De samlade (kumulativa) effekterna av olika vindkraftsprojekt ska beskrivas.Fackkunskap och lokalkunskap. Landskapsanalysen är ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt för att beskriva och tolka landskapet i sin helhet som baseras på allmänt tillämpliga värden och som vanligen utförs av experter med relevant fackkunskap. Samtidigt kan lokalkunskap bidra med viktiga insikter och är inte en mindre seriös eller mindre värdefull kunskapsform.Dialog. Att allmänhetens uppfattningar och lokal kunskap om landskapet tas med i planeringen lyfter den europeiska landskapskonventionen fram som en viktig demokratifråga. Landskapsanalysen ger en överblick över komplexa samband och värden i landskapet och fungerar som underlag
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Brouwer, A. E., et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on the dynamics of third spaces
- 2022
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Ingår i: The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of Working Spaces. - London : Informa UK Limited. - 9781032014340 - 9781003181163 ; , s. 200-212
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Danenberg, Rosa
(författare)
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Main streets as resilient public spaces : Zooming in on ground floors in Stockholm
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This research focuses on how main streets and ground floors can be adaptable and resilient public spaces. Main streets are vital components of the urban fabric of cities worldwide, serving dual roles as both links and places. They have played a major role in Western cities since the turn of the twentieth century; however, their significance as places has diminished over the years due to modernist planning. Contemporary planning approaches have struggled to address the link and place dimensions simultaneously (von Schönfeld and Bertolini 2017; Carmona, de Magalhães, and Hammond 2008a; Carmona et al. 2003). Main streets are pivotal nodes for socializing, commerce, and mobility. Their character is largely determined by the spatial features and functions of continuous ground-floor spaces, and the small businesses inhabiting those who create comfortable and sociable sidewalks (Jacobs 1961; Mehta 2011). Yet, spatial, social, and economic shifts driven by processes of privatization, globalization, and digitalization have transformed the main street character. Despite generally being considered to be adaptable and resilient places, main streets require dedicated planning, design, and management support in order to contribute cities being sustainable (Kickert and Talen 2022; Carmona 2015; Jones, Roberts, and Morris 2007; Zukin, Kasinitz, and Chen 2016). The research presented in this thesis aimed to provide an in-depth examination of how ground floors change from a socio-spatial perspective and how they are adaptable and resilient, in order to understand how planning, design, and management can support the future existence of main streets. The question that guided the research presented in this thesis was: What role do ground floors play in the creation of adaptable and resilient main streets, and how can planning, design, and management support this process?The research presented in this thesis reveals a reciprocal relationship between the spatial features of main streets and their ground floors and socio-economic dynamics, which are fundamental components of adaptable and resilient public spaces. To study main streets, ground-floor change was examined using Google Street View, focusing on three main streets in Stockholm between 2009 and 2018. This analysis showed a substantial transformation, with almost half of the ground floors changing during the studied period. This supports the idea that main streets are dynamic ecosystems capable of adapting to shifting socio-economic conditions, indicating their resilience. However, it also became apparent that small, local, and independent businesses accounted for two thirds of the ground floors in 2009 but just ten years later they occupied closer to half of the ground-floor spaces, and that chain stores appeared in the places of the independent stories that disappeared. The store categories that increased in number included ‘food and drink services’ and ‘personal beauty services’, while the ‘retail product store’ category showed a decrease. When investigating the spatial aspect of this transformation, it became evident that small ground-floor spaces are where change occurs. Small spaces undergo more frequent changes and are more adaptable to new functions. Interestingly, chain stores have downscaled to fit into these small spaces, intensifying competition with small, local, and independent businesses that are already in vulnerable positions. The research also investigated the privatization of property ownership in Stockholm and the impact of the Pandemic on ground-floor changes. Between 1990 and 2010, privatization occurred in the form of large-scale tenure conversions to cooperative housing associations (CHAs), especially in already-attractive inner-city areas of Stockholm (Andersson and Magnusson Turner 2014; Blomé 2012; Magnusson 2005). A fourth street was studied alongside the first three, and property data from Datscha was added to the database. It was found that CHAs emerged as the dominant type of property owner on the four main streets, such that almost half of ground-floor tenants were renting from CHAs in 2018. Research indicates that the large-scale conversion to CHAs has sped up and reinforced the gentrification process (Hedin et al. 2012; Andersson and Magnusson Turner 2014; Magnusson Turner and Andersson 2008; Magnusson 2005; Blomé 2012), and that in the later stages of gentrification, retail gentrification caters to the lifestyles and consumer preferences of new and affluent residents (Mermet 2017; Sakızlıoğlu and Lees 2020; Zukin 201). Retail gentrification involves new retail capitalizing on the value of storefronts as part of a process that leads to the closure of small, local, and independent retailers, who are integral to the vitality of main streets. Employing Kosta’s retail gentrification index and Zukin et al.’s (2009) retail-capital categorization, this research infers that patterns of retail gentrification are evident on Stockholm’s main streets, as demonstrated by the increasing prevalence of the ‘food and drink services’ category and chain stores. Further examination of the property owners responsible for these changes reveals an increase in retail gentrification under CHAs. The shift towards privatization via CHAs has enabled residents to serve as board members who oversee ground-floor tenancy management. This unique aspect of CHAs allows residents to be involved in their immediate living environment. The Pandemic shed light on how this plays out in practice, as it posed various challenges for small-business owners. One of these challenges was the reluctance of CHAs to apply for and pay half of government-subsidized rent reductions on behalf of their tenants, which were intended to mitigate the economic impact of the Pandemic and social-distancing practices. This reluctance stemmed from what the small-business owners perceived to be short-term economic considerations. This approach seemed to prioritize the allure of new retail capital over the preservation of small, local, and independent retailers who had contributed to neighborhoods’ unique characters. Retail planning and public-space management approaches to main streets and ground floors shed light on the need for curation. The research presented in this thesis suggests that the responsibility for main streets and ground floors as adaptable and resilient public spaces should be borne by polycentric governance structures where public and private interests can be balanced.
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| 7. |
- Ekane, Nelson, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Linking sanitation policy to service delivery in Rwanda and Uganda : From words to action
- 2020
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Ingår i: Development Policy Review. - : Wiley. - 0950-6764 .- 1467-7679. ; 38:3, s. 344-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivation The gap between policy, implementation and outcome is neither new nor specific to the sphere of sanitation. This article attempts to apply policy implementation literature in the context of developing countries, when much of the scholarly work on implementation and policy process and empirical research has been in the context of developed countries. Purpose This article explores the gap between sanitation policy intentions and outcomes in a comparative study in Rwanda and Uganda with "good" and "limited or no" reported progress respectively towards the former Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Approach and methods From a multi-level governance perspective, the gap between strong political will and insufficient resources, implementation and outcome, is examined by drawing on policy and implementation theories and empirical research. The selection of variables for comparison is based on a range of factors theorized as affecting outcome in contemporary governance. Findings Whereas the policy climate and prioritization of sanitation has been favourable in much of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), resources and capacity constraints, especially at the local level, negatively affect sector performance in an increasingly decentralized governance landscape. Progress in Rwanda is explained by stronger political leadership and support for sanitation, stringent performance monitoring and oversight, an institutionalized community-based approach, and investment in rural sanitation. Policy implications This article shows that the management of sanitation depends on a changing governance landscape; leadership is important for overall sector improvement; networks present co-ordination challenges; approaching sanitation as a public concern requires strong government intervention; the move towards markets necessitates government oversight; approaches that foster inclusion and legitimacy at the local level need to be considered.
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| 8. |
- Eneqvist, Erica, 1982-
(författare)
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Experimental Governance : Capacity and legitimacy in local governments
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Contemporary planning and governance of cities involves practices of experiments and trials in urban experiments, collaborative platforms, and urban development projects with high ambitions for sustainability and innovative solutions. These practices of experimental governance can be seen as new policy instruments that include actors from all sectors of society in collective problem-solving. The introduction of experimental governance establishes a new logic of public administration that results in multiple opportunities and challenges. Previous research has emphasised the importance of organisational development beyond a focus on single experimental projects and institutional designs to support experimentation. This thesis aims to examine the municipalities’ organisational capacity for experimental governance and the opportunities to ensure legitimacy.The thesis involves a case study of the City of Stockholm and its innovative practices in general and experimental governance practices in particular. The focus is on the municipal organisation and how it has developed over the past decade, rather than single experiments, collaborations, and projects. Using a qualitative research approach, empirical data was collected by shadowing City of Stockholm staff members, while also conducting semi-structured interviews, participatory observations, and document studies. The thesis comprises four research articles: three using the City of Stockholm as an empirical case of a municipality engaged in experimental governance, and one that develops theoretical insights using examples from Stockholm. The first article provides a discussion of municipal innovation approaches and their influence of institutional logics. The second article is about municipal functions related to experiments, and how these functions challenge the local government. The third article examines the work of experiments and partnerships in policy and practice from a legitimacy perspective. The fourth article explores the institutional capacity for translating innovation actions from high-profile urban development projects into regular processes of the municipality.The results provide new knowledge about public actors and urban experimentation, while also providing practical insights that are relevant to stakeholders who engage in urban experiments. Specifically, the thesis reveals the challenges that municipalities face in embracing experiments while also ensuring and developing procedures for legitimacy. It also highlights the tensions of introducing new logics and roles for public authorities in a changing governance environment. The findings point towards the need for a more nuanced understanding of practices of experimental governance, and the development of permanent organisational structures and cultures to support and steer these practices. There is also a need for organisational procedures to ensure legitimacy, related to both input in terms of transparency, accountability and equality, and output in terms of results and effectiveness, with a capacity to implement the results. By meeting these needs, municipalities can harness the opportunities of experimental governance to serve the public good.
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| 9. |
- Henning, Martin, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Urban-rural population changes and spatial inequalities in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Regional Science Policy and Practice. - : Wiley. - 1757-7802. ; 15:4, s. 878-892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper documents regional population changes in Sweden since 1860 and investigates how these changes link to regional economic development (regional GDP). We combine long-term decade population data for the historical counties (1860-2020) with detailed annual population observations for municipalities (1968-2021). As industrialization picked up speed, this benefited regions all around the country in terms of production, at the same time as regional population patterns started to diverge. After a slowdown in the regional GDP convergence processes during the low-growth period of the 1980s, 'double divergence,' in both population and regional GDP per capita, has characterized Swedish growth patterns since the 1990s.
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| 10. |
- Jonsson, Anna-Paula, 1982-
(författare)
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Sustainable tourism development : Social sustainability, planning and strategic development for better cities
- 2022
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main goal of this thesis has been to contribute towards improved understanding of how cities can influence tourism development. A great deal of earlier tourism studies has been concerned with aspects of social sustainability. This has naturally concentrated on potential as well as real anomalies and conflicts related to urban tourism. Inherent in many of such contributions is a dichotomy consisting of residents and social sustainability on the one hand, and negative impacts of tourism development (e.g. overtourism) on the other. Research and practice have over time gravitated towards an increased focus on how urban tourism development contributes to desired social impact. This has led to new perspectives in both policy contexts and tourism research. Perspectives for how to manage tourism to mitigate negative impact are therefore being complemented by new, more strategic, questions about how tourism can contribute towards urban development goals. Such questions, together with evidence that tourism development and urban development are mutually constitutive processes, motivate integrating policies that influence tourism into processes of urban planning. The research in this thesis has sought to contribute towards this emerging space by studying the intersections of tourism development and urban development and planning. The research questions that have emerged from this goal relate to the decision and policy making that take place in processes of urban planning when they intersect (necessarily or potentially) with tourism development. The thesis comprises one cover essay and two research articles. The first article is based on a single case-study of a new urban development in one of the most visited places of Stockholm. The other article is a comparative case-study of Vienna and Amsterdam that studies policy development and practices for sustainable tourism developments. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from municipalities, academia and Destination Management Organizations in respective city. Results suggest that there are important variations in how different stages of tourism development and corresponding impact influence policy making and vice-versa. The cases studied suggest that strategic choices for sustainable tourism development are available up to a certain point. If negative impact on factors related to social sustainability are excessive, policy making aimed at influencing tourism development becomes constrained mainly to mitigating impact. Given the intersection of planning theory and tourism studies in this thesis, it can be considered a cross-disciplinary research project. Similarly, the results can hopefully contribute to a development of the understanding of how planning theory and tourism studies intersect in theories of both schools of thought.
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| 11. |
- Karlsson, Charlie, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
-
Innovative transformations of global city regions in the post-urban world
- 2020
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Ingår i: Urban empires: Cities as global rulers in the new urban world. Glaeser, E., Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P. (red.). - New York City : Taylor & Francis. - 9780429892363 - 9781138601703 ; , s. 257-274, s. 257-274
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Karlsson, Charlie, et al.
(författare)
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Social Capital, Innovativeness, and the New Economic Geography
- 2021. - 2nd ed.
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Regional Science. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Nature. ; , s. 1397-1412
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter discusses the relationship between, on the one hand, the knowledge economy’s social capital and innovativeness and, on the other hand, the new economic geography, which mainly is valid for the manufacturing economy. The discussion ends up in a proposition for a “new economic geography 2 model, " in which the knowledge producing sector and its relations to other sectors are modeled in a framework of two or more regions. The overarching mechanisms and results are similar in the two models: cumulative causation create and enhance regional disparities, but the processes are partly different. It may seem somewhat paradoxical that the industrial specialization, which is a result of the original new economic geography model, in the new model is replaced by “specialization in diversification, " but the knowledge economy’s specialization is “subtle” and diverse - and, as it seems, with subsectors related to and dependent on each other. This is all a reflection of the proposition that social capital and innovativeness play a much larger role for growth and development in the knowledge economy than they did in the manufacturing economy.
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| 13. |
- Kopren, A., et al.
(författare)
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Bridging versus bonding social capital in entrepreneurs’ networks : The case of post-conflict western balkans
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the value and effect of social capital deriving from cross-ethnic business cooperation on social networks and society in the aftermath of war. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the social function entrepreneurship conveys beyond its economic role. Based on Putnam’s bridging and bonding social capital theory and Granovetter’s theory on weak ties, the article studies ties between entrepreneurs originating from different ethnic groups in ethnically divided post-conflict societies. This study highlights the capacity of entrepreneurs to produce and generate social capital across ethnic lines. The field study includes surveys and interviews in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. The results show that the majority of entrepreneurs cooperate and employ across ethnic lines. Cross-ethnic business relationships formed between entrepreneurs create benefits not only for entrepreneurs but also for building social capital across ethnic lines, thus forming valuable, yet depleted, social capital in post-conflict societies. Voluntary relationships between managers and business owners set a valuable model of weak ties facilitating associative behaviour among divided ethnic groups. Business exchange and relationships create social values that transcend a simple financial transaction. Value is in the form of friendship and trust, a reliance that maintains entrepreneurs’ relationships and contributes to the social capital.
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| 14. |
- Kopren, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Entrepreneurship bridging ethnic divides
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 45:4, s. 423-449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to examine the wider societal outcomes of entrepreneurs' networking in ethnically divided post-conflict societies. Using network theory to explain relational dynamics between business, social and personal relationships, we postulate that entrepreneurs' interactions generate connections and paths across ethnically diverse social networks, thus facilitating social relations between ethnic groups. The survey was conducted with 130 entrepreneurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and North Macedonia. The findings demonstrate that entrepreneurs are driven to increase profit and networks when cooperating with diverse ethnic groups. While spreading their business connections with other ethnic groups, they at the same time form connections between ethnic communities. Entrepreneurs alleviate ethnic cleavages and improve relations between ethnic groups. This article contributes to the recognition of the capacity of economic ties to facilitate cooperative patterns and rebuild impaired ethnic relations in ethnically divided post-conflict societies.
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| 15. |
- Kopren, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Entrepreneurship bridging ethnic divides
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - : Inderscience Publishers. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 45:4, s. 423-449
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to examine the wider societal outcomes of entrepreneurs' networking in ethnically divided post-conflict societies. Using network theory to explain relational dynamics between business, social and personal relationships, we postulate that entrepreneurs' interactions generate connections and paths across ethnically diverse social networks, thus facilitating social relations between ethnic groups. The survey was conducted with 130 entrepreneurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and North Macedonia. The findings demonstrate that entrepreneurs are driven to increase profit and networks when cooperating with diverse ethnic groups. While spreading their business connections with other ethnic groups, they at the same time form connections between ethnic communities. Entrepreneurs alleviate ethnic cleavages and improve relations between ethnic groups. This article contributes to the recognition of the capacity of economic ties to facilitate cooperative patterns and rebuild impaired ethnic relations in ethnically divided post-conflict societies.
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| 16. |
- Naldi, Lucia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Amenities and new firm formation in rural areas
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 85, s. 32-42
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building on the neo-endogenous rural development model and the resource-based view of the firm, this paper investigates the role of place-based amenities for new firm formation. Empirically, we employ a full-population dataset encompassing new firms in Sweden from 2009 to 2016, combined with geocoded datasets with the spatial distribution of nature- and culture-based amenities. The results show that local amenities are indeed important factors in determining the rate of new firm formation. Estimating the model across urban and rural neighborhoods show that amenities are relatively more important in explaining new firm formation in rural areas as compared to urban. As such, our study contributes to the literature on diversification of the economies of rural areas by pointing at the important role that place-based amenities may play for an entrepreneurially-driven development of less developed and/or rural areas.
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| 17. |
- Naldi, Lucia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable Swedish municipalities
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. - : Routledge. - 0898-5626 .- 1464-5114.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small- and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) not integrated into expanding metropolitan regions often face industrial decline and depopulation. As a result, many of them lack resilience to change and may be classified as vulnerable. While research holds that a local government’s efforts to act in an entrepreneurial way are important for the development of vulnerable SMSTs, entrepreneurship behaviours in the local public sector remain under-investigated. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature by investigating whether and how vulnerable SMSTs differ in their entrepreneurial behaviours. Based on the concepts of policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, we performed a survey of Swedish local communities about their work on strengthening and renewing local business life and improving their own administrations. We analyse factors associated with these activities and examine differences between the policy entrepreneurship of vulnerable and nonvulnerable places, as well as differences within the vulnerable group. Vulnerable places rank low in entrepreneurial orientation, which may contribute to regional lock-in. Cluster analysis reveals that the vulnerable municipalities are a heterogeneous group, which we classify into “entrepreneurs’ ‘local innovators’, and ‘disengaged risktakers’. Regression analysis indicates that local social capital may increase entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable places by strengthening the focus on innovation.
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| 18. |
- Olsson, Amy Rader, et al.
(författare)
-
Entrepreneurial governance and local growth
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do local development policies influence local employment growth? Based on a survey to municipal managers in all Swedish municipalities, this is one of the first studies to empirically assess the relationship between reported local development initiatives (entrepreneurial governance (EG) and growth of local employment. We find a weak but significant association between EG and employment growth for urban municipalities. This suggests that EG is more effective in larger, growing municipalities than in smaller, declining rural areas. Urban municipalities may of course have more resources for entrepreneurial governance than rural ones as they have grown substantially faster for a long period of time. The result thus indicates that EG and growth are in a positive interplay of interaction. When the EG index was divided into three sub-indexes after the entrepreneurial process (discover or create opportunities, collect resources and exploit opportunities) the analyses also showed positive correspondence between some sub-indexes and employment growth for the rural municipalities, indicating that EG is not solely a phenomenon connected to growth in urban, growing municipalities. In sum, the article indicates several avenues through which entrepreneurial governance at local level might be linked to local growth.
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| 19. |
- Rex, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Coworking and local development outside metropolitan areas in Sweden
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 105
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through a mixed methods approach, this paper explores how coworking as a phenomenon manifests itself in Sweden, and, using the foundations of agglomeration economy theory as a lens, discusses what impact the occurrence of coworking spaces might have on local and regional development in Sweden's rural regions.Our findings show that the occurrence of coworking providers in Sweden is much more widespread than previously known, as there are far more spaces than popular aggregation sites suggest -our study found that for Sweden they only show 14-18 percent of the actual number of spaces available. In our interviews with members and owners, we used Duranton and Puga's (2004) pillars for agglomeration as a sorting mechanism, which showed that sentiments that fit the themes "matching", "sharing" and "learning" crop up frequently when respondents explain their experiences. There is reason to go forward from this first, small study to explore how agglomeration economies at the micro level may influence surrounding society and regional economic growth in rural regions.We argue that the emergence of these spaces in rural regions might be a factor in the development of local economies by enabling agglomeration economies at the micro level. We also make the suggestion that gaining accurate information about the number and characteristics of coworking spaces in rural regions will allow for better informed policy decisions and labor market legislation when it comes to regional development.
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| 20. |
- Sun, X., et al.
(författare)
-
Does social capital influence small business entrepreneurship? : Differences between urban and rural China
- 2023
-
Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Nature. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 70:3, s. 819-837
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the relationship between social capital and small business entrepreneurship in China. Unlike previous studies that focus solely on rural or urban residents, this paper pays more attention to the differences between them. According to our study, social capital has both positive and negative impacts on small business entrepreneurship. Based on the data drawn from China General Social Survey, we find that the impact of social capital differs significantly between rural and urban areas. In rural China, residents who have higher social capital tend to have entrepreneurial behaviors, while higher social capital leads to lower intention of small business entrepreneurship in urban China. Individuals whose parents have the experiences of small business tend to have small business entrepreneurial activities; individuals who are better educated tend to find regular jobs instead of having their own small business. The results suggest that small business entrepreneurship in rural China might be “entrepreneurship by necessity.”.
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| 21. |
- Torre, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Conclusion
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Smart Development for Rural Areas. - Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Regions and cities ; 143 : Taylor & Francis. - 9781000066999 - 9780367374792 ; , s. 213-
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Amenities - as place specific assets and services that make a given location more or less attractive to individuals and firms - deserve attention in the context of policies intended to promote smart development in rural areas. The literature highlights that rural areas lack the necessary resources and levers to foster growth and innovation; levers and resources found in metropolitan areas and in some medium-sized towns. Local entrepreneurs in rural areas can be encouraged to “borrow size” - and with it, knowledge - in several ways, among which the most standard are direct subsidies or tax incentives for R&D. The main characteristics of rural areas are the geographical distance separating individuals and villages from one another, on the one hand, and their lower density on the other. Digital connectivity and improved digital skills increase the attractiveness of rural areas especially for young and qualified people.
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| 22. |
- Torre, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Conclusion
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Smart Development for Rural Areas. - Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Regions and cities ; 143 : Taylor and Francis.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Amenities - as place specific assets and services that make a given location more or less attractive to individuals and firms - deserve attention in the context of policies intended to promote smart development in rural areas. The literature highlights that rural areas lack the necessary resources and levers to foster growth and innovation; levers and resources found in metropolitan areas and in some medium-sized towns. Local entrepreneurs in rural areas can be encouraged to “borrow size” - and with it, knowledge - in several ways, among which the most standard are direct subsidies or tax incentives for R&D. The main characteristics of rural areas are the geographical distance separating individuals and villages from one another, on the one hand, and their lower density on the other. Digital connectivity and improved digital skills increase the attractiveness of rural areas especially for young and qualified people.
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| 23. |
- Torre, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Introduction : Is there a smart development for rural areas?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Smart Development for Rural Areas. - Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Regions and cities ; 143 : Informa UK Limited. - 9781000066999 - 9780367374792 ; , s. 1-26
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rural regions have traditionally been dominated by areal industries such as agriculture and forestry, i.e. industries that, for over a century, have been characterized by shrinking employment numbers. Agriculture is traditionally one of the most important economic activities in rural areas and the concept of Smart Agriculture has been included in the European Union growth strategy Horizon 2020, related to the goals of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The implementation of smart development strategies in rural areas must take into account the specificities of innovation models and the types of resources available in these territories. For firms in rural regions, knowledge acquisition and dissemination seldom take place through collaboration with universities and research institutes, but rather with other types of organizations and firms. The supply of nature- and culture-based amenities seems relatively more important in explaining new firm formation in rural regions, compared to urban regions. The chapter also presents an overview on the key concepts discussed in this book.
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| 24. |
- Torre, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Smart development for rural areas
- 2021
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thought-provoking book questions the framework of the Horizon 2020 strategy and the policies of smart development. It aims to answer the following question: Is there any possibility for a policy of smart development and smart specialization in rural and peri-urban areas? Based on detailed analytical studies, empirical and econometric methods, as well as various European case studies, several conclusions are drawn. Smart development policies are well adapted to the developed or intermediate regions containing at the same time rural and urban areas, but do not really function for the more rural or more peripheral regions. The development policies of rural areas must be adapted to their particular characteristics, to the structure of their economies (agriculture, small firms), as well as in their diversity (distant regions, intermediate regions, rural areas near the urban areas). It appears interesting to exploit natural and cultural amenities, to develop the multifunctional character of the agriculture, to promote territorial innovation under all its forms, to favor the synergies between the various uses of land and space, and to develop the knowledge on the ecological, socioeconomic processes, as well as on the mechanisms of territorial governance. These results are very important because they question the validity of the H2020 policy and the smart development and smart specialization policies and their applicability to the whole European area, and not only for the most urban and rich areas. It will be valuable reading for students, researchers and policy-makers in regional development, rural studies, spatial planning and economic geography.
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| 25. |
- Westlund, Hans, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
-
Agriculture's transformation and land-use change in a post-urban world : A case study of the Stockholm region
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 93, s. 345-358
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to address the hypotheses of complete urbanization and the post urban world with an emphasis on the agricultural sector. The paper studies spatial and temporal changes in land-use and agricultural activities in one rapidly growing metropolitan region, the Stockholm region. We explore the number and size of agricultural firms, changes in their main activity and trends of diversification and land prices for various types of land and location, all in a disaggregated spatial dimension. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of agriculture's function in metropolitan regions and shed new light on the possibilities of the agricultural sector to transform in a world where the traditional urban-rural relations are ceasing to exist.
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| 26. |
- Westlund, Hans, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
-
Case studies on innovation and entrepreneurship in rural areas from Sweden : Jönköping County and Jämtland County
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Smart Development for Rural Areas. - Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Regions and cities ; 143 : Taylor and Francis. - 9781000066999 - 9780367374792 ; , s. 134-152
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter aims to contribute to the research on innovation, entrepreneurship and their determinants by investigating these issues in two Swedish regions - Jonkoping County and Jamtland. Jonkoping County is representative for a rural and peri-urban area, with a central location in Sweden. Firm innovativeness is an important dimension of entrepreneurship and is regarded as playing a vital role for firm growth, including for firms located in rural areas. The ability of firms to renew themselves is becoming increasingly important from the perspective of firm survival and growth. The county has a strong entrepreneurial and small firm tradition in the manufacturing sector. The town of Gnosjo is famous for its “entrepreneurial spirit” and flexible small firms that both compete and cooperate. The county has a strong entrepreneurial and small firm tradition in manufacturing. Interesting regional differences emerge when looking at the factors that can facilitate innovation, i.e. firm size and human capital characteristics.
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| 27. |
- Westlund, Hans, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
-
Local Social Capital and Regional Development
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Regional Science. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Nature. ; , s. 721-735
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, we review the advances of recent decades in the field of local social capital research. We conceive of social capital as a multidimensional and ubiquitous concept. This “capital” may be embodied in people, firms, governments, and in civil society. It may be studied as a stock (networks) or flow (network transactions), and it may be good or bad in a normative sense. We review and take stock of the literature and trace out the role of social capital in regional development and its relations to national and regional institutions. We further discuss implications for empirical applications and how social capital is a context-dependent phenomenon that bedevils one-size-fits-all measurement. We conclude that data derived from different forms of social media provide a particularly fruitful avenue for the analysis of social capital and its effects in the twenty-first century.
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| 28. |
- Westlund, Hans, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
-
Rural problems, policies and possibilities in a post-urban world
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Regional Science Policy & Practice. - : Wiley. - 1757-7802. ; 15:4, s. 717-728
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a historical overview of spatial networks and mobility, and the development of spatial theory, this review discusses current rural problems in Europe and the need for a new rural policy. The development toward a post-urban world, that is, a world where the traditional urban–rural dichotomy is dissolving and is replaced by city-regions and vast, declining peripheries, means a division of rural areas into two types: those becoming integrated into the growing city-regions and the peripheries, where exploitation of natural resources is a main activity. We claim that a policy that only focuses on rural areas would fail. The reason is that endogenous rural development is simply not possible in current Europe. What is required is better urban–rural development policies oriented towards maximizing the development potential of each region, combining people-based with place-based approaches, and empowering local stakeholders to take greater control of their future. Regional science has an important role to play in providing decision-makers with evidence-based research that meets the challenges of the post-urban world.
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| 29. |
- Westlund, Hans, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Socio-Economic Cost of Wind Turbines : A Swedish Case Study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:12, s. 6892-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expansion of wind turbines plays a significant role in developing the ability of a country like Sweden to achieve climate-neutral energy production without relying on nuclear power plants. Wind-turbine energy production is expected to grow in the coming decades. Conflicts may arise between, on the one hand, the government and the energy authority, and, on the other hand, municipalities and property owners, especially if this expansion affects other economic activities, such as tourism and reindeer husbandry, or property values. This report aims to analyse the negative capitalization of wind turbines on property values in Sweden over the last ten years. Our conclusions clearly show a relatively significant capitalization and that this capitalization is relatively local, within eight kilometers of the wind power plant. Large wind turbines, or larger clusters of wind turbines in wind farms, impose a greater socio-economic cost on lower value properties.
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| 30. |
- Wixe, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
On smart business in rural areas : Entrepreneurship, innovation and their determinants
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Smart Development for Rural Areas. - Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Regions and cities ; 143 : Informa UK Limited. - 9781000066999 - 9780367374792 ; , s. 31-50
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability of firms and regions to renew themselves is becoming increasingly important from the perspective of survival and competitiveness. Renewal, technological change, or innovation is also commonly perceived as the main driver of economic growth, which implies that innovation is important from both a micro- and a macro perspective. Following Schumpeter, innovation should be regarded as a broad concept that incorporates not only new products, but also e.g. new production processes and new ways of doing business. This chapter focuses on the determinants of entrepreneurship and innovation in rural regions. The specific determinants for innovation and entrepreneurship can be broadly defined in three groups; knowledge, diversity and amenities. External knowledge in terms of collaboration with other firms and access to a diverse, but related, knowledge base provides potential determinants for innovation, as well as entrepreneurship.
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| 31. |
- Wixe, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
The role of collaboration and external knowledge for innovation in small food firms
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Nature. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we use unique purpose-built survey data to show that small food firms are more innovative when externally engaged. To capture this, we apply a broad classification of innovative activities, including new products, processes, markets, organization, and distribution channels, and examine them against types of external interactions. The analysis, an ordered logit estimation, controls for heterogeneity across firms as well as geographic conditions. The results demonstrate a positive relationship between external interaction and firm innovation, though there are differences across types of external engagement and innovation activities. Product innovation benefits from knowledge from extra-regional firms, while several of the other forms of innovation show a positive relationship with support from regional and municipality boards. Additionally, firm collaboration regarding transports and sales enhances most types of innovation, but there are few relationships of benefit with research-intensive organizations. We conclude that, to be effective, innovation strategies of both the firms themselves and policymakers need to consider local context, access to intra- and extra-regional knowledge sources, and what types of innovation activities the firms are engaged in.
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| 32. |
- Xiong, Ailun, et al.
(författare)
-
Queen Bees : How Is Female Managers' Happiness Determined?
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to study the determinants of subjective happiness among working females with a focus on female managers. Drawn on a large social survey data set (N = 10470) in China, this paper constructs gender development index at sub-national levels to study how institutional settings are related to female managers' happiness. We find that female managers report higher levels of happiness than non-managerial employees. However, the promoting effect is contingent on individual characteristics and social-economic settings. The full sample regression suggests that female managers behaving in a masculine way generally report a high level of happiness. Meanwhile, female managers who refuse to support gender equality report low happiness levels. Sub-sample analysis reveals that these causalities are conditioned on regional culture. Masculine behavior and gender role orientation significantly predict subjective happiness only in gender-egalitarian regions. This study is one of the first to consider both internal (individual traits) and external (social-economic environment) factors when investigating how female managers' happiness is impacted. Also, this study challenges the traditional wisdom on the relationship between female managers' job satisfaction and work-home conflict. This study extends the literature by investigating the impacts of female managers' masculine behavior on their happiness. This study is useful for promoting female managers' leadership effectiveness and happiness.
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| 33. |
- Xiong, A., et al.
(författare)
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Will female managers support gender equality? : The study of “Queen Bee” syndrome in China
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Asian journal of social psychology (Print). - : Wiley. - 1367-2223 .- 1467-839X. ; 25:3, s. 544-555
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research aimed to study queen bee syndrome in China. Results from a nationwide survey (Chinese General Social Survey) revealed that female managers are less likely to defend the existing gender hierarchy. We also found that female managers are analogous to men in many other aspects, such as hobbies and values. Female managers adopt a mixed strategy to deal with social identity threats. Individual characteristics, such as educational attainments and the speed of career development, are significant predictors of queen bee traits. The results refute the claim that queen bees syndrome is common in the workplace. It is also important to note that different dimensions of queen bee syndrome are not always interrelated.
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| 34. |
- Xu, Miao
(författare)
-
Developer-led new eco-cities in China - identification, assessment and solution of environmental issues in planning
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the course of China’s rapid urbanization and in the context of the country’s legalization of “ecological civilization”, “ecology” has become a basic requirement of the Chinese government for all new city construction. With the policy guidance of Chinese ministries being to support eco-cities, new eco-cities are flourishing in China. However, there is also growing concern about the environmental problems that have been revealed in China’s new eco-cities. In particular, new eco-cities led by private enterprises have been affected by environmental issues due to their own resource constraints, which have even led to engineering accidents and economic losses. The thesis selects the research question to be “how environmental issues are identified and assessed in the initial stage of planning and how stakeholders collaborate in addressing environmental impacts in new eco-cities managed by developers”. The thesis takes the following approach: Identifying problems in practice – Finding gaps in theory – Defining a research aim – Setting a theoretical framework – Conducting empirical research – Solving the problem. By comparing the practice of already completed new eco-cities with that of China’s new eco-cities, the environmental challenges faced by China’s new eco-cities when led by private companies are identified. The thesis then reviews a large number of theoretical and practical studies related to such environmental challenges faced by China’s new eco-cities. Decision theory and social capital theory are used as the theoretical framework to propose an ideal model to guide the actions of China’s new eco-cities led by private companies in addressing environmental problems in the initial stages of planning. A specially developed Ecological Safety Assessment Form (ESAF) is applied to identify and assess the environmental issues of the new eco-cities. The ideal model is modified by comparing the actions of stakeholders in addressing environmental problems in practice with the ideal model in theory. The research aims to develop a working approach that can help private companies building new eco-cities in China to identify, assess and address environmental problems in the initial stages of planning, as well as to assist stakeholders in achieving collaboration in addressing these problems. The ambition is that this approach can be applied in practice. The empirical study takes the new eco-cities of the developer company China Fortune Land Development (CFLD) as the research objects. Field interviews and participant observations are used to address the environmental problems previously and currently faced by new cities. The ESAF was summarized and developed by document study. A transdisciplinary participatory action research (TPAR) approach was used to test the application of the ESAF in CFLD’s new cities and collaboration of various stakeholders in addressing environmental problems. The findings of the study are then discussed. The main delineations and limitations of the thesis are systematically reviewed. Directions and focal points of future research work are also proposed. Keywords: new eco-cities, deision theory, social capital theory, PPP, environmental problems, initial planning stages, collaboration
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| 35. |
- Zhang, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Report from a Chinese village 2019 : Rural homestead transfer and rural vitalization
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:20, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the economic transition and changes in the urban–rural relationships, rural revitalization has become a great political concern in China. Reforming the rural land system is considered an important prerequisite for the revitalization of the countryside as the homestead transfer can provide new land utilization space for industries. This case study of the “hollow village” (villages with abandoned houses) reconstruction of Wantang in Yiwu city, which is a homestead system reforming pilot, aims at making a detailed analysis of the specific practice of homestead transfer. It analyzes the roles and functions of the local village collective organization in the reform of homestead transfer. From the capitalization on homestead value, the effect of densification of housing, and the effect of labor resource diversification of homestead transfer, this paper analyzes how the village collective uses the policy of the “hollow village reconstruction” to realize rural revitalization and farmers’ welfare. A conclusion is that the village collective’s leadership and mobilization played an indispensable role in the process of homestead system reform. Building up industry is the key factor for the village’s revitalization. It is significant not only for the use of the homestead resource but also for creating off-farm employment. Our findings also emphasize the need for bottom-up village collective initiatives to align with top-down government policy, regional resource endowments and enterprises, to achieve rural revitalization.
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