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- Gustavsson, Leif, et al.
(author)
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Heating Detached Houses in Urban Areas
- 2003
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In: Energy. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 28:8, s. 851-875
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- District heating systems using cogeneration, as well as local fuel-based and electric heating systems for detached houses, are analysed. The analysis includes the whole energy system, from the natural resource to the end user, with respect to primary energy use, emission and cost. The end-use technologies studied are heat pumps, resistance heaters and boilers. It was assumed that the base-load electricity, except for the cogenerated electricity, was produced in stand-alone power plants using wood chips or natural gas, while peak-load electricity and fuel used for transportation were produced from crude oil. The heat pump and district heating systems are found to be most energy efficient, followed by the local fuel-based systems. The wood-fuel-based systems emit about one tenth of the greenhouse gases emitted by the natural-gas-based systems. The sulphur and nitrogen oxide emission, however, is higher for wood-fuel-based systems. Systems based on natural gas are less expensive than the corresponding wood-fuel-based systems. Decarbonization and carbon dioxide sequestration, however, do not reduce the carbon dioxide emission to the low level of the wood-fuel-based systems and, in addition, make the natural-gas-based systems more expensive than the wood-fuel-based systems.
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- Karlsson, Åsa, et al.
(author)
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External Costs and Taxes in Heat Supply System
- 2003
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In: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 31:14, s. 1541-1560
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A systems approach was used to compare different heating systems from a consumer perspective. The whole energy system was considered from natural resources to the required energy services. District heating, electric heat pumps, electric boilers, natural-gas-, oil- or pellet-fired local boilers were considered when supplying heat to a detached house. The district heat production included wood-chip-fired and natural-gas-fired cogeneration plants. Electricity other than cogenerated electricity was produced in wood-chip- and natural-gas-fired stand-alone power plants. The analysis includes four tax scenarios, as well as the external cost of environmental and health damage arising from energy conversion emission based on the ExternE study of the European Commission. The most cost efficient systems were the natural-gas and oil boiler systems, followed by the heat pump and district heating systems, when the external cost and taxes were excluded. When including the external costs of CO2 emission, the wood-fuel-based systems were much more cost efficient than the fossil-fuel-based systems, also when CO2 capture and storage were applied. The external costs are, however, highly uncertain. Taxes steer towards lowering energy use and lowering CO2 emission if they are levied solely on all the fossil-fuel-related emission and fuel use in the systems. If consumer electricity and heat taxes are used, the taxes have an impact on the total cost, regardless of the fuel used, thereby benefiting fuel-based local heating systems. The heat pump systems were the least affected by taxes, due to their high energy efficiency. The electric boiler systems were the least cost efficient systems, also when the external cost and taxes were included.
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