| 1. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Interactions Across Firms and Bid Rigging
- 2020
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In: Review of Industrial Organization. - : Springer. - 0889-938X .- 1573-7160. ; 56:1, s. 107-130
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We evaluate whether an econometric technique that is used in the spatial econometrics and network effects literature can be adopted as a test for collusive bidding in public procurement auctions. The proposed method is applied to the Swedish asphalt cartel that was discovered in 2001. Our dataset covers the period 1995–2009, which makes it possible to test for conditional independence between complementary cartel bids before and after 2001. Our estimates show a significant positive correlation between complementary cartel bids during the cartel period, whereas a non-significant correlation is shown during the later period. The variance of the parameter estimate of interest also differs between the periods, which suggests a structural change in bidding behavior among cartel members between the two periods.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Drake, Samielle, Professor, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Market response to environmental policy via public procurement : an empirical analysis of bids and prices
- 2024
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In: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 365
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the effect of Green Public Procurement (GPP) on competition, bids, and winning bids under two different regulation periods where the latter include more explicitly expressed GPP ambitions. Based on detailed data from Swedish internal cleaning service procurements, our results imply that environmental considerations might not influence the bids as required for GPP to be considered an effective environmental policy instrument. Over time, lower degree of competition and increased bids are found. This phenomenon can be attributed, at least in part, to regulatory influences, signifying an escalating complexity in the process of submitting bids.
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| 4. |
- Granlund, David, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Det offentliga som konkurrent på kommersiella marknader - En samhällsekonomisk analys med exemplet konferensmarknaden
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I den här rapporten analyseras samhällsekonomiska effekter av att det offentliga konkurrerar med privata företag på kommersiella marknader. Den innehåller även en pilotstudie av marknaden för en – och tvådagarskonferenser tillämpad på Umeåregionen.Svensk konkurrenslagstiftning inkluderar regler om konkurrensbegränsande offentlig säljverksamhet. Reglerna gäller för den offentliga sektorn i sin helhet, dvs stat, primärkommuner (kommun) eller landstingskommuner (landsting) och juridiska personer vars verksamhet den offentliga sektorn har ett dominerande inflytande över. Inflytandet kan ta sig formen av ägande, finansieringsvillkor, styrelse, lag och avtal. Frågan om det offentliga som konkurrent är även samhällsekonomiskt relevant då snedvridning av konkurrens i form av exempelvis underprissättning till följd av stöd, kan innebära en samhällsekonomisk förlust.Sammantaget visar den samhällsekonomiska analysen att det inte går att dra några generella slutsatser om att konkurrens från den offentliga sektorn på marknader med en etablerad kommersiell verksamhet alltid är problematisk. Även i situationer där konkurrensen sker på olika villkor kan fördelarna med den offentliga aktörens medverkan överväga nackdelarna. Baserat på pilotstudien och olika scenarios avseende konferensmarknaden i Umeå, är det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att fördelarna med offentliga aktörer kan dominera nackdelarna under förutsättning att den offentliga aktörens produktionskostnad maximalt är en procent högre än en privat aktörs produktionskostnad för motsvarande konferens. Analysen visar att subventioner till offentliga aktörer överskridande 1,3 miljoner kronor inte kan motiveras utifrån ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv i något scenario. I scenariot där den offentliga aktören ägnar sig åt underprissättning överväger nackdelarna även om verksamheten klarar sig utan subvention.
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| 5. |
- Güney, Pelin, et al.
(author)
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Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depression : Improvement in Quality of Life Depending on Age and Sex
- 2020
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In: Journal of ECT. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1095-0680 .- 1533-4112. ; 36:4, s. 242-246
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: It is uncertain if there are variations in the improvement of quality in life between sexes and age groups after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The aim of this study was to investigate how health-related quality of life changed after treatment and to examine differences in the results between sex and age groups.METHODS: This register-based study used data from the Swedish national quality register for ECT. The study population was patients diagnosed with depression who had received ECT. Health-related quality of life was quantified using the 3-level version the EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D 3 L). Analysis of variance was used to compare change in EQ-5D score from pretreatment to posttreatment between sex and age groups.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement in EQ-5D index score and EQ visual analog scale (VAS) score in all patient groups after ECT. The mean improvement in EQ-5D index score and EQ-VAS score ranged from 0.31 to 0.46 and 28.29 to 39.79, respectively. Elderly patients had greater improvement in EQ-5D index score and EQ-VAS score than younger patients. There was no significant difference in improvement between the sexes. The mean improvement in EQ-5D index score was 0.40 for male patients and 0.41 for female patients.CONCLUSIONS: Electroconvulsive therapy had a considerable effect on health-related quality of life in patients with depression of both sexes and all age groups. The improvement was greatest in elderly patients, who more often had psychotic features. More studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of ECT and to further explain the varying treatment results between elderly and younger patients.
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| 6. |
- Holmberg, Johan, 1994-
(author)
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Essays on earnings formation, labor market dynamics, and taxation
- 2021
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Chapter [I] analyses the dynamic properties of life-cycle earnings of men and women in Sweden by fitting a model to the covariance structure of earnings. We find that the financial crisis of 2008 did not have any major impact on the variability of earnings and that the upward trend in permanent earnings inequality observed in Sweden during the 1990s does not continue in the 2000s. Using the model to simulate the accumulation of income pension entitlements, we find that college-educated workers have smaller variations in pension entitlements than workers with less education.Chapter [II] presents a life-cycle earnings dynamics model that includes endogenous employment and job change. The model is estimated on Swedish register data using indirect inference. By simulating data from this model, we study the macroeconomic consequences of transitory shocks to unemployment risk, how unemployment at different ages affects the accumulation of pension entitlements, and analyze how different factors contribute to earnings inequality. We find that transitory aggregate shocks to unemployment risk have long-lasting negative effects on employment and earnings, that becoming unemployed at age 40 has a large negative effect on pension accumulations, and that unobserved individual heterogeneity contributes substantially to the observed life-cycle earnings inequality for both men and women in Sweden.Chapter [III] presents a model of earnings dynamics that includes transitions in and out of employment and business cycle fluctuations. The model is estimated using indirect inference and a mix of Swedish register, survey and macro data. We find that the transitions from unemployment to employment are more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations than the probability of remaining employed. By simulating data from the model, we find that the business cycle has a relatively small impact on earnings inequality in Sweden and that young workers are more sensitive to business cycle fluctuations than older workers.Chapter [IV] deals with optimal nonlinear taxation of income and profits in a general equilibrium model with frictional unemployment. We find that the government can achieve redistribution of income through taxation without distorting production efficiency. This outcome is possible if the government uses two nonlinear tax instruments, taxing profits and labor income separately. The results also show that including involuntary unemployment creates an incentive to tax entrepreneurial income at lower marginal rates and labor income at higher marginal rates than otherwise.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lundberg, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Distributional Effects of Lower Food Prices in a Rich Country
- 2012
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In: Journal of Consumer Policy. - : Springer. - 0168-7034 .- 1573-0700. ; 35:2, s. 373-391
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Controlling for differences in taxes and transportation costs, the Nordic Competition Authorities claims, in a report from 2005, that food prices are 11% higher in Sweden compared to the EU-15 countries. One explanation for this put forward in the report is the limited competition on this market which suggests there to be a potential for lower food prices. This paper focuses on distributional effects of a price decrease on food. Based on a simple model of household utility, the households demand for food is derived and estimated. Price and income elasticities for different income groups are then calculated based on these parameter estimates. Our results suggest that food is a normal good with an average income elasticity of approximately 0.18 and a price elasticity of 0.45. In addition, and of importance from a policy perspective, the results indicate the income elasticity to differ across income groups while price elasticities are constant.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lundberg, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Hushållens efterfrågan på dagligvaror och val av dagligvarubutik i Umeå kommun.
- 2004
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Syftet med föreliggande rapport är att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar hushållens efterfrågan på dagligvaror samt vilka faktorer som styr hushållens val av dagligvarubutik. Den ekonometriska analysen bygger på ett datamaterial bestående av totalt 116 enkätsvar från hushåll i Umeå kommun. Enkäten omfattar information om hushållens sammansättning, inkomstnivå, bostadsområde, val av dagligvarubutik för olika typer av inköp (stora inköp (veckohandel), medelstora inköp samt mindre inköp (kompletteringshandel)), hushållets utgifter för dagligvaror per månad, hushållets storlek etc. Det begränsade empiriska materialet gör det inte möjligt att utifrån de resultat som presenteras dra några statistiskt säkerställda slutsatser. Däremot ger den ekonometriska analysen möjlighet att formulera hypoteser som kan studeras ytterligare i en mer omfattande studie. Därmed skall denna rapport ses som en förstudie till en mer omfattande studie baserad på ett utskick om cirka 3 000 enkäter. Ett mer sådant empiriskt underlag skulle även göra det möjligt att använda mer sofistikerade ekonometriska metoder.
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| 11. |
- Lundberg, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Join the Club : On the Attractiveness of Golf Club Membership
- 2005
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze determinants of the attractiveness of membership in Swedish golfclubs. This is modeled as a utility maximization problem and is estimated using a unique data set that includes 99 percent of all golf clubs in Sweden. We find that the annual membership fees and the member profile have a significant impact on the club´s attractiveness as well as a number of other important characteristics of the club and the municipality in which the club is located. The latter result indicates that not only the characteristics of the club itself but also its location matter for its attractiveness.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Lundberg, Sofia, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Retailer choice and loyalty schemes : evidence from Sweden
- 2010
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In: Letters in spatial and resource sciences. - Heidelberg, Germany : Springer. - 1864-4031 .- 1864-404X. ; 3:3, s. 137-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From economic theory, it is well known that consumer loyalty schemes can have lock-in effects resulting in entry barriers and higher prices. This paper concerns consumer loyalty schemes where the main issue is to test the hypothesis that loyalty scheme membership affects the choice of food retailer. This choice is modeled as a random utility maximization problem estimated with maximum likelihood. Based on a data set covering 1,551 Swedish households, we find evidence supporting this hypothesis. Further, according to the results, store characteristics and geographical distance matter for the choice of retailer while household characteristics are not found to have a significant effect.
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| 14. |
- Tornhamre, Elsa, et al.
(author)
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The Effect of Pulse Width on Subjective Memory Impairment and Remission Rate 6 Months After Electroconvulsive Therapy
- 2020
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In: Journal of ECT. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1095-0680 .- 1533-4112. ; 36:4, s. 272-278
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the 0.5-millisecond pulse width with broader brief width stimulus and ultrabrief pulse width stimulus in respect to rates of subjective memory impairment and remission 6 months after completion of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).METHODS: This study used data from the Swedish National Quality Register for ECT. Inclusion criteria were bipolar or unipolar depression with or without psychosis, ECT with unilateral electrode placement, and data on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self-Assessment and the memory item of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS-M) before and 6 months after ECT. The primary outcomes were the distributions of patients with a maximum of 10 on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self-Assessment (remission) and a minimum of 2-step worsening in CPRS-M score according to the ECT pulse widths of <0.5, 0.5, and >0.5 millisecond.RESULT: This study included 312 patients. The distributions of patients with remission or a minimum of 2-step worsening on the CPRS-M 6 months after completion of ECT showed no significant differences between the 3 pulse width groups. Older age was associated with a significantly higher rate of remission 6 months after ECT.CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients, no support was found for the previous research finding of lower rates of subjective memory disturbances 6 months after ultrabrief pulse width ECT in comparison with brief pulse width ECT. Older age was associated with higher remission rate 6 months after ECT. Large randomized studies are required to exclude the possibility of long-term differential effects between pulse widths.
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| 15. |
- Adjei, Evans Korang, et al.
(author)
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The effects of a large industrial investment on employment in a remote and sparsely populated area using a synthetic control approach
- 2023
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In: Regional Science Policy & Practice. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1757-7802. ; 15:7, s. 1553-1576
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article examines the impact of establishing a large industrial manufacturing entity on employment and the labor market in a remote, sparsely populated part of Sweden, focusing on how it affects total regional employment because industrial policies aiming to attract investment and reignite employment in stagnating regions have been a central policy tool. The empirical analysis is based on the synthetic control method, which enables the estimation of place-specific causal effects. Using aggregated microdata from 1995 to 2019, the results indicate that employment in the treated region, as compared to synthetic regions, has been negatively affected by the manufacturing establishment. However, the short- and long-term effects differ across different labor market segments (same, related, and unrelated industries) and according to firm size. Overall, the findings suggest that large manufacturing investment does not necessarily have a positive or instantaneous impact on total regional employment. It does, however, provide some potential for long-term diversification because employment in related activities grows in the long run.
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| 16. |
- Andersson, Linda, et al.
(author)
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Regional effects of military base closures : the case of Sweden
- 2007
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In: Defence and Peace Economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1024-2694 .- 1476-8267. ; 18:1, s. 87-97
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate regional effects of military base closures in Sweden during the last decades. Our analysis is based on a regional growth model, where two equations are estimated; one equation describing the average income growth rate and one equation describing the net migration rate. The data set is a panel of 31 Swedish municipalities covering the period 1983-1998. Our main finding is that a closure of a military base has not had any significant impact on the subsequent average income growth rate nor the net migration rate in the affected municipalities. One potential explanation for these results relates to the labor market and the composition of the labor force.
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| 17. |
- Andersson, Linda, et al.
(author)
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Regional Effects of Military Closures : The case of Sweden
- 2005
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- This paper concerns the effects of military closures on the local growth pattern in Sweden during the last decades. The main issue is to analyze to what extent the closures have affected the subsequent average income growth and net migration rates at the local level. The analysis is based on a data set covering Swedish municipalities with military bases during the period 1983-1998. Our main finding is that the closures have not had any significant impact on the subsequent income growth rate or the net migration rate in the affected minicipalities compared to other municipilaties. However, in accordance with previous studies based on Swedish data, we find the initial endowment of human capital to have a positive impact on the subsequent growth rate.
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| 18. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(author)
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Regional income growth and net migration in Sweden, 1970-1995
- 2001
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In: Regional studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 35:9, s. 823-830
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden, and the purpose is to analyse what factors determine the growth rate of average income and the net migration at the regional level. We find a negative relationship between the initial level of regional average income and subsequent income growth. The results also imply that the initial endowment of human capital (measured as the percentage of the population with higher education) has a positive effect on the subsequent net migration. Other determinants of regional income growth and population movements are 'fixed endowments' (related to geography and climate) and regional labour market characteristics.
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| 19. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(author)
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The Impact of regional public expenditures on the local decision to spend
- 2000
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In: Regional Science and Urban Economics. - 0166-0462 .- 1879-2308. ; 30:2, s. 185-202
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures in part can be explained by the expenditures of the regional (county) government. To accomplish this task, we derive and estimate a model of local public (municipal) spending that is defined conditional on the level of regional public expenditures. The empirical analysis is based on panel data from the Swedish local public sector for the time period 1981–1986. Among the results, we find that the hypothesis that regional expenditures are weakly separable from local expenditures can be rejected. However, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Blombäck, William, 1999-, et al.
(author)
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Skellefteå under omvandling : en studie av yrkesstruktur och flyttmönster under etableringsfasen av Northvolt
- 2024
-
Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- In recent years, Skellefteå has had significant population growth linked to the establishment of Northvolt. Between 2020 and 2023, the population growth in Skellefteå was 4.6 percent, which should be compared with an average population growth of 1.7 percent in Sweden. The main purpose of the report has been to describe how the labor market in Skellefteå has changed after 2017. The population growth can largely be explained by a sharp increase in immigration. For many years, the municipality has indeed had a positive net migration which, however, has not been able to compensate for the aging population. Therefore, the population has remained at stable levels until 2017. The strong immigration in recent years is mainly made up of men aged 25 to 64. In general, the proportion of men in the age range 15 to 64 is increasing, while the number of women aged 15 to 24 is decreasing, which may pose a future challenge connected to how to break the negative nativity trend. Even before 2017, Skellefteå had a high proportion of men, and the reduction in the number of women aged 15 to 24 may in the long run lead to a further distortion of the gender balance. A large part of the immigrants has for a long time consisted of people from the immediate area (mainly Umeå, but also smaller municipalities). This trend continues after 2017, when the number of migrants from Umeå increased even further. A significant part of the immigrants are also primarily men, but also women, from other countries. This too can pose a future challenge if they are not integrated into society.Those who move to Skellefteå often get jobs that only require shorter training or introduction. This has increased since the establishment of Northvolt regardless of education level. At the same time, the degree of job changes is high among these immigrants, which indicates that these occupations are entry-level occupations. We also see that emigration has also increased in recent years, and this mainly concerns women aged 15–24. While immigrants mainly come from the surrounding municipalities, young Skellefteå residents move to university towns and the larger cities. In addition to the migration patterns, the commuting patterns have also changed somewhat over time. Commuters to Skellefteå mainly come from Umeå, and this has increased after 2017, followed by Stockholm (which, however, is less than half the number compared to those from Umeå) closely followed by Piteå, Luleå, Norsjö and Robertsfors. Apart from Umeå and to some extent Luleå, the number of individuals for all municipalities to commute from has decreased after 2017, while commuting from Skellefteå also has generally increased. Here too, Umeå is the most common place of work, followed by the neighboring municipalities.The proportion of employees in professions that require a longer university or college education is increasing in Skellefteå, which in itself is a positive development as it generally reduces sensitivity to future structural changes. On the other hand, the percentage who get a job immediately after graduation is decreasing, even among those with a longer university or college education. This applies both to those already living in Skellefteå, but above all to immigrants who, to an increasingly lesser extent, start working in professions that require a university degree. This may be due to a matching problem between the applicants and the employers. But it may also be due to a change in search behavior among job seekers, where new graduates immediately after graduation first apply for a simpler profession and then for more qualified professions. It may also be due to higher requirements for work experience among employers. As the large majority of immigrants with university qualifications remain within this occupational group, it indicates a growing matching problem driven by over-education as the labour market segments experiencing employment growth do not require university education.A high school diploma (gymnasium) is the most common highest level of education in Skellefteå. At the same time, the number of employees in professions that require a shorter education or introduction is decreasing. The fact that the number of people employed decreases in professions that require a shorter education or introduction need not be a negative thing given that it does not lead to increased unemployment. It can even be a positive development if it leads to more people being employed with more advanced tasks. On the other hand, it can lead to increased unemployment among individuals with a shorter education, a group that has more difficulty adapting to changed conditions on the labor market. Given such a development, it may become necessary to carry out continuing education efforts for that group. A certain increase in the workforce that has not completed upper secondary education can be seen in recent years and is also a trend that should be actively countered.Incomes in Skellefteå have risen since 2017, especially men's incomes. Immigrants to Skellefteå generally have lower wages compared to the population as a whole. This is probably due to the fact that the immigrants work to a greater extent in occupations that require shorter training or introduction. The move-in together with generally higher wages and limited construction has had a positive effect on housing prices. Higher housing prices should lead to increased construction in the municipality, but this can be dampened by a higher cost situation (wages, building materials, interest, etc.) in the construction sector. Limited housing construction leads to a redistribution of income from wage earners to property owners. Those who move into Skellefteå live to a greater extent in tenements and condominiums compared to the average Skellefteå resident. Immigrants settle to a large extent in the central parts of Skellefteå. Again, this does not have to be negative as it often takes time for a new mover to get to know a new city and it can take time to find longer-term accommodation. Given that the moving surplus also consists of many young men, centrally located apartments are more suitable for this group compared to detached houses for families with children. The limited mobility on the housing market can be another reason why immigrants end up in certain areas and in certain types of housing to a large extent. It is possible to make some comparisons with the labor market, where a simpler job can be an entry-level job while you are looking for a longer-term job.
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| 22. |
- Brus, Ole, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Lithium for suicide and readmission prevention after electroconvulsive therapy for unipolar depression : population-based register study
- 2019
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In: BJPsych Open. - : Royal College of Psychiatrists. - 2056-4724. ; 5:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for unipolar depression but relapse and suicide are significant challenges. Lithium could potentially lower these risks, but is used only in a minority of patients.AimsThis study quantifies the effect of lithium on risk of suicide and readmission and identifies factors that are associate with readmission and suicide.METHOD: This population-based register study used data from the Swedish National Quality Register for ECT and other Swedish national registers. Patients who have received ECT for unipolar depression as in-patients between 2011 and 2016 were followed until death, readmission to hospital or the termination of the study at the end of 2016. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of readmission and suicide in adjusted models.RESULTS: Out of 7350 patients, 56 died by suicide and 4203 were readmitted. Lithium was prescribed to 638 (9%) patients. Mean follow-up was 1.4 years. Lithium was significantly associated with lower risk of suicide (P = 0.014) and readmission (HR 0.84 95% CI 0.75-0.93). The number needed to be treated with lithium to prevent one readmission was 16. In addition, the following factors were statistically associated with suicide: male gender, being a widow, substance use disorder and a history of suicide attempts. Readmission was associated with young age, being divorced or unemployed, comorbid anxiety disorder, nonpsychotic depression, more severe symptoms before ECT, no improvement with ECT, not receiving continuation ECT or antidepressants, usage of antipsychotics, anxiolytics or benzodiazepines, severity of medication resistance and number of previous admissions.CONCLUSIONS: More patients could benefit from lithium treatment.
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| 23. |
- Brus, Ole, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Subjective Memory Immediately Following Electroconvulsive Therapy
- 2017
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In: Journal of ECT. - Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1095-0680 .- 1533-4112. ; 33:2, s. 96-103
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The aims of the present study were to describe the short-term rate of subjective memory worsening (SMW) and identify factors of importance for SMW in a large clinical sample treated for depression with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).Methods: This register-based study included 1212 patients from the Swedish National Quality Register for ECT. Subjective memory worsening was defined as a 2-point worsening on the memory item of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale from before to within 1 week after treatment. Associations between patient characteristics and treatment factors were examined using logistic regression.Results: Subjective memory worsening was experienced in 26%. It was more common in women than in men (31% vs 18%; P < 0.001) and more common in patients aged 18 to 39 years than in patients 65 years or older (32% vs 22%; P = 0.008). Patients with less subjective memory disturbances before ECT had a greater risk of SMW. Patients in remission after ECT had a lower risk of SMW. A brief pulse width stimulus gave higher risk of SMW compared with ultrabrief pulse (odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.47).Conclusions: Subjective memory worsening is reported by a minority of patients. However, young women are at risk of experiencing SMW. Ultrabrief pulse width stimulus could be considered for patients treated with unilateral electrode placement who experience SMW. Each patient should be monitored with regard to symptoms and adverse effects, and treatment should be adjusted on an individual basis to maximize the clinical effect and with efforts to minimize the cognitive adverse effects.
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| 24. |
- Eklund, John, et al.
(author)
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Ska jag stanna eller flytta? En analys av nyexaminerade studenters flyttmönster
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport analyserar flyttmönster för examinerade studenter vid Umeå universitet. Detta har gjorts med hjälp av longitudinella mikrodata från Statistiska Centralbyrån för att kunna beskriva en längre del av flyttkedjan och i detalj belysa både ursprungsregion och destination för examinerade studenter.Våra resultat visar att Umeå sticker ut i negativ bemärkelse i avseende hur många som stannar kvar i regionen efter examen. En del av detta är hemvändare som återvänder till sin hemregion efter avklarade studier, men även om andelen inflyttare till Umeå från övriga landet ökat över tid, utgör detta inte hela svaret. I jämförelse med landets övriga universitetsregioner har Umeå den tredje lägsta andel studenter från regionen som väljer att stanna kvar efter avslutade studier. Särskilt utmärkande är den negativa trenden för kvinnor. Generellt sett sker det största tappet av lokala studenter till Stockholm, vilket kanske inte är så oväntat givet storleken och diversiteten i Stockholms arbetsmarknad. Storstäderna, men även några av grannregionerna exklusive Skellefteå, har ett nettoöverskott av migranter från Umeå. För de som flyttar till Umeå och väljer att stanna kommer majoriteten från regioner i norra Sverige samt från Stockholm. Av de 20 största utbildningarna vid Umeå universitet varierar andelen studenter som stannar i Umeå mellan 91% och 50%. Här kan specifika insatser riktas. Exempelvis flyttade 91% av alla 126 examinerade psykologer från Umeå, vad kan göras för att en större andel ska stanna? Här krävs en grundligare analys av efterfrågesidan för att bättre kunna besvara den frågeställningen.Vi ser också att studenter från regionen som har studerat 4–5 år (avancerad nivå) är mer benägna att flytta än lokala studenter som läst 2–3 år (grundnivå). Umeå har alltså extra svårt att hålla kvar högre utbildade. Detta kan utgöra en potentiell ”brain drain” för regionen om Umeå å ena sidan har svårt att behålla den högre andel studenter från andra regioner, men också har svårt att behålla studenter från Umeå som läser en längre utbildning. Här bör politiken eftersträva en ökad diversifiering av arbetsmarknaden så avancerade arbete inom olika ämnesområden kan erbjudas (både teknik och data, men också samhällsvetenskap och humaniora).Vi finner också skillnader mellan de tre utbildningsinriktningarna IKT, utbildning och pedagogik samt hälso- och sjukvård. Andelen Hemvändare är exempelvis betydligt mycket större inom pedagogik och lärarutbildning än inom något annat område, vilket kan reflektera att dessa studenter svarar på en lokal efterfrågan i hemmaregionen.Inom IKT, hälso- och sjukvård och Pedagogik och lärarutbildning har alla studenter som väljer att stanna kvar en nästan 100% etableringsgrad. Dock visar branschspridningen att fler studenter inom hälso- och sjukvård och pedagogik tenderar att få sin första anställning inom fler branscher i jämförelse med alla examinerade stundeter i Sverige.Inom IKT är antalet studenter som får sin första anställning inom ”Utbildning” större än både snittet för Sverige men även i jämförelse med den grupp som flyttar från Umeå efter examen. Det reflekterar delvis exempelvis Umeå universitets interna arbetsmarknad som under lång tid varit den största arbetsgivaren för dessa kompetenser (exempelvis olika dataspecialister), men också närvaron av andra offentliga institutioner (kommun- respektive regionstyrda verksamheter). Frågan är dock vad som kan göras för att öka antalet rekryteringar till exempelvis arkitekt- och teknikkonsultverksamhet; teknikprovning och analys, datorprogrammering och konsultverksamhet? Om den relativt snabba ökningen av IKT-företag fortsätter i Umeå (se Eklund, 2019 för en beskrivning av sektorns relativt snabba framväxt i Umeå under de senare åren) kan det dels synliggöra arbetsmarknaden tydligare för utexaminerade studenter, men också göra regionen mer motståndskraftig mot kriser. Som redovisats av Elekes och Eriksson (2019) utgör IKT ett tydligt kompetenssystem tillsammans med exempelvis finans och försäkring. Rekommendationen är därför att även försöka få dessa typer av verksamheter att växa i regionen då det kan öka antalet som stannar kvar i regionen.
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- Eriksson, Rikard, 1979-, et al.
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En analys av nyexaminerade studenters flyttmönster 2005-2018
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport har analyserat flyttmönster för examinerade studenter vid Umeå universitet. Detta har gjorts med hjälp av longitudinella mikrodata från Statistiska Centralbyrån för att kunna beskriva en längre del av flyttkedjan och i detalj belysa både ursprungsregion och destination för examinerade studenter.Jämfört med den tidigare analysen för 2013 (Eklund med fler 2019) visar våra resultat att Umeå bland de större utbildningsorterna fortsatt sticker ut i negativ bemärkelse i avseende hur många som stannar kvar i regionen efter examen. En del av detta är naturligtvis drivet av ett minskat utbud av regionalt förankrade studenter och en större andel som flyttar hit för att studera. Kategorin hemvändare som återvänder till sin hemregion efter avklarade studier är därför hög, men även om andelen inflyttare till Umeå från övriga landet ökat över tid, utgör detta inte hela svaret. I jämförelse med landets övriga universitetsregioner har Umeå den tredje lägsta andel studenter från regionen som väljer att stanna kvar efter avslutade studier. Här bör det dock betonas att antalet stannare har ökat sedan 2013 trots en fortsatt generell låg andel som stannar kvar i regionen. Det är också färre lokala studenter (sena migranter) som väljer att lämna över tid. Med andra ord ser vi nu vissa tecken på en ökad regional etableringsgrad. Få skillnader mellan män och kvinnor kan ses i resultaten men om något verkar det som att ett växande antal inflyttade män stannar kvar i Umeåregionen efter examen samtidigt som något färre kvinnor från Umeå flyttar efter examen. Generellt sett sker det största tappet av lokala studenter till Stockholm, vilket kanske inte är så oväntat givet storleken och diversiteten i Stockholms arbetsmarknad. Dock har antalet migranter till Stockholm minskat något och närliggande kommuner som Luleå, Skellefteå, Sundsvall och Örnsköldsvik är i princip lika vanliga destinationer som Göteborg och Malmö. För de som flyttar till Umeå och väljer att stanna kommer majoriteten från regioner i norra Sverige samt från Stockholm. Denna kategori migranter har ökat något över tid och det är främst kopplat till att fler från Stockholm, Luleå och Skellefteå stannar i Umeå efter examen. Av de 20 största utbildningarna vid Umeå universitet varierar andelen studenter som stannar i Umeå mellan 93% och 42%. Här har viss förändring skett över tid och exempelvis har stannandegraden ökat med 11 procentenheter för förskolepersonal vilken kan tyda på en ökad lokal efterfrågan. Den höga andelen flyttare bland de största utbildningarna är tydligt kopplat till ett nationellt uppdrag för Umeå universitet. Om syftet är att behålla fler studenter kan specifika insatser riktas, samtidigt som det också går att se på detta som en ”ren” exportprodukt där Umeå attraherar unga som både berikar lokaltnäringsliv och skapar arbetstillfällen vid universitetet medan de studerar men som sedan flyttar till andra orter. Vi ser också att studenter från regionen som har studerat 4–5 år (avancerad nivå) är mer benägna att flytta än lokala studenter som läst 2–3 år (grundnivå). Umeå har alltså extra svårt att hålla kvar högre utbildade. Detta kan utgöra en potentiell ”brain drain” för regionen om Umeå å ena sidan har svårt att behålla den högre andel studenter från andra regioner, men också har svårt att behålla studenter från Umeå som läser en längre utbildning. Oavsett om man väljer det perspektivet eller se det som en ”ren” exportvara bör hela norra Sverige vinna på en ökad diversifiering av arbetsmarknaden så avancerade arbeten inom olika ämnesområden kan erbjudas (både teknik och data, men också samhällsvetenskap och humaniora). Elekes & Eriksson (2021) visar exempelvis att samhällsvetenskaplig och humanistisk FoU är underrepresenterat i Västerbotten givet den befintliga näringslivsstrukturen. Rekommendationen är därför att försöka få dessa typer av verksamheter att växa i regionen då det kan öka antalet som stannar kvar i regionen.
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