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- Hillmer, AM, et al.
(author)
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Comprehensive long-span paired-end-tag mapping reveals characteristic patterns of structural variations in epithelial cancer genomes
- 2011
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In: Genome research. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. - 1549-5469 .- 1088-9051. ; 21:5, s. 665-675
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Somatic genome rearrangements are thought to play important roles in cancer development. We optimized a long-span paired-end-tag (PET) sequencing approach using 10-Kb genomic DNA inserts to study human genome structural variations (SVs). The use of a 10-Kb insert size allows the identification of breakpoints within repetitive or homology-containing regions of a few kilobases in size and results in a higher physical coverage compared with small insert libraries with the same sequencing effort. We have applied this approach to comprehensively characterize the SVs of 15 cancer and two noncancer genomes and used a filtering approach to strongly enrich for somatic SVs in the cancer genomes. Our analyses revealed that most inversions, deletions, and insertions are germ-line SVs, whereas tandem duplications, unpaired inversions, interchromosomal translocations, and complex rearrangements are over-represented among somatic rearrangements in cancer genomes. We demonstrate that the quantitative and connective nature of DNA–PET data is precise in delineating the genealogy of complex rearrangement events, we observe signatures that are compatible with breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, and we discover that large duplications are among the initial rearrangements that trigger genome instability for extensive amplification in epithelial cancers.
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- Zhang, Luying, et al.
(author)
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Balancing the funds in the New Cooperative Medical Scheme in rural China : determinants and influencing factors in two provinces
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Health Planning and Management. - 0749-6753 .- 1099-1751. ; 25:2, s. 96-118
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, the central government in China has been leading the re-establishment of itsrural health insurance system, but local government institutions have considerable flexibility inthe specific design and management of schemes. Maintaining a reasonable balance of funds iscritical to ensure that the schemes are sustainable and effective in offering financial protectionto members. This paper explores the financial management of the NCMS in China through acase study of the balance of funds and the factors influencing this, in six counties in twoChinese provinces. The main data source is NCMS management data from each county from2003 to 2005, supplemented by: a household questionnaire survey, qualitative interviews andfocus group discussions with all local stakeholders and policy document analysis. The studyfound that five out of six counties held a large fund surplus, whilst enrolees obtained onlypartial financial protection. However, in one county greater risk pooling for enrolees wasaccompanied by relatively high utilisation levels, resulting in a fund deficit. The opportunitiesto sustainably increase the financial protection offered to NCMS enrolees are limited by thefinancial pressures on local government, specific political incentives and low technicalcapacities at the county level and below. Our analysis suggests that in the short term, effortsshould be made to improve the management of the current NCMS design, which shouldbe supported through capacity building for NCMS offices. However, further medium-terminitiatives may be required including changes to the design of the schemes.
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- Zheng, XY, et al.
(author)
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Kainic acid-induced neurodegenerative model: potentials and limitations
- 2011
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In: Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1110-7251 .- 1110-7243. ; 2011, s. 457079-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Excitotoxicity is considered to be an important mechanism involved in various neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism by which excitotoxicity is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders remains unclear. Kainic acid (KA) is an epileptogenic and neuroexcitotoxic agent by acting on specific kainate receptors (KARs) in the CNS. KA has been extensively used as a specific agonist for ionotrophic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), for example, KARs, to mimic glutamate excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative models as well as to distinguish other iGluRs such asα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Given the current knowledge of excitotoxicity in neurodegeneration, interventions targeted at modulating excitotoxicity are promising in terms of dealing with neurodegenerative disorders. This paper summarizes the up-to-date knowledge of neurodegenerative studies based on KA-induced animal model, with emphasis on its potentials and limitations.
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