| 2. |
- Kraus, Ludwig, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Does the decline in Swedish adolescent drinking persist into early adulthood?
- 2024
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In: Addiction. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 119:2, s. 259-267
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and aims: Sweden has experienced a substantial decrease in adolescent drinking over the past decades. Whether the reduction persists into early adulthood remains unclear. Using survey data, the present study aimed to determine whether reductions in indicators of alcohol use observed among adolescents remain in early adulthood and whether changes in alcohol intake are consistent among light/moderate and heavy drinkers.Design: Data from the Swedish monthly Alcohol Monitoring Survey (2001–20) were used to construct five 5-year birth cohorts (1978–82, 1983–87, 1988–92, 1993–97 and 1998–2002).Setting: Sweden.Participants: A total of n = 52 847 respondents (48% females) aged 16 and 30 years were included in this study.Measurements: For both males and females, temporal changes in the prevalence of any drinking, the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (HED) and total alcohol intake in the past 30 days in centilitres were analysed.Findings: The prevalence of any drinking in more recent cohorts remained low until young people came into their early (females) and mid- (males) 20s. Male cohorts differed in the prevalence of HED across age, with the later cohorts showing lower odds than earlier cohorts (odds ratios between 0.54 and 0.66). Among females, no systematic differences between cohorts across age could be observed. Later male birth cohorts in light/moderate drinkers had lower alcohol intake than earlier cohorts (correlation coefficients between −0.09 and −0.54). No statistically significant cohort effects were found for male heavy drinkers. Although differences in alcohol intake among females diminished as age increased, the cohorts did not differ systematically in their level of alcohol intake.Conclusions: In Sweden, the reduced uptake of drinking in adolescents appears to fade as people move into adulthood. Observed reductions in alcohol intake among light and moderate drinkers appear to persist into adulthood. More recent male cohorts show a lower prevalence rate of heavy episodic drinking.
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| 3. |
- Kraus, Ludwig, et al.
(author)
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Effects of community-based prevention on alcohol consumption in adolescents
- 2013
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In: SUCHT. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 0939-5911 .- 1664-2856. ; 59:5, s. 269-277
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: The present paper aims at evaluating the effectiveness of the community-based substance use prevention program “Wegschauen ist keine Lösung”. Methods: Communities of the district of Karlsruhe were divided into a group with high (HIG) and low (LIG) program implementation fidelity. In 2011, a school survey was conducted among 892 adolescents in grades 9 and 10 of regular schools in the district of Karlsruhe. The Bavarian sample of the 2011 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) was used as external comparison group (n=1635). Results: Only few differences were found between HIG and LIG with regard to alcohol consumption and negative consequences. Compared to the external ESPAD comparison group, students in Karlsruhe showed lower 30-day prevalence of alcohol use (66.0 vs. 80.5 %), lower consumption quantity (17.17 vs. 34.91 grams of ethanol per drinking day) and lower frequency of use (0.75 vs. 1.21 days within the last week). Conclusions: Considering restrictions of the limited study design there are indications of possible positive effects of the project “Wegschauen ist keine Lösung”. However, for methodological sound evaluations of community-based prevention programs pre-post studies with clearly defined control conditions are needed.
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| 4. |
- Kraus, Ludwig, et al.
(author)
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ESPAD Report 2015 : Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs
- 2016
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main purpose of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) is to collect comparable data on substance use among 15- to 16-year-old students in order to monitor trends within as well as between countries. Between 1995 and 2015, six surveys were conducted in 48 European countries. The present report differs from the earlier ESPAD reports in that it presents selected key results of the 2015 ESPAD survey rather than the full range of results and tables. The full set of data on which the current report is based, including all the usual tables in the familiar ESPAD format, is available online (http://www.espad.org). All of the tables can be downloaded in Excel format and used for further analysis.The present report provides information on the perceived availability of substances, early onset of substance use and prevalence estimates of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, illicit drugs, inhalants, new psychoactive substances and pharmaceuticals). The descriptive information includes indicators of intensive substance use and prevalence estimates of internet use, gaming and gambling by country and gender. Secondly, overall ESPAD trends between 1995 and 2015 are presented. For selected indicators, ESPAD trends are shown based on data from 25 countries that participated in at least four (including the 2015 data collection) of the six surveys. Finally, for some indicators, country-specific trends are shown.In the 2015 ESPAD data collection, 96 043 students took part from 35 countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the Faroes, Finland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden and Ukraine. For comparative reasons, the tables of the 2015 ESPAD results contain, in addition to country-specific estimates, an average across all participating countries as well as prevalence estimates for two non-ESPAD countries: Spain and the United States. The instruments used in the Spanish and US surveys overlap to a large degree with the ESPAD questionnaire, and the methodology used in all three surveys allows for rough comparisons across the countries.
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| 5. |
- Pourabdollah, Mitra, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Driving, Charging, and Pricing Scenarios on Optimal Component Sizing of a PHEV
- 2017
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In: Control Engineering Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0661. ; 61, s. 217-228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, the problem of optimal sizing of a series PHEV is studied by formulating a convex program that minimizes the sum of operational and component costs. The solution gives the optimal sizes of the main powertrain components, simultaneously with the vehicle’s optimal energy management. Investigations are performed on driving cycles generated stochastically from real data using Markov chains, with different driving distance distributions and charging patterns. The results show that the optimal component sizing is affected more from the driving distances between charging opportunities, than the speed profile of the driving. With anticipated future battery and petroleum prices, larger battery sizes are obtained.
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