| 1. |
- Ávila-Zúñiga Nordfjeld, Adriana, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Proposing a Mathematical Dynamic Model to Develop a National Maritime Security Assessment and Build a National Maritime Security Plan
- 2023
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In: Journal of Maritime Research. - : Universidad de Cantabria. - 1697-4840 .- 1697-9133. ; 20:3, s. 123-132
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A proper assessment of maritime security risks at the national level is crucial to a national maritime security plan (NMSP) in order to secure the concerned country’s ports, vessels and territorial sea. Thus, the importance of implementing a national maritime security assessment (NMSA) to counter security threats and ensure the continuity of national and international trade. The most important set of international regulations concerning maritime security is the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which includes revision, approval and control of compliance of the Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP), which shall be based upon the Port Facility Security Assessment (PFSA). This paper proposes a mathematical dynamic model that calculates in real time the residual risk for the whole country and each of its ports by adapting and expanding the formula and procedures established in the Code, which since it has already been implemented around the world, gives the opportunity to take advantage of this quantitative solution to administrate maritime security risks on a nation-wide basis and create an effective national maritime security plan, which would allow the concerned authorities to improve situational awareness and adapt to security changes through a better planning of human, economic and material resources to deter security threats. The model was tested with the use of five encoded categories as countries, each of them with three ports, which encompassed three port facilities. The results indicate that this methodology is easy to implement and widespread use of that model could strength robustness in national security.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Stamatakis, Nikolaos, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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An Analysis of Emotional and Psychological Issues among Males at the Correctional Institution in St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- 2021
-
In: Criminology and Post-Mortem Studies - Analyzing Criminal Behaviour and Making Medical Decisions. - London : INTECH. - 9781839627750 - 9781839627736 ; , s. 1-27
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent findings suggest that emotional instability and psychological disorder rate in prison is three times higher than in the general population. Prisoners – especially males – are also at increased risk of all-cause victimization including violence and self-harm. This research sought to identify and analyze the emotions that incarcerated males at the Correctional Institutions in St. Vincent and the Grenadines have had and or were encountering, as well as the manner these emotions were being dealt with. It also sets out to ascertain some of the factors that were playing prominent roles in the lives of incarcerated males regarding those emotions. Up to date, there has been no research work done on males and their emotions in St. Vincent and the Grenadines nor any study regarding inmates in the correctional institution. The administration of a short questionnaire formed the quantitative collection instrument, which provided data from 150 inmates. The data analysis was performed via SPSS, and the findings point to a cross-section of relational factors that are relevant to males and their emotions (namely, abuse, crying, bonds, and suicidal thoughts). It was found that males are struggling emotionally with understanding their identity and are inadvertently pressured to adhere to societal directives by restricting their emotional expression.
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| 4. |
- Stamatakis, Nikolaos, 1980-
(author)
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Domestic Violence, Law Enforcement, and Traditional Practices in Fiji Islands : A Comprehensive Examination
- 2024
-
In: Global Trends in Law Enforcement - Theory and Practice. - London, UK : INTECH.
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Domestic violence is a pervasive global issue that transcends geographical, cultural, and socioeconomic boundaries. In the Fiji Islands, domestic violence is a multifaceted problem deeply rooted in cultural traditions, socio-economic factors, and historical influences. This comprehensive essay explores the intricate relationship between domestic violence, law enforcement, and traditional practices in Fiji. It delves into the prevalence of domestic violence, the role of law enforcement, the influence of cultural traditions, and the complexities involved in combating this issue. By examining the cultural and historical context of Fiji, as well as the legal framework in place, support services, and collaborative efforts with traditional practices, this essay seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interplay of these factors in addressing domestic violence in the Fiji Islands.
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| 5. |
- Stamatakis, Nikolaos, 1980-
(author)
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Impact of Religion on Restorative Justice among Female Offenders in Trinidad and Tobago
- 2022
-
In: New Insights Into Emotional Intelligence. - London, UK : INTECH. - 9781803559865 ; , s. 1-19
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although restorative justice in its variety of practices has garnered considerable academic attention, there remains a gap in the research on the interrelationships between restorative justice, religion and imprisonment, especially among women. This article examines the links between restorative justice and religion in a female custodial setting. Exploratory research conducted in Trinidad and Tobago has tested the hypothesis that religion plays a role in the implementation of restorative justice in prisons in that religious inmates are more likely to have encounters with and/or apologise to their victims and perform reparative activities. However, the present empirical findings do not support this claim.
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| 6. |
- Stamatakis, Nikolaos, 1980-
(author)
-
“Is Restorative Justice Greek to Me?” : Exploring Its Applicability in Greek Youth Detention Centres
- 2021
-
In: European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. - : Brill. - 0928-9569 .- 1571-8174. ; 29:3-4, s. 264-289
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Justice systems around the world are constantly working to balance reform/rehabilitation/re-entry and punishment in response to juvenile delinquency. In recent years, there has been a strong emphasis on the notion of restorative justice as an alternative approach to criminal justice, yet there continues to be a dearth of information on the interrelation between restorative justice, religion and imprisonment, especially among youth. The present research seeks to explore the applicability and possible future implementation of restorative justice programmes for late adolescent and young adult male offenders (18–21 years old) held in the Special Detention Institutions of Greece. It also aims to identify any links between restorative justice and religion in youth custodial settings among the large migrant population hosted in these institutions. A self-administered quantitative study was distributed to achieve this aim. The data analysis provided no statistically significant relationships between the inmates’ willingness to meet with their actual/surrogate victims and ask for forgiveness/restore relationships with them. Equally insignificant was found the inmates’ eagerness to get involved in restorative mediation with their capacity to acknowledge the harm that their illegal actions inflicted on others, and to make amends.
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| 7. |
- Lenninger, Sara M.
(author)
-
Narratives and the semiotic freedom of children
- 2021
-
In: Sign System Studies. - 1406-4243 .- 1736-7409. ; 49:1, s. 216-234
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Both adults’ habits-of-thought and their understanding of children’s stories shape how adults interpret children’s participation in conversations. In the light of the requests on children’s rights that follow from the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) this paper stresses the relevance of authorities having semiotically informed knowledge on children’s meaning-making within conversations with adults. In Article 12, the CRC stipulates the right of children to participate in and to be heard about decisions that affect their everyday lives. According to the same Article, however, these rights can be restrained, based on the authority’s judgements of the child’s age and maturity. Sociological studies have highlighted the importance of adopting the child’s perspective in judging matters that concern her. The present paper further suggests that narrow conceptualization of the sign can help one to observe different levels of meaning in adults’ and children’s conversations better. Although Paul Ricoeur did not investigate children’s narratives per se, his theory of narratives and narrativity offers a phenomenological approach to development that allows for better theoretical discriminations of narrative as a semiotic resource, and can thus assist adults in truly listening to children.
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| 8. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
-
Towards a Socio-Legal Robotics: A Theoretical Framework on Norms and Adaptive Technologies
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Social Robotics. - : Springer. - 1875-4805 .- 1875-4791. ; , s. 1-14
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While recent progress has been made in several fields of data-intense AI-research, many applications have been shown to be prone to unintendedly reproduce social biases, sexism and stereotyping, including but not exclusive to gender. As more of these design-based, algorithmic or machine learning methodologies, here called adaptive technologies, become embedded in robotics, we see a need for a developed understanding of what role social norms play in social robotics, particularly with regards to fairness. To this end, we i) we propose a framework for a socio-legal robotics, primarily drawn from Sociology of Law and Gender Studies. This is then ii) related to already established notions of acceptability and personalisation in social robotics, here with a particular focus on iii) the interplay between adaptive technologies and social norms. In theorising this interplay for social robotics, we look not only to current statuses of social robots, but draw from identified AI-methods that can be seen to influence robotics in the near future. This theoretical framework, we argue, can help us point to concerns of relevance for questions of fairness in human-robot interaction.
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| 9. |
- Tanqueray, Laetitia, et al.
(author)
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Gender Fairness in Social Robotics : Exploring a Future Care of Peripartum Depression
- 2022
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In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction : Alt.HRI - Our Robotics Futures: A Time Capsule - Alt.HRI - Our Robotics Futures: A Time Capsule. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538685549 ; , s. 598-607, s. 598-607
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the possibility of socially assistive robots (SARs) supporting diagnostic screening for peripartum depression (PPD) within the next five years. Through a HRI/socio-legal collaboration, we explore the gender norms within PPD in Sweden, to inform a gender-sensitive approach to designing SARs in such a setting, as well as governance implications. This is achieved through conducting expert interviews and qualitatively analysing the data. Based on the results, we conclude that a gender-sensitive approach is a necessity in relation to the design and governance of SARs for PPD screening.
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| 10. |
- Tanqueray, Laetitia, et al.
(author)
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What Norms Are Social Robots Reflecting? A Socio-Legal Exploration on HRI Developers
- 2023
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In: Social Robots in Social Institutions : Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2022 - Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2022. - 9781643683751 - 9781643683744 ; 366, s. 305-314
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By relying on theory from sociology of law and data feminism, this study showcases the norms guiding development in human-robot interaction. This qualitative study consists of an ethnography of the HRI conference 2021 and expert interviews which were merged and analysed using an ethnographic content analysis method on NVivo. The socio-legal data feminist lens enables to pinpoint the lack of clear legal involvement, the reliance on the HRI community to develop, and the normative impact this has on the overall development of social robots. This study not only aims to showcase the vital role of HRI developers, but also the need for more critical scholars in this area.
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| 11. |
- Selberg, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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Sweden
- 2020
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Reports (other academic/artistic)
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| 12. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969, et al.
(author)
-
Governmental Surveillance - The balance between security and privacy
- 2020
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In: UK Academy for Information Systems Conference Proceedings 2020.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increased digitalisation of society and recent developments in AI is laying the ground for surveillance capabilities of a magnitude we have not seen before. Surveillance can be conducted by several different actors in society, this project focuses on the Swedish police currently using a large ensemble of surveillance technologies. Earlier this year, significant legislative changes governing the police authorities use of digital surveillance were enacted. These changes mean that the police now have been given an extended mandate to use digital surveillance as part of their professional practice, which places demands on balanced decisions and informed responsibility. On the one hand, the police have an interest to use digital surveillance to increase efficiency and security in society; on the other hand, the police must balance their interests with citizen’s so-called integrity-interests and right to privacy. This study will therefore examine to what extent the Swedish Police Authority pay attention to questions such as integrity and privacy when introducing digital surveillance. The study is guided by the following questions: (i) What opportunities can be related to the implementation and use of digital surveillance in police work? (ii) What kind of challenges do the increasing use of digital surveillance create between organisational governance, police officers’ work practice, and the integrity of citizens - and how do the police tackle these challenges? Theoretically, we draw on the established research fields on surveillance and privacy and empirically this study is designed as a qualitative study of the Swedish Police as our main case.
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| 13. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
-
AI i offentlig sektor : Från etiska riktlinjer till lagstiftning
- 2022
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In: De Lege årsbok 2021 : Law, AI & Digitalization - Law, AI & Digitalization. - 1102-3317. - 9789177371670 ; 2021, s. 467-495
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Användningen av artificiell intelligens (AI), det vill säga en rad primärt databeroende metoder och teknologier för bland annat prediktion och automation, tycks bidra till en omvälvande period i den offentliga förvaltningen. Detta skifte föranleder ett styrningsbehov, ofta kopplat till tillitsfrågor, vilket i en internationell kontext inte minst syns i en stor mängd etiska riktlinjer och principiella dokument som publicerats under de senaste få åren. Styrningen befinner sig därmed i en formativ period, vilket inte minst tydliggörs i och med EU-kommissionens förslag på den förordning om harmoniserade regler för AI (rättsakt om AI) som publicerades i april 2021. I detta kapitel belyser vi denna styrningsutveckling i sig, visar på dess mest centrala delar, samt analyserar den svenska offentliga AI-användningen i dess ljus.
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| 14. |
- Parsa, Amin, 1985-
(author)
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Targeting in International Law : Counterinsurgency and the Legal Materiality of the Principle of Distinction
- 2023
-
Book (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This book is about how distinctions are drawn between civilians and combatants in modern warfare and how the legal principle of distinction depends on the technical means through which combatants make themselves visibly distinguishable from civilians.The author demonstrates that technologies of visualisation have always been part of the operation of the principle of distinction, arguing that the military uniform sustained the legal categories of civilian and combatant and actively set the boundaries of permissible and prohibited targeting, and so legal and illegal killing. Drawing upon insights from the theory of legal materiality, visual studies, critical fashion studies, and a dozen of military manuals he shows that far from being passive objects of regulation, these technologies help to draw the boundaries of the legitimate target.With its attention to the co-productive relationship between law, technologies of visualisation and legitimation of violence, this book will be relevant to a large community of researchers in international law, international relations, critical military studies, contemporary counterinsurgency operations and the sociology of law. © 2024 Amin Parsa.
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| 15. |
- Sköld, Johanna, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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När välfärdssamhället gör fel : De vanvårdade och upprättelsens gränser
- 2021
-
In: Arbetarhistoria. - Huddinge, Sweden : Arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek. - 0281-7446. ; 179-180:3-4, s. 92-101
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This article addresses the Swedish state’s process to provide redress for historical abuse in out-of-home care. The aim is to illuminate how the current state’s responsibility for past child abuse is negotiated in such processes. In Sweden, a temporary financial redress scheme was in effect 2013-16, which compensated fewer than every second applicant. The article demonstrates that the political ambition to recognize symbolically and acknowledge the victims’ suffering and the past society's betrayal of them resulted in unintended consequences when translated into a legal bureaucratic process. The logic of a court assessment is based not on recognition but on establishing legal liability. In the end, redress came to focus on what the state could be deemed responsible for in the past and how modern legal principles could be harmonized with a compensation scheme designed to compensate those for wrongdoings which cannot be redressed by current tort law.
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| 16. |
- Gunnarsson, Åsa, 1958-, et al.
(author)
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Sweden: From proactive policies to anti-discrimination law
- 2023
-
In: Nordic Equality and Anti-Discrimination Laws in the Throes of Change Legal developments in Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Iceland. - London : Routledge. - 9781032001258 - 9781003172840
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A shift from politics to law, inefficient enforcement tools, and dislodgment from action to information as well as criticism of gender equality from various angles have all had an impact on the law’s ability to contribute to the achievement of gender equality in Sweden. It is not primarily through anti-discrimination legislation and litigation that gender equality has been achieved in Sweden, and such an approach will probably not be the main strategy in the future. Still, we have to continue to improve the protection provided to victims of individual discrimination and harassment. The Swedish case shows how the individual’s right to access to justice can be undermined in a context where state bodies – such as the Ombudsman – are given wide discretionary powers to promote equality as a collective public interest.
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| 17. |
- Hellum, Anne, et al.
(author)
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Introduction: Nordic equality and anti-discrimination laws in the throes of change
- 2023
-
In: Nordic Equality and Anti-Discrimination Laws in the Throes of Change Legal developments in Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Iceland. - London : Routledge. - 9781032001258 - 9781003172840
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This book provides insights into the drive to achieve substantive gender equality in four Nordic countries: Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. It draws a diverse and complex picture of the long, uneven, and unfinished process towards that goal. These countries’ systematic use of a combination of political and legal instruments has been described as the Nordic gender equality model. The overall aim of such an approach is to achieve substantive equality through a variety of measures that go beyond formal equality. Laws and policies on gender equality vary with the political, social and legal context in each of the Nordic countries, but the Nordic gender equality model may be understood as consisting of three key components. The first is an overarching gender equality policy. The second is welfare legislation that has an explicit or implicit impact on gender relations. The third component is what we refer to as ‘gender equality and anti-discrimination law regimes’: laws that prohibit gender discrimination and promote gender equality through proactive measures, in combination with low-threshold enforcement systems.
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| 18. |
- Ko Ko, Aung, et al.
(author)
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Beyond Federalism? : Inclusion, Citizenship, and Minorities Without Territory in Myanmar's Spring Revolution
- 2024
-
In: Journal of Contemporary Asia. - 0047-2336.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Myanmar’s unofficial minorities encompass diverse religious and ethnic groups excluded from Myanmar’s list of 135 officially recognised “national races.” They face exclusion due to their citizenship status as well as societal prejudices and entrenched discrimination against minority communities. Yet, debates over politics, federalism, and power-sharing in Myanmar primarily concern the relationship between the officially recognised ethnic minorities and the majority Bamar population. The Spring Revolution has opened the door to “rethink federalism,” suggesting that moving beyond historically entrenched binaries of unity or ethnonational federalism may be on the table. Understanding how unofficial minorities face discrimination and disenfranchisement as well as inclusion, is imperative in not only imagining a new political system following a successful Spring Revolution, but in expanding the revolutionary process. Yet, discussions related to minorities and diversity have centred on the pre-coup model of ethno-nationalist federalism as a post-revolution power-sharing arrangement. With minority rights tied to increased autonomy for minority-dominated territories, how do minorities without territory meaningfully participate in or benefit from the revolution? How can the recognition of Myanmar’s unofficial minorities – an estimated 10% of the population – be ensured? “Rethinking federalism” highlights relationships between territory, citizenship, and belonging in the Spring Revolution.
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| 19. |
- Skrinjar, Monica, et al.
(author)
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Underdogs, rebels, and heroes : Crime narratives as a resource for doing masculinity in autobiographies
- 2020
-
In: Sociologisk forskning. - Huddinge : Sociologisk Forskning, Swedish Sociological Association. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 57:3-4, s. 289-311
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article shows how autobiographies of famous, socially well-established men (re)produce hegemonic masculinity through narratives of offending; how masculine performance is age graded; and that masculinity constructions are accomplished both via what is said and what is not said. The autobiographies of the footballer Zlatan Ibrahimović, the former high jumper Patrik Sjöberg and Sweden’s most famous criminologist, Professor Leif G.W. Persson, are analysed. Common to all three is that they openly describe a variety of crimes they have committed. These three men are highly respected in Sweden and none of them is considered as “a criminal” in general opinion. This article shows that crime can be a resource for doing masculinity even for famous, successful and highly respected men. The crime narratives in these autobiographies tell us something about the culturally accepted representations of masculinity that may not just pass as possible, but even as desirable.
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| 20. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(author)
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Crime investigations of ‘child abuse material’ - Challenges and opportunities posed by digital technology
- 2020
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In: Proceedings of the Association of Internet Researchers, Dublin, Ireland.. - : University of Illinois Libraries.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increased digitalisation of society has profoundly changed the circumstances for people with a sexual interest in children to engage in the production, distribution and consumption of child abuse material. In addition, digital technologies enable contact and communication with other like-minded individuals sharing the same sexual interest in children and also facilitate new forms of getting in contact with children (potential victims). Child abuse material (sometimes also referred to as child pornography) refers to documented material depicting the sexual abuse and/or sexual exploitation of a child (or children). The overall purpose with this study is to explore the practices where crime investigations of child abuse material occur within the Swedish police authority. This research in progress paper will reflect on what challenges and opportunities police officers do encounter when investigating child abuse material in relation to digital technologies? The involved technology will be investigated in relation to technological affordance and empirically the study is based upon qualitative interviews with police officers.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Elsrud, Torun, et al.
(author)
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Asylarkivet
- 2022
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Detta arkiv innehåller en tematiserad sammanställning av forskningsdata som samlats in i intervjuer med personer som har egna erfarenheter av asylprocessen i Sverige, personer som har erfarenheter av asylkontexten genom sina yrken och personer ur civilsamhället som har engagerat sig på frivillig basis för att stödja människor i asylprocess. Materialet är hämtat från projektet Insamling av forskningsdata för granskning av lagstiftning, lagtillämpning och rättssäkerhet för människor som sökte asyl i Sverige under perioden 2015-2017. Det är ett 1-årigt så kallat akutprojekt finansierat av Formas (Forskningsrådet för miljö, areella näringar och samhällsbyggande). Akutprojekt av detta slag syftar till att samla in data och att sammanställa denna som underlag för senare vetenskaplig forskning.
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| 23. |
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Re-Imagining Sexual Harassment. Perspectives from the Nordic Region
- 2023
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Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The #MeToo movement sparked many debates and increased the demand for more problematised perspectives on the issue of sexual harassment. This book opens up new understandings of sexual harassment by bringing researchers, writers and policy makers in the Nordic region into dialogue within an ambitious volume. It asks what role juridical frameworks can and should play in prevention and raises questions about how the image of Nordic states – as gender equal, colour-blind and with strong welfare – affects the work against sexual harassment in the region. Re-imagining definitions of justice, violence, exploitation and work, this book offers knowledge of immediate importance for everyone working to prevent sexual harassment, through research, policy making or in everyday practice.
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| 24. |
- Gerell, Manne, et al.
(author)
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Open drug markets, vulnerable neighbourhoods and gun violence in two Swedish cities
- 2021
-
In: Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1833-5330 .- 2159-5364. ; 16:3, s. 223-244
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gun violence is a serious issue in many countries across the globe. It has been shown that there is an elevated risk for a further shooting nearby within a short time span of a shooting incident, so-called near-repeat patterning. The present study presents new evidence on near-repeat patterning in Sweden, with a focus on neighbourhoods which the police have labelled as ‘vulnerable’ – deprived neighbourhoods where criminal networks have a large impact on local communities. Such neighbourhoods tend to have open drug markets, and to have high levels of gun violence. The present paper analyses the association of open drug markets and vulnerable neighbourhoods with gun violence and near-repeat patterning of gun violence in two Swedish cities. Our findings suggest that gun violence is strongly concentrated on open drug markets in vulnerable neighbourhoods, and that those locations in addition exhibit high risks for repeat shootings after an initial shooting event. We propose that the police can use this knowledge to improve practices to prevent or disrupt gun violence.
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| 25. |
- Sivenbring, Jennie, 1975
(author)
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A European Guantanamo for Swedish children in Syria? A media analysis on the narrative of repatriation
- 2021
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In: Critical Studies on Terrorism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1753-9153 .- 1753-9161. ; 14:4, s. 536-554
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are around 50 Swedish children interned in Syrian refugee camps due to their parents’ affiliation with the Islamic State. Swedish authorities have a strict policy toward repatriating individuals who have joined the terrorist organisation. Therefore, these individuals, along with their young children, are left in these camps. This is noteworthy since the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has been enshrined Swedish law since 2020 with the purpose of strengthening children’s rights. In this article, media narratives concerning these children and the process of repatriation are explored in relation to the CRC. The findings suggest that the media narrative contributes to the representation of a “new kind of child” that is both in danger and dangerous, a narrative configuration that may affect the public’s way of reacting to their situation.
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| 26. |
- Andrighetto, Giulia, et al.
(author)
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Peer effects on compliance with extortive requests
- 2020
-
In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 15:4, s. 1-17
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We conduct laboratory experiments to study peer effects on compliance with extortive requests. To this aim, we use an “extortion game” with multiple victims. In agreement with our hypothesis, our results show that when the information on peers’ behavior is available, compliance with appropriative requests is triggered by conformism among victims rather than by punishment. Moreover, we find that extorted sums are rather small, requests are proportional to the victim’s earnings, similar across victims, and are significantly lower when the extorter self-selects into this role. Punishment is rare, but effective. Finally, our results indicate that fairness concerns matter even in a context of extra-legal taxation, shaping both extorters’ requests and victims’ compliance.
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| 27. |
- Bakketeig, Elisiv, et al.
(author)
-
Deliberating the conditions for implementing the Barnahus model : Knowledge drawn from an institutional analysis
- 2024
-
In: Justice and recovery for victimised children : Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models - Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models. - 9783031532320 - 9783031532337 ; , s. 249-277
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Referring to the PROMISE network’s European Barnahus quality standards, this concluding chapter further explores the institutional tensions identified in the previous chapters. Although these standards are important for securing the Barnahus model’s authenticity in the ongoing diffusion, they do not sufficiently address the possible tensions and dilemmas involved. We argue that if the Barnahus model is to reach its full potential, challenges must be identified in order to develop ways to solve them in relation to the various national systems where the model is implemented. Otherwise, the Barnahus model may not reach its full potential within different national contexts, since governments may use the model mainly as a symbol that something is being done instead of a source for more fundamental systemic changes.
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| 28. |
- Borrion, Hervé, et al.
(author)
-
The Problem with Crime Problem-Solving : Towards a Second Generation Pop?
- 2020
-
In: British Journal of Criminology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0955 .- 1464-3529. ; 60:1, s. 219-240
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In his 2018 Stockholm prize winner lecture, Goldstein highlighted the need for problem-oriented policing (POP) to be not only effective but also fair. Contributing to the development of POP, this study examines how a wider perspective on problem-solving generally, and scoping in particular, can be adopted to address some of the growing challenges in 21st century policing. We demonstrate that the concept of ‘problem’ was too narrowly defined and that, as a result, many problem-solving models found in criminology are ill-structured to minimize the negative side-effects of interventions and deliver broader benefits. Problem-solving concepts and models are compared across disciplines and recommendations are made to improve POP, drawing on examples in architecture, conservation science, industrial ecology and ethics.
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| 29. |
- Bose, Purabi
(author)
-
Equitable land-use policy? Indigenous peoples? resistance to mining-induced deforestation
- 2023
-
In: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 129
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- India's centralized mining of sub-soil minerals is rapidly changing the forested landscapes. This empirical research examines two interrelated questions: how do Indigenous Peoples perceive centralized mining affecting their traditional forest rights, and what are some of the community-led initiatives to address mining governance and forest policy? Two aspects of the rights-based approach on the extreme continuum - Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) and social movements - are used for analyzing three ethnographic case studies each from India's top three mining states, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha. The forested landscapes are inhabited by a million ethnically diverse Indigenous Peoples also known as Scheduled Tribes or Adivasis, often devoid of formal recognition. The Oraon, Pando, Paudi Bhuniya, and Munda Indigenous communities face the consequences of mining-induced deforestation on their livelihoods and are excluded from land-use decisions before and after extractions. The findings compare diverse forms of social movements seeking decentralized mining and community-based forest governance. Key recommendations from the Indigenous communities for inclusive forest and land-use policy are illuminated in the conclusion.
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| 30. |
- Casey, Donal, 1984-
(author)
-
The Role and Influence of Test Houses in Gambling Regulation and Markets
- 2022
-
In: The Global Gambling Industry. - Wiesbaden : Springer Gabler. - 9783658356347 - 9783658356354 ; , s. 165-178
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter contributes to our understanding of the global gambling industry by shedding light on test houses, a central but largely hidden actor in gambling markets. Test houses are conformity assessment bodies that test, inspect and certify online gambling operators’ software and security management systems against technical standards and security requirements developed by regulators and international standard setting organisations. Situated between regulators and gambling operators, test houses are the central regulatory intermediary in this politically contested policy area.I argue that we must be attentive to the crucial role and position of test houses in gambling regulation and markets if we are to understand not only the structure of gambling markets and regulation, but also how relationships of dependence create networks of influence within markets and regulation. Gambling regulators, operators and software suppliers are reliant upon test houses in all aspects of the regulatory process. In turn, test houses are both central to the functioning of gambling market and commercially reliant upon gambling markets. I contend that these relationships of dependence raise questions about regulatory capture and independence, which can affect the extent to which regulation promotes public rather than private interests.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Elmi, Nimmo Osman, 1982-
(author)
-
Digitalising Tax, The Kenyan Way : The Travels and Translations of ITax in Kenya
- 2021
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Kenya, as with other developing countries, has joined the global bandwagon of using digital technologies to increase domestic revenues. Within the new strategies, lie great potential in achieving sustainable development, however, the shift is happening quite rapidly and has been made mandatory within a short period of time. The implications of this shift have prompted this research to analyse how it has shaped tax practices in Kenya. This study addresses the implementation strategies of an e-filings system, ITax in Kenya that was piloted, adopted and made mandatory in a short period of time. ITax as demonstrated in this dissertation has led to complexities including shifting tax expertise from tax consultants to information and communication technology (ICT) experts. I analyse what is at stake for all actors involved from those who commission its use to the taxpayers. I also ana-lyse whether Kenya was prepared economically or infrastructurally for this shift. The outset for this dissertation is models like ITax interface with the different interests of social/institutional worlds as it travels and gets translated generating complex and unintended effects. This study therefore combines postcolonial and technoscientific approaches in order to understand how the current implementation of ITax is connected to colonial development and fiscal rationale. Methodologically, this dissertation contributes to the socio-cultural perspectives to studying tax.
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| 33. |
- Felländer, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Achieving a Data‐Driven Risk Assessment Methodology for Ethical AI
- 2022
-
In: Digital Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2731-4669 .- 2731-4650. ; 1:2, s. 1-27
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The AI landscape demands a broad set of legal, ethical, and societal considerations to be accounted for in order to develop ethical AI (eAI) solutions which sustain human values and rights. Currently, a variety of guidelines and a handful of niche tools exist to account for and tackle individual challenges. However, it is also well established that many organizations face practical challenges in navigating these considerations from a risk management perspective within AI governance. Therefore, new methodologies are needed to provide a well-vetted and real-world applicable structure and path through the checks and balances needed for ethically assessing and guiding the development of AI. In this paper, we show that a multidisciplinary research approach, spanning cross-sectional viewpoints, is the foundation of a pragmatic definition of ethical and societal risks faced by organizations using AI. Equally important are the findings of cross-structural governance for implementing eAI successfully. Based on evidence acquired from our multidisciplinary research investigation, we propose a novel data-driven risk assessment methodology, entitled DRESS-eAI. In addition, through the evaluation of our methodological implementation, we demonstrate its state-of-the-art relevance as a tool for sustaining human values in the data-driven AI era.
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| 34. |
- Fischer, Anke
(author)
-
Who decides? The governance of rewilding in Scotland ‘between the cracks’: Community participation, public engagement, and partnerships
- 2023
-
In: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 98, s. 80-91
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rewilding is a conservation approach which seeks to restore natural processes and ecosystem functionality. However, it also has a strong social dimension, characterised by a recently increasing emphasis on the place of people in rewilding. The role of local communities and the need for public engagement have become a specific concern for many contemporary rewilding efforts. Research on the role of participation in rewilding is however lacking, with rewilding governance in general being under-explored. Our examination of understandings and practices of rewilding governance, through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in Scotland, illustrated a range of conceptualisations and approaches. It became apparent that governance and participatory practices were very variable and selective, highlighting an interaction between land ownership and degrees of empowerment which underpinned rewilding activity and decision-making. Approaches ranged from relatively ubiquitous advocacy for public engagement with a pre-prescribed rewilding agenda, through the circumscribed participation of defined communities (mainly of interest) in specific activities, to much more involved and empowering but self-selecting partnerships (with other landowners) to achieve impact at scale. Key challenges to more participatory approaches in rewilding identified included: i) a strong conservation imperative; ii) concentrated ownership, and power and control over land; and iii) emerging ideas about the public interest. These influenced perceptions about the value, and the practice of greater representation in rewilding decisions, ultimately bounding and limiting the participation of communities and the public.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Grecksch, Kevin, et al.
(author)
-
Drought and Water Scarcity Management Policy in England and Wales – Current Failings and the Potential of Civic Innovation
- 2021
-
In: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-665X. ; 9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drought management in England and Wales takes place in a narrow, confined governance space. Assessed against current literature on drought management, England and Wales show little innovativeness and little actual willingness to change. We ask how drought and water scarcity management is currently done, who is involved (or not) and, foremost, what are the current problems and deficiencies with current English and Welsh drought and water scarcity management that require attention. We are also interested in the question of what can be done to improve drought and water scarcity management in England and Wales. This research therefore explores how we can create a continuous relationship between the different actors contributing different levels of knowledge and we plead to widen the drought governance space in order to face the current and future water governance challenges. First, we present an empirically based critique of current drought and water scarcity management in England and Wales, highlighting the contrast between available drought and water scarcity management options and what is currently applied in England and Wales. Second, we present and introduce Environmental Competency Groups, a methodology aiming to bring local residents’ experience-based knowledge of water management in relation to particular catchments to bear on the generation of scientific knowledge. It has been successfully trialed in relation to both droughts and flooding in England and Wales. We argue that this is a successful way to bring together people with different perspectives and knowledge in order to overcome the deficiencies of current drought and water scarcity management in England and Wales.
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| 37. |
- Haughton, Suzette A., et al.
(author)
-
Consumer Drivers of Industry Growth and Household Loyalty to Private Security Firms in Jamaica
- 2020
-
In: Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. - : SAGE Publications. - 1043-9862 .- 1552-5406. ; 36:1, s. 110-127
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Jamaica is the fourth most murderous country in the world with more than 100 murders per 100,000 population. Private security firms have grown to record levels and have outnumbered the police and military combined, thus making private security an extremely important part of the security landscape in the country. This article seeks to explain household loyalty to private security providers and the rapid growth of private policing and protection in the country. Prior research has rarely addressed this issue, particularly in a developing world context. Utilizing a final sample of 108 private security customers in Jamaica and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis, the study finds that good relationships between customers and security providers and the service quality offered by private security firms are key drivers of household loyalty. In addition, lack of confidence in the police, service quality offered, and the high levels of “indiscipline” in the Jamaican society are causal to the increased growth in the private security industry.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Johansson, Susanna, et al.
(author)
-
Diffusion and translation of the Barnahus model through the lens of institutional tensions
- 2024
-
In: Justice and recovery for victimised children : Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models - Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models. - 9783031532337 - 9783031532320 ; , s. 1-42
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the Barnahus model was first introduced in Iceland in 1998, it has spread to a number of European countries, both within and beyond the Nordic region. This introductory chapter has two main objectives: The first is to describe the further diffusion of the Barnahus model throughout Europe and to exemplify various translations at local levels; the second is to set the framework for the book by introducing the concepts of institutional tensions and logics. We introduce the concepts involved in understanding the Barnahus model in the light of its ongoing implementation within different institutional contexts and related to this book’s four main themes: (1) legal tensions, (2) organisational tensions, (3) professional-ethical tensions, and (4) balancing institutional tensions.
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| 40. |
- Johansson, Susanna, et al.
(author)
-
Included on paper, excluded in practice: or vice versa? : Formal and actual target groups of Barnahus across jurisdictions
- 2024
-
In: Justice and recovery for victimised children : Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models - Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models. - 9783031532337 - 9783031532320 ; , s. 167-192
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ongoing diffusion and European standardisation of the Barnahus model has involved a general expansion of the Barnahus target group, and variations in terms of inclusion and exclusion of different groups of children, such as those who have experienced domestic violence and those who have exhibited sexually harmful behaviour. Based on policy documents, reports, standards, and regulations from Sweden, Norway, and the European policy level, this chapter analyses how the positioning of children—as aggrieved parties, vulnerable individuals, and family members—is manifested in Barnahus regulations and case processing across jurisdictions, using Sweden and Norway as in-depth cases. The chapter shows how the positioning of children affects who is granted access to Barnahus (and to which services) during the different stages of case processing.
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| 41. |
-
Justice and recovery for victimised children : Institutional tensions in Nordic and European Barnahus models
- 2024
-
Book (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This open access book contributes to ongoing discussions about how societies should respond to children who have experienced violence and abuse by delving into the Barnahus model: a multidisciplinary and co-located model whose aim is to provide both justice and recovery to victimised children. The promising model was first implemented in the Nordic region and is currently being diffused across Europe, although scientific knowledge about the model remains scarce: the Barnahus model’s potential for delivering holistic services, the various tensions and dilemmas involved in the model, and how dual mandate of Barnahus can be managed all require further research. Continuing from the volume Collaborating Against Child Abuse (2017) which examined the process of Barnahus’ diffusion in the Nordic countries, the current book digs deeper into the intrinsic institutional tensions of the model, as well as those that might arise during collaboration, in order to advance our understanding of what can be achieved through the model and thus improve the situation of child victims of violence and abuse. An institutional perspective is used in the book which is structured in four parts. The first three parts explore different types of institutional tensions –legal, organisational, and professional-ethical, while the fourth focuses on how these tensions may be balanced. The book’s authors chart this new phase in the diffusion and translation of the Barnahus model. Their analyses will provide valuable guidance to countries that are currently considering or are already implementing the model.
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| 42. |
- Kazak, Rinata, 1990-
(author)
-
ПОНЯТТЯ «СТАЛИЙ РОЗВИТОК»В УКРАЇНІ ТА СВІТІ: ЗАГАЛЬНЕ ТА ЗАКОНОДАВЧЕ СПРИЙНЯТТЯ (НА ОСНОВІ ДАНИХ ДОДАТКУ GOOGLE TRENDS) [Concept of “sustainable development” in Ukraine and world: general and legislative perception (based on Google Trends)]
- 2022
-
In: The European dimension of modern legal science: Scientific monograph. - Riga, Latvia : Baltija Publishing. - 9789934262524
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Загальне уявлення про соціальну користь від реалізації концепції сталого розвитку має формуватися попередньо з розуміння її природи та сутності терміна через правильний переклад і сприйняття. Відсутність еквівалентного терміну sustainable development в українській мові ускладнює не лише переклад цієї мовної конструкції, а й її розуміння та осмислення як законодавцем, так і суспільством. Google Trends–це веб-додаток, який аналізує популярність пошукових запитів у пошуку Google у різних регіонахта на різних мовах. Цей інструмент було використано для емпіричного аналізу сприйняття концепції сталого розвитку в Україні та її порівняння зі світовими запитами у цій сфері. Результати веб-пошуку концепції сталого розвитку в Україні з 2004 по 2021 роки були проаналізовані у двох категоріях, обраних із варіацій Google–(1) загальний пошук та (2) законодавчий. Кожен пошук проаналізовано за двома індикаторами, які доступні на цій платформі: (1) динаміка пошуку, (2) подібний пошук. Аналіз цих даних та порівняння пошукових запитів у Google Trends щодо сталого розвитку в Україні ілюструє загальний низький рівень обізнаності та зацікавленості у цій темі та актуалізує необхідність подальших досліджень у сфері забезпечення сталого розвитку в Україні.
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| 43. |
- Koivisto, Ida, et al.
(author)
-
User Accounts: How technological concepts permeate public law through the AI Act
- 2024
-
In: Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. - 1023-263X. ; , s. 1-21
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article argues that through the EU’s technology regulation, technological concepts permeate legal language. Such concepts may function as transplants, even irritants, causing tensions and uncertainties. As technology regulation is increasingly horizontal, i.e. obligating private and public actors alike, these newfound legal concepts remain disconnected from established public law vocabulary and the power constellations it represents and embeds. We approach this evolution of legal language from a public law perspective and concentrate on the concepts of ‘user’ and 'deployer' in the EU’s upcoming Artificial Intelligence Act. We discuss these emerging legal concepts in relation to the rich theorizing on the concepts in human-computer interaction research. Our analysis demonstrates a discrepancy between legal and technology-oriented conceptualizations of the ‘user-deployer’. We draw three conclusions. First, the digital revolution is taking place in conceptual-linguistic practices of law, and not only when translating law into code. Second, when external concepts are appropriated into law, they are uprooted from their established habitat, which may result in unpredictability in future legal interpretation. Third, in public law, adopting the ‘user-deployer' may have some additional challenges, as it introduces a new agent into the relationship between public authority and private entities. Simultaneously, citizens seem to be mainly excluded from the legal conceptualizing, which risks blurring traditional power constellations.
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| 44. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
-
Consumer Trust and Platformised Retail Personalisation
- 2023
-
In: The Future of Consumption : How Technology, Sustainability and Wellbeing will Transform Retail and Customer Experience - How Technology, Sustainability and Wellbeing will Transform Retail and Customer Experience. - 9783031332456 - 9783031332463 ; , s. 77-94
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As retail is becoming increasingly digitised in its operation and consumer relationships, much faith is put into automation, prediction and insights drawn from consumer data to shape consumer experiences and expectations. Under the umbrella of data-collection and artificial intelligence (AI), this chapter studies the role of consumer trust in retail personalisation. We draw empirical insights from focus-group interviews conducted with Swedish consumers regarding three main aspects: (1) consumer sentiment on data collection; (2) data-dependent retail personalisation; and (3) the digitised market logic that follows from platformisation. Firstly, the results indicate that the level of trust that consumers have in general for data collection is of relevance for how successful retailers use of recommendations systems and targeted ads will be. Secondly, and echoing earlier studies, the user agreements and privacy notices are something that most interviewees find hard to comprehend and pay attention to. And thirdly, data collection, automation and personalisation is often third-party dependent and platformised. To consumers, this adds to a lack of transparency and a sense of lost control over data, which should be taken as a call to action for retailers to be more attentive to consumer trust and to avoid third-party sharing to the extent possible.
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| 45. |
- Larsson, Stefan
(author)
-
Mellan juridisk fixering och flexibilitet i den europeiska AI-förordningen
- 2024
-
In: Advokaten. Tidskrift för Sveriges advokatsamfund. - 0281-3505. ; 2024:2, s. 38-43
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Det är mycket rörelse på AI-fronten nu – både rättsligt, tekniskt och politiskt. Stefan Larsson, jurist och docent i teknik och social förändring vid Lunds universitet, placerar in EU-lagstiftarens AI-förordning i en både global och svensk kontext. Han beskriver processen bakom lagstiftningen, de etiska och principiella grunderna, och hur EU-lagstiftaren hanterar AI-innovationernas explosionsartade rörlighet med flexibla element i AI-förordningen, som på samma gång kan skapa dynamisk styrning och rättslig oförutsägbarhet.
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| 46. |
- Larsson, Stefan
(author)
-
NECROROBOTICS : The Ethics of Personalised Resurrection
- 2023
-
In: ; , s. 1-4
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ethical and legal questions of robotic personalisation can be addressed in various ways. While seeking to theorise on ethical issues related to robotic personalisation, this paper proposes the concept of necrorobotics in order to target a particular space of personalisation, governed by a variety of norms: death, and the reuse of dead persons data to create robotic agency. Based on recent advancements in what is here labeled as resurrection technologies, the paper creates a speculative provocation in order to reflect on ethical implications of using AI-tools to bring back the sounds, textual behaviour and animated imagery of a deceased friend or close relative.
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| 47. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
-
Necrorobotics: The Ethics of Resurrecting the Dead
- 2024
-
In: The De Gruyter Handbook of Automated Futures.
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By drawing from recent progress in AI, this chapter scrutinises implications of a specific imaginary of automated futures: the possible resurrection of the dead. Necrorobotics is proposed as a field of critical studies on the use of data and design based on one specific dead individual in order to “resurrect” that individual. That is, to mimic or create some level of robotic agency for the sake of mourning, remembrance or handling of loss. The technological advancements of relevance are here referred to as resurrection technologies – that is, methods for the training of AI-models based on data from a specific individual, such as imagery, text and voice – in order to address connected ethical and normative questions. By drawing from theoretical discourses on mortuary cultures, post-mortem conditions in digital times as well as robotic uncanniness, this chapter uses three reported cases of necrorobotic practices in order to analyse imaginaries of being with the dead – from the eerie to the mundane. Lastly, this particular aspect of automated futures is argued to bring a number of ethical and legal questions, for example connected to who should have the right to make a decision to resurrect another person, how to understand potential markets for resurrection and potential misuses in terms of haunting.
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| 48. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
-
Notified but Unaware: Third Party Tracking Online
- 2021
-
In: Critical Analysis of Law. - 2291-9732. ; 8:1, s. 101-120
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drawing from conceptual studies on transparency, particularly with regard to market complexity, user literacy and resignation, this article studies and analyzes the practices of third-party data collection online. Empirically, we map third-party trackers on a sample of Swedish websites in five sectors (media, retail, banking/insurance, public sector, and health), and the trackers are compared to lists of known trackers to determine their main purpose. These results are then used in digital focus groups divided into high-trust and low-trust individuals, to better understand how everyday consumers perceive and cope with the tracking infrastructure. The main results indicate that third-party tracking is omnipresent online, particularly for media and retail sites, showing that data-driven markets depend on the collection, sharing and trade of consumers’ personal data. Furthermore, despite regulatory provisions promoting clearer notifications and designs within the EU, many users are still highly unaware of the data collection practices and their underlying purposes. The results indicate a weak consent base for data collection and a market structure and data collecting practices that are highly non-transparent. We recommend more active supervisory authorities, and more stringent requirements primarily in relation to the obscure ad tech infrastructures to improve transparency and promote consumer awareness.
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| 49. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(author)
-
Om juridisk fixering och flexibilitet – Den europeiska AI-förordningen och generativ AI
- 2024
-
In: AI och makten över besluten : Vad alla borde veta om algoritmer i offentlig sektor - Vad alla borde veta om algoritmer i offentlig sektor. - 9789179653804 ; , s. 153-170
-
Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Det här kapitlet pekar på hur europeisk AI-reglering brottas med att reglera ett så exceptionellt rörligt mål som AI-utvecklingen, och visar hur dessa insikter är relevanta för svensk offentlig förvaltning och dess tillsynsmyndigheter när den europeiska AI-förordningen blir tillämplig. Kapitlet pekar på behov av strukturer för kompetensutveckling, samverkan och aktiv tolkning och kommunikation av både redan befintlig lagstiftning såväl som av kommande tillämpning av AI-förordningen. Särskild uppmärksamhet riktas mot generativ AI eftersom det är ett särskilt rörligt fält som påtagligt påverkat lagstiftningsprocessen.
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| 50. |
- Larsson, Stefan
(author)
-
Reglering av AI: för lite för sent, eller för mycket för tidigt? : En rapport om generativ AI och den europeiska AI-förordningen
- 2023
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vi befinner oss i en formativ period gällande AI-reglering där de beslut som tas kommer att ha stor påverkan för en väsentlig tid framåt, globalt, i Europa såväl som i Sverige. Syftet med den här rapporten är att analysera processen med framtagandet av den europeiska AI-förordningen, dvs. placera in AI-regleringsaspekter i ett bredare perspektiv. Det görs genom att belysa rättsliga utmaningar kopplade till taktproblemet, dvs. det kunskapsfält som ger förslag på hur relativt trögrörlig reglering bättre kan hantera snabb teknikinnovation. Trots den rättsliga fixering som AI-förordningen innebär vid ett ikraftträdande, ger den här analysen vid handen en del rörliga element däri, som kan ge fingervisningar om hur vissa rättsliga utmaningar kan hanteras i relation till innovation på AI-området. Ett särskilt fokus har i den här rapporten lagts vid generativ AI eftersom det är ett särdeles intressant problemområde i relation till taktproblem. Regleringen har att fixera skyddsbehov och samtidigt erbjuda flexibilitet i förhållande till förändrade förutsättningar i en nära framtid, med delvis genuin osäkerhet i vilka AI-tekniker och tillämpningsområden som växer fram.Mer specifikt besvarar denna rapport följande fyra frågor som relaterar till taktproblem:1. I vilken mån och på vilket sätt förekommer mjuk styrning på AI-området överlag?2. Hur har den snabba utvecklingen på AI-området påverkat framtagandet av den europeiska AI-förordningen?3. Vilka huvudelement av flexibilitet finns i förslaget/förslagen på AI-förordning? 4. Hur föreslås s.k. generativ AI regleras i AI-förordningen och vilka huvudsakliga utmaningar är förenade med det i relation till pågående utveckling och innovation?Att förstå dessa processer — tillblivelsen och framtagandet av AI-förordningen, dess inneboende dynamik med flexibla element, men även relationen till annan lagstiftning samt kommande detaljer i verkställighet och nationell tillsyn — är en förutsättning för att svenska intressenter ska kunna påverka, hantera och positionera sig väl. Att förstå de nya inslagen i AI-förordningen möjliggör för svenska intressenter att nyttja dessa.Det finns tre områden där studien har landat i slutsatser som berör svenskt politiskt beslutsfattande, och de områdena är i) AI-förordningens flexibilitet, ii) AI-förordningens konsekvenser för svensk tillsyn, och iii) dess del i en rättslig komplexitet.Rapporten är skriven av Stefan Larsson, jurist och docent i teknik och social förändring vid Lunds tekniska högskola, Lunds universitet, på uppdrag av Tillväxtanalys, myndigheten för tillväxtpolitiska utvärderingar och analyser.
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