| 1. |
- Anthon, Carl Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusions in ICU patients : an international inception cohort study (PLOT-ICU)
- 2023
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In: Intensive Care Medicine. - 0342-4642. ; 49:11, s. 1327-1338
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: Thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 × 10 9/L) is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is likely associated with worse outcomes. In this study we present international contemporary data on thrombocytopenia in ICU patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult ICU patients in 52 ICUs across 10 countries. We assessed frequencies of thrombocytopenia, use of platelet transfusions and clinical outcomes including mortality. We evaluated pre-selected potential risk factors for the development of thrombocytopenia during ICU stay and associations between thrombocytopenia at ICU admission and 90-day mortality using pre-specified logistic regression analyses.RESULTS: We analysed 1166 ICU patients; the median age was 63 years and 39.5% were female. Overall, 43.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40.4-46.1) had thrombocytopenia; 23.4% (20-26) had thrombocytopenia at ICU admission, and 19.8% (17.6-22.2) developed thrombocytopenia during their ICU stay. Absence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-cancer-related immune deficiency, liver failure, male sex, septic shock, and bleeding at ICU admission were associated with the development of thrombocytopenia during ICU stay. Among patients with thrombocytopenia, 22.6% received platelet transfusion(s), and 64.3% of in-ICU transfusions were prophylactic. Patients with thrombocytopenia had higher occurrences of bleeding and death, fewer days alive without the use of life-support, and fewer days alive and out of hospital. Thrombocytopenia at ICU admission was associated with 90-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio 1.7; 95% CI 1.19-2.42).CONCLUSION: Thrombocytopenia occurred in 43% of critically ill patients and was associated with worse outcomes including increased mortality. Platelet transfusions were given to 23% of patients with thrombocytopenia and most were prophylactic.
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| 2. |
- Baison, John, et al.
(author)
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Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) identified novel candidate loci affecting wood formation in Norway spruce
- 2019
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In: The Plant Journal. - : Wiley. - 0960-7412 .- 1365-313X. ; 100:1, s. 83-100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Norway spruce is a boreal forest tree species of significant ecological and economic importance. Hence there is a strong imperative to dissect the genetics underlying important wood quality traits in the species. We performed a functional Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of 17 wood traits in Norway spruce using 178101 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated from exome genotyping of 517 mother trees. The wood traits were defined using functional modelling of wood properties across annual growth rings.We applied a LASSO based association mapping method using a functional multi-locus mapping approach that utilizes latent traits, with a stability selection probability method as the hypothesis testing approach to determine significant Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). The analysis provided 52 significant SNPs from 39 candidate genes, including genes previously implicated in wood formation and tree growth in spruce and other species. Our study represents a multi-locus GWAS for complex wood traits in Norway spruce. The results advance our understanding of the genetics influencing wood traits and identifies candidate genes for future functional studies.
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| 3. |
- Baison, John, et al.
(author)
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Genome-wide association study identified novel candidate loci affecting wood formation in Norway spruce
- 2019
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In: The Plant Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0960-7412 .- 1365-313X. ; 100:1, s. 83-100
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Norway spruce is a boreal forest tree species of significant ecological and economic importance. Hence there is a strong imperative to dissect the genetics underlying important wood quality traits in the species. We performed a functional genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 17 wood traits in Norway spruce using 178 101 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated from exome genotyping of 517 mother trees. The wood traits were defined using functional modelling of wood properties across annual growth rings. We applied a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO-based) association mapping method using a functional multilocus mapping approach that utilizes latent traits, with a stability selection probability method as the hypothesis testing approach to determine a significant quantitative trait locus. The analysis provided 52 significant SNPs from 39 candidate genes, including genes previously implicated in wood formation and tree growth in spruce and other species. Our study represents a multilocus GWAS for complex wood traits in Norway spruce. The results advance our understanding of the genetics influencing wood traits and identifies candidate genes for future functional studies.
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| 4. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 5. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 6. |
- Börjesson, Marcus, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Flotation REST as a Stress Reduction Method : The Effects on Anxiety, Muscle Tension, and Performance
- 2018
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In: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. - : Human Kinetics. - 1932-9261 .- 1932-927X. ; 12:3, s. 333-346
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of flotation REST upon skilled and less skilled golfers’ anxiety in terms of physiological indicators of stress, self-rated anxiety scores, muscle tension, and the effect on golf putting. Prior to performing the putting task participants underwent a treatment of flotation REST or a period of resting in an armchair. Participants completed both treatments in a randomized order with a two-week interval. The results showed that both flotation REST and the armchair treatment reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no differences between treatments or athlete skill levels. No significant differences between treatments were revealed regarding self-ratings, level of muscle tension or putting precision. The results indicate that flotation REST may be useful for reducing negative symptoms related to stress and anxiety in general; however, no support for direct positive effects on golf performance were found.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Andreas, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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The Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S) : A psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version.
- 2016
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 26:1, s. 116-123
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study validated a Swedish version of the 47-item Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S). Sample 1 consisted of 506 team sport athletes [262 men and 244 women; mean age: 22.20, standard deviation (SD) = 3.90] distributed across 41 coaches at the two highest national levels of various sports. Athletes completed the CBS-S and established questionnaires of coaching behaviors (LSS), self-confidence (CSAI-2R), and coach-athlete relationship (CART-Q). An additional sample of 39 basketball players (21 men and 18 women; mean age = 17.40, SD = 2.39) completed the CBS-S twice, approximately 4 weeks apart. Confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable model fit for the seven-factor version of the CBS-S, although two items of the negative personal rapport subscale displayed insufficient factor loadings. Correlations between the subscales of the CBS-S and established instruments were in accordance with theoretical expectations, supporting the concurrent validity. Cronbach's alpha (> 0.82) for all dimensions provided support for the reliability of the CBS-S, and test-retest correlations indicated moderate stability over time. Cultural differences in the assessment of coaching behaviors and the usability of the CBS-S by coaches for self-reflection and development are discussed.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Cederström, Björn, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Multi-prism x-ray lens
- 2002
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In: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 81:8, s. 1399-1401
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Refractive x-ray lenses with a triangular surface profile have been used to focus a synchrotron beam to sub-mum line width. These lenses are free from spherical aberration and work in analogy with one-dimensional focusing parabolic compound refractive lenses. However, the focal length can be easily varied by changing the gap between the two jaws. Silicon lenses were fabricated by wet anisotropic etching, and epoxy replicas were molded from the silicon masters. The lenses provided intensity gains up to a factor of 32 and the smallest focal line width was 0.87 mum. The simplified geometry and associated fabrication technique open possibilities for low-Z materials such as beryllium, which should greatly enhance the performance of refractive x-ray optics. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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| 10. |
- Cederström, B, et al.
(author)
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Multi-prism x-ray lens
- 2002
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In: Appl Phys Lett. ; 81:8, s. 1399-1401
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Danaei, Goodarz, et al.
(author)
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Effects of diabetes definition on global surveillance of diabetes prevalence and diagnosis: a pooled analysis of 96 population-based studies with 331288 participants
- 2015
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In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. - 2213-8595 .- 2213-8587. ; 3:8, s. 624-637
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Diabetes has been defined on the basis of different biomarkers, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and HbA(1c). We assessed the effect of different diagnostic definitions on both the population prevalence of diabetes and the classification of previously undiagnosed individuals as having diabetes versus not having diabetes in a pooled analysis of data from population-based health examination surveys in different regions. Methods We used data from 96 population-based health examination surveys that had measured at least two of the biomarkers used for defining diabetes. Diabetes was defined using HbA(1c) (HbA(1c) >= 6 . 5% or history of diabetes diagnosis or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs) compared with either FPG only or FPG-or-2hOGTT definitions (FPG >= 7 . 0 mmol/L or 2hOGTT >= 11 . 1 mmol/L or history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated diabetes prevalence, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights. We compared the prevalences of diabetes using different definitions graphically and by regression analyses. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of diabetes diagnosis based on HbA1c compared with diagnosis based on glucose among previously undiagnosed individuals (ie, excluding those with history of diabetes or using insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs). We calculated sensitivity and specificity in each survey, and then pooled results using a random-effects model. We assessed the sources of heterogeneity of sensitivity by meta-regressions for study characteristics selected a priori. Findings Population prevalence of diabetes based on FPG- or-2hOGTT was correlated with prevalence based on FPG alone (r= 0 . 98), but was higher by 2-6 percentage points at different prevalence levels. Prevalence based on HbA(1c) was lower than prevalence based on FPG in 42 . 8% of age-sex-survey groups and higher in another 41 . 6%; in the other 15 . 6%, the two definitions provided similar prevalence estimates. The variation across studies in the relation between glucose-based and HbA(1c)-based prevalences was partly related to participants' age, followed by natural logarithm of per person gross domestic product, the year of survey, mean BMI, and whether the survey population was national, subnational, or from specific communities. Diabetes defined as HbA(1c) 6 . 5% or more had a pooled sensitivity of 52 . 8% (95% CI 51 . 3-54 . 3%) and a pooled specificity of 99 . 74% (99 . 71-99 . 78%) compared with FPG 7 . 0 mmol/L or more for diagnosing previously undiagnosed participants; sensitivity compared with diabetes defined based on FPG-or-2hOGTT was 30 . 5% (28 . 7-32 . 3%). None of the preselected study-level characteristics explained the heterogeneity in the sensitivity of HbA(1c) versus FPG. Interpretation Different biomarkers and definitions for diabetes can provide different estimates of population prevalence of diabetes, and differentially identify people without previous diagnosis as having diabetes. Using an HbA(1c)-based definition alone in health surveys will not identify a substantial proportion of previously undiagnosed people who would be considered as having diabetes using a glucose-based test.
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| 13. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(author)
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Alpine Ski Coaches' and Athletes' Perceptions of Factors Influencing Adaptation to Stress in the Classroom and on the Slopes
- 2019
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In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research examining the student-athlete experience proposes a number of factors that can be both sources of stress and/or support. The dual career pathway offers a number of potential positive outcomes including psychological, social, and financial benefits; however, challenges including time management, fatigue, and restricted social activities are well documented. In consideration of the multidimensional student-athlete experience and the numerous factors that influence the complexity of potential stress, a mixed methods research study design was used in the study. First, data collected from surveys completed by 173 elite junior alpine skiers were analyzed to identify the degree to which athletes report experiencing stress associated with specific aspects pertaining to training, life, and organizational factors. These factors were then explored through semi-structured interviews with six coaches at the associated national elite sport schools. Taken collectively, athletes' reports of psychophysiological training stress on the Multidimensional Training Distress Scale were low. Scores on the college studentathletes' life stress scale revealed very low levels of general life stress; although the subscales associated with "performance demand" and "academic requirements" scored marginally higher. Scores on the Organizational Stressor Indicator for Sport Performers indicated low levels of organizational stress. The interviews with coaches elucidated the underlying factors potentially influencing athletes' positive adaptations to stress as they reported programming a number of strategies to reduce negative outcomes. Coaches aimed to teach athletes self-awareness and regulation strategies through the use of the training diaries and ongoing communication to promote positive adaptation to stress. A number of coaches also worked with sport psychology consultants to optimize athletes' training and study situations. Traditionally, research has noted high levels of stress in student-athletes due to co-occurring demands (school & sport); however, the data in the present study suggests that optimizing support mechanisms across domains can promote positive adaptations to potential sources of stress.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Ekelund, Rebecka, et al.
(author)
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Interventions for improving mental health in athletes : a scoping review
- 2023
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In: International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. - Oxon : Routledge. - 1750-984X .- 1750-9858.
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of this scoping review were to map the current literature on interventions for improving mental health in athletes, identify knowledge gaps, and generate future research questions. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guided this review. A systematic literature search was conducted in SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS and 44 intervention studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that 22 studies (50%) implemented cognitive behavioural principles, and the majority of these studies were influenced by various mindfulness programmes. Most studies (93%) included healthy athlete samples, and athletes aged 15–19 were the most examined age group (43%). Only three studies used clinical criteria in their sampling of participants and mediators were examined in two studies. The scarcity of studies examining mediators and subclinical or clinical samples revealed critical knowledge gaps in the literature. Furthermore, the critical appraisal showed that regardless of study design, most studies demonstrated low internal validity. We propose the use of high-quality single-case studies with athletes who experience subclinical or clinical mental health issues, and further investigation of mechanisms of change linking intervention components to outcomes of interest.
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| 17. |
- Eriksson, Lina J. K.
(author)
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An Exploration of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Response Inhibition, and Possible Implications in Sports
- 2021
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Large parts of human behaviors are oriented towards achieving a particular goal. Motivational factors in the form of approach and avoidance motivated behavior and executive functions (EFs) such as inhibition are central for goal-directed behavior. There are individual differences in the inhibition of prepotent behavior and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) can be viewed as a neuropsychological system that has been proposed to be a personality trait that explains those individual differences. Inhibition is an EF that is involved in the control of impulses and enable us to choose how to react and behave. Sport is a context in which the cognitive demands can be high and there is a growing body of research trying to pinpoint the cognitive mechanisms behind superior athletic performance. Response inhibition is suggested to be one of the mechanisms that is of importance for performance in sport.The general aim of this thesis was to explore the BIS, response inhibition and the possible implications in sports. A theoretical framework of approach and avoidance motivation, the revised RST (Gray & McNaughton, 2000; McNaughton & Corr, 2004) was combined with a paradigm for assessment of response inhibition; the stop-signal paradigm (Logan & Cowan, 1984). In addition, different instruments for assessment of the BIS was investigated and designs of the stop-signal task for assessment of response inhibition was used. Study I and III aimed to examine the relationship between response inhibition and the BIS. Study I used a sample of non-athletes and Study III used a sample of non-athletes, and athletes from two different interceptive sports, biathlon and alpine skiing. The aim of Study II was to test the factor structure of a Swedish version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST – PQ; Corr & Cooper, 2016). The results from Study I indicated that when the ability to inhibit prepotent response and behavioral precision (i.e., accuracy) is central for task performance, higher levels of BIS could be a vulnerability factor when the individual’s inhibitory ability simultaneously is poor. Due to ceiling effects in the variable accuracy, this was not possible to replicate in Study III. The results in Study II suggest that the RST-PQ has considerable promise since it, for example, provides an opportunity to distinguish between the individual differences between fear and anxiety, although there were issues concerning the convergent validity. Study III showed that athletes with experience in interceptive sports do not outperform non-athletes on response inhibition. The implications of these results are that it is possible that other aspects than being an athlete or non-xathlete need to be considered and that individual differences in the BIS could be one of these aspects.Taken together, results from these three studies indicated that that it is possible to combine a theoretical framework of approach and avoidance motivation and a paradigm for the assessment of response inhibition, the stop-signal paradigm, with the purpose of exploring the BIS, response inhibition and possible implications in sport. It has also showed the complexity with using self-report instruments for assessment of neuropsychological systems that, in theory, underlies personality and the difficulties with using SSTs for assessment of an estimated measure (i.e., SSRT) of response inhibition. By exploring the BIS and response inhibition, this thesis offers an approach to view sport expertise and show the value of focusing on individual differences in the personality trait BIS since, at least theoretically, the BIS has the potential to serve as an explanation for variations in response inhibition and the possible association with behavioral precision (i.e., accuracy).
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| 18. |
- Fredenberg, Erik, PhD, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Contrast-enhanced dual-energy subtraction imaging using electronic spectrum-splitting and multi-prism x-ray lenses
- 2008
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In: Medical Imaging 2008 - Physics of Medical Imaging. - San Diego, CA, USA : SPIE. - 9780819470973 ; , s. 91310-91310
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dual-energy subtraction imaging (DES) is a method to improve the detectability of contrast agents over a lumpy background. Two images, acquired at x-ray energies above and below an absorption edge of the agent material, are logarithmically subtracted, resulting in suppression of the signal from the tissue background and a relative enhancement of the signal from the agent. Although promising, DES is still not widely used in clinical practice. One reason may be the need for two distinctly separated x-ray spectra that are still close to the absorption edge, realized through dual exposures which may introduce motion unsharpness. In this study, electronic spectrum-splitting with a silicon-strip detector is theoretically and experimentally investigated for a mammography model with iodinated contrast agent. Comparisons are made to absorption imaging and a near-ideal detector using a signal-to-noise ratio that includes both statistical and structural noise. Similar to previous studies, heavy absorption filtration was needed to narrow the spectra at the expense of a large reduction in x-ray flux. Therefore, potential improvements using a chromatic multi-prism x-ray lens (MPL) for filtering were evaluated theoretically. The MPL offers a narrow tunable spectrum, and we show that the image quality can be improved compared to conventional filtering methods.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive behavioral intervention in sport psychology : A case illustration of the exposure method with an elite athlete
- 2016
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In: Journal of Sport Psychology in Action. - : Routledge. - 2152-0704 .- 2152-0712. ; 8:3, s. 152-162
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One common method in Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to treat anxiety problems is exposure, but there are few articles examining its applicability to sport. The aim of this article is to give a background of the use of exposure in sport and present a case of how exposure can be used with athletes. The athlete was a 17-year-old female cross-country skier with high levels of performance anxiety. In the case description, common procedures in CBT such as behavioral analysis, psychoeducation, and exposure are presented, as well as how anxiety can be managed. After the intervention the athlete perceived lower levels of anxiety as well as improved behavioral repertoire (e.g., less avoidant behaviors and more functional sport-specific behaviors). This case may be used to help practitioners consider the use of exposure in competitive sports.
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| 21. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive behavioural therapy in performance enhancement : using exposure and behavioral experiments with elite athletes
- 2020
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In: Applied sport, exercise, and performance psychology. - London : Routledge. - 9781138587854 ; , s. 113-128
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In sport psychology, the roots of mental skills training and performance enhancement strategies have been heavily influenced by the cognitive branch of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Some of the traditional methods in CBT, such as exposure and behavioural experiments, have not gained much attention despite strong research evidence of their effectiveness. This chapter will describe how exposure and behavioural experiments can be useful in working with performance enhancement in Olympic level athletes. Common procedures are outlined and lessons learned from the elite sport context are provided.
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| 22. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Conceptual Confusion and Potential Advances in Athlete Burnout Research
- 2016
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In: Perceptual and Motor Skills. - : SAGE Publications. - 0031-5125 .- 1558-688X. ; 123:3, s. 784-791
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- More than 30 years of research on athlete burnout has yielded important insights and questions regarding the onset, nature, and consequences of this detrimental syndrome. Not surprisingly, burnout is considered an important matter, both from a research and practical standpoint. We comment on the work of Ryu, Ali, Kim, Choi, and Radlo, who examined the impact of burnout on cognitive performance among athletes.
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| 23. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Hope and athlete burnout : Stress and affect as mediators
- 2013
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In: Psychology of Sport And Exercise. - : Elsevier. - 1469-0292 .- 1878-5476. ; 14:5, s. 640-649
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveIn this study we examined the relationship between trait hope and burnout in elite junior soccer players and whether stress and positive and negative affect mediated this relationship.MethodsParticipants were 238 Swedish soccer players (166 males, 71 females; one did not indicate gender) aged 15–19 years who completed questionnaires measuring trait hope, perceived stress, positive and negative affect, and athlete burnout (i.e., emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation).ResultsBivariate correlations were consistent with hope theory contentions indicating significant negative relationships between hope and all three burnout dimensions. The relationship between hope and emotional/physical exhaustion was fully mediated by stress and positive affect. For sport devaluation and reduced sense of accomplishment, stress and positive affect partially mediated the relationship with hope. In contrast, negative affect did not mediate the relationship between hope and any of the burnout dimensions.ConclusionThe results support earlier findings that hope is negatively related to athlete burnout. Support was also found for the hypothesis that high hope individuals would experience less stress and therefore less burnout. Promoting hope may be relevant in reducing the likelihood of this detrimental syndrome.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Prevalence of burnout in competitive adolescent athletes
- 2007
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In: The Sport psychologist. - : Human Kinetics. - 0888-4781 .- 1543-2793. ; 21:1, s. 21-37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the factorial validity of the Eades Burnout Inventory (EABI) and the prevalence of burnout in adolescent elite athletes and whether burnout is more common in individual sports than in team sports. The EABI was distributed to 980 athletes (402 females and 578 males) in 29 different sports. Confirmatory-factor analyses revealed an acceptable factorial validity for a theoretically supported four-factor model of the EABI. Between 1% and 9% of the athletes displayed elevated burnout scores on these four subscales. The hypothesis of higher prevalence of burnout in individual sports was, however, not supported. Furthermore, no correlation between training load and burnout scores was found. These findings suggest that factors other than training load must be considered when athletes at risk for burnout are investigated.
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| 27. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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The process of burnout : A multiple case study of three elite endurance athletes
- 2007
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In: International Journal of Sport Psychology. - : Edizioni Luigi Pozzi srl. - 0047-0767. ; 38:4, s. 388-416
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the process of burning out in endurance athletes. The experiences of three elite cross-country skiers who left Their sport due to burnout were explored. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and inductively analyzed. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and training logs were used to validate the interviews and to enrich the analysis. The burnout process was found to evolve with different severity and time perspectives in the three cases. Athletic identity and achievement strivings to validate self-esteem were found to be important driving forces in the burnout process. Also, chronic lack of mental and physical recovery as well as early skiing success leading to high expectations comprised common themes in the burnout process.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Intra-individual variability in state anxiety and self-confidence in elite golfers
- 2004
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In: Journal of Sport Behavior. - : University of South Alabama. - 0162-7341. ; 27:3, s. 277-290
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Precompetition anxiety levels are assumed to moderate athletic performance. Unfortunately, cross-sectional and nomothetic research designs have often shown non-significant findings; intra-individual variability may be a contributing factor. The extent of variability in precompetition anxiety and self-confidence responses as related to golf performance and trait measures were therefore examined using an idiographic approach. Individual patterns of variability were found for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety and Self-Confidence scores yielded prior to the games played. Variability in Somatic Anxiety was significantly related to variability in golf performance. Players low in anxiety variability scored significantly higher on Private Self-Consciousness. The findings suggest the influence of anxiety and self-confidence on performance may be better understood when trait characteristics of the individual are also considered.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Jacobsson, Jenny, 1962-, et al.
(author)
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Youth athletes at Swedish sports high schools with an athletics specialism emphasise environmental support for injury risk management : a focus group study.
- 2023
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In: BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2055-7647. ; 9:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, we examined knowledge and understanding of sport-related injuries among youth athletics (track and field) athletes and assessed their needs in managing any health problems. Qualitative data were collected via 12 focus groups with youth athletes (16-19 years) studying at Swedish sports high schools with an athletics specialism. All focus group discussions were audiorecorded and transcribed before being analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Four researchers independently reviewed the transcripts, generated codes and developed themes. Three overarching themes related to the athletes' knowledge and understanding of sport-related injury were developed: (1) awareness of injuries, (2) perception of injuries, and (3) factors contributing to injuries. The youth athletes were typically uncertain about how to acknowledge a sport-related injury. They expressed that knowledge about injuries was obtained in part by reflecting on the lived experiences of their peers. It was also demonstrated that there appears to be a 'culture of acceptance' regarding injury occurrence. In contrast, causes of injuries were viewed as dependent on multiple factors (eg, lack of context-specific knowledge about training practices). Regarding athletes' needs in managing injuries, an additional three themes were developed: (1) creating functioning elite sports environments, (2) application of knowledge and (3) fostering athletes. An apparent lack of structure and organisation related to the school environment was identified as an important issue to review to create opportunities for sustainable athletic development. The study identified areas that can be improved in Swedish sports high schools with an athletic specialism and could be applied in other youth sports contexts. The results of this study guide school stakeholders, alongside the sport governing bodies who have the mandate to influence activities in youth sports contexts, whereby special attention should be directed towards improving the social environment for youth athletes.
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| 34. |
- Jederström, Moa, et al.
(author)
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Towards prevention of self-objectification in young female athletes on social media : instagram posting patterns of female elite athletes in aesthetic and non-aesthetic individual sports
- 2024
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In: British journal of sports medicine. - 1473-0480. ; 58:Suppl 2, s. 69-70
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Elite athletes are role models for young sportspersons regarding social media use. Self-objectification, including self-sexualizing, contributes to body dissatisfaction and body shame, especially in young females. For efficient prevention of self-objectification, knowledge is needed about elite athletes’ self-presentation on social media.Objective To compare social media postings indicative of self-objectification among female elite athletes in an aesthetic and a non-aesthetic individual sport and by age.Design Cross-sectional quantitative visual content analysis study.Setting Instagram on October 1st, 2021.Participants All Swedish elite female athletes aged 16 years or older with open Instagram accounts in figure skaters (n=26) and athletics (track and field) athletes (n=40).Assessment of Risk Factors The 30 most recently posted images were identified from each athlete’s Instagram account (Figure). Following exclusion of non-topical images, a panel (4 women/4 men) individually scored factors indicative of self-objectification in the remaining images. The scores were analyzed quantitatively by sport (figure skating/athletics) and age group (age-cut at 21 years).Main Outcome Measurements Proportion of sexually suggestive images in Instagram postings.Results In total, 1,869 images were analyzed; 669 posted by figure skaters and 1200 by athletics athletes. Seventy-four images (4%) were classified as containing sexually suggestive content. Figure skaters posted more images with sexually suggestive content (p=0.032) than athletics athletes (especially images with sexual posing (p=0.005) and sexualized body parts in focus (chest (p=0.049); hip-region (p=0.001)). Younger athletes published more images interpreted to contain sexual suggestion than older athletes (p<0.001) (especially images focusing on the chest (p=0.008)).
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| 35. |
- Johansson, Susanne, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Sexual harassment and abuse in coach–athlete relationships in Sweden
- 2017
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In: European Journal for Sport and Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1613-8171 .- 2380-5919. ; 14:2, s. 117-137
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) can have a profound negative impact, but research on SHA in sport is scarce and studies of SHA in Swedish sport are absent. This study explores (a) self-reported prevalence of SHA perpetrated by coaches among male and female Swedish athletes, and (b) descriptive statistics for coach–athlete relationship factors and the association between these relationship factors and reported SHA. Current and former Swedish club sport athletes (n = 477) aged 25 participated in the survey. Athletes reported 5.5% prevalence of coach SHA, of which inappropriate, unpleasant, or offensive physical contact were most common. No significant differences of SHA frequency were displayed across gender, sport performance levels, or individual/team sports. A majority of athletes (55–95%) reported trust, closeness, substantial coach influence over sport performance, and instructional physical contact as main coach–athlete relationship factors. A minority (13–39%) reported dependency, substantial coach influence over personal-life, non-instructional physical contact, sexualized comments and jokes, and flirting. Prevalence of coach–athlete friendships, athlete attraction to coaches, and coaches’ instructional physical contact differed significantly between male and female athletes. Closeness and athlete attraction to coaches were negatively related, and coaches’ non-instructional physical contact and flirting were positively related to reported SHA. Multi-causality and ambiguity of coach–athlete relationship factors are discussed.
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| 36. |
- Johansson, Susanne
(author)
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Sexual Relationships between Athletes and Coaches : Love, Sexual Consent, and Abuse
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Coach-athlete sexual relationships (CASR) and sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) in sport can profoundly impact athletes’ welfare and performance. Yet, it is often ignored due to sensitivity, secrecy, and lack of knowledge. There is no previous research on SHA in sport in Sweden, and legal, consensual, same-sex CASR is under-researched. The overall purpose of this doctoral thesis is to examine CASR in competitive sport in Sweden. More specifically: a) athletes’ experiences of CASR; b) prevalence of SHA in coach-athlete relationships; c) conceptual and theoretical issues to broaden the understanding of CASR and SHA, will be examined.Survey methodology is employed in Article I to explore the prevalence of SHA, coach-athlete relationship factors, and association between relationship factors and SHA. A random sample of current and former male and female Swedish athletes (n=477) aged 25 participated. Article II outlines critical issues of CASR, and theories and conceptualisations of romantic love, sexual consent, and female athlete sexual agency is further developed in the thesis research summary. Drawing on interviews with five female elite athletes aged 23-30, experiences of CASR are analysed in-depth using discourse analyses in Article III and narrative case study design in Article IV.Results show that athletes’ experiences of CASR are positively and negatively diverse but potentially problematic because boundary ambiguity, secrecy, and isolation are common. Social and ethical dilemmas may also occur because CASR intersect contrasting discourses regarding elite sport, coach–athlete relationships, and romantic love. Moreover, CASR integrate professional and private contexts in which equality and power deviate. The research illustrates empirically and theoretically how female elite athletes exercise agency and recognise consensual, mutually desired CASR where romantic love is priority. However, sexual consent can be ambivalent rather than a mutually exclusive yes/no dualism. Socially, consent is a process of negotiation informed by contextual factors, sexual agency, and social structure. In addition, 5.5% prevalence of SHA perpetrated by male coaches is reported, distributed throughout the sampled athletes’ gender, age, sport performance levels, and individual/team sports in the sample.In conclusion, this thesis expands knowledge of athletes’ experiences of love, sexual consent, and abuse in CASR. Previous evidence of SHA in sport is confirmed to include sport in Sweden. Implications for sport and sport sciences are offered.
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| 37. |
- Johles, Lis, et al.
(author)
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Is a Brief Body Scan Helpful for Adolescent Athletes' Sleep Problems and Anxiety Symptoms?
- 2023
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In: Mindfulness. - : Springer. - 1868-8527 .- 1868-8535. ; 14:6, s. 1522-1530
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectivesThe aim of the studywas to compare the effects of a brief body scan with relaxation as an active control group to better understand their respective contributions to the reduction of sleep problems and anxiety symptoms among adolescent athletes.MethodTwo hundred and six adolescent athletes were recruited during the school year 2016/2017 and randomized into four arms: 4 weeks body scan, 8 weeks body scan, 4 weeks relaxation, and 8 weeks relaxation. Sleep problems and anxiety were measured at baseline and 4, 8, and 16 weeks after baseline. Time trends in sleep problems and anxiety were estimated using linear repeated measures models and compared between the four groups.ResultsOverall, there were beneficial time changes for sleep problems and anxiety symptoms in all four intervention groups, but significantly so only for anxiety symptoms. Specifically, the reduction of anxiety symptoms varied between - 11% per month for 8 weeks body scan, - 12% per month for 8 weeks relaxation, - 13% per month for 4 weeks relaxation, and - 16% per month for 4 weeks body scan. However, the time trends did not differ by intervention type or duration.ConclusionsBoth types of interventions had beneficial effects on anxiety independent of length of intervention, suggesting that a brief body scan as well as a brief relaxation could be part of a daily recovery practice for adolescent athletes.PreregistrationThis study was not preregistered.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Kenttä, Göran, 1965-, et al.
(author)
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Burnout from working life to sporting life.
- 2013
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In: Proceedings from The 13th European Congress of Psychology (ECP 2013). Stockholm, Sweden. - : European Federation of Psychologists’ Association.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 41. |
- Kenttä, Göran, et al.
(author)
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Bättre prestation och hälsa med KBT : Fakta, inspiration, fallbeskrivningar
- 2015
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Book (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- När livet och idrotten fungerar som bäst mår man fint och prestationsförmågan är på topp. I detta drömläge är behovet av KBT, kognitiv beteendeterapi, mycket litet. Men det är få förunnat att befinna sig i detta läge tjugofyra timmar om dygnet – varken hälsa eller prestationsförmåga är någonting statiskt.Bättre prestation & hälsa med KBT ger en introduktion till KBT och de vanligast förekommande problemområdena som finns förankrade i såväl den kliniska psykologin som i ett idrottsspecifikt sammanhang. Du får flera beskrivningar och exempel på hur behandlingar kan gå till väga.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Kenttä, Göran, et al.
(author)
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From working life to sporting life
- 2013
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In: <em>the 13<sup>th</sup> European Congress of Psychology, Stockholm 9-12 July. </em>.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Klockare, Ellinor, et al.
(author)
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Sport Psychology Consultants’ Views on Working with Perfectionistic Elite Athletes
- 2022
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In: The Sport psychologist. - Champaign, IL, United States : Human Kinetics. - 0888-4781 .- 1543-2793. ; 36:3, s. 219-227
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to explore the views and experiences of sport psychology consultants who have worked with perfectionistic elite athletes and, particularly, their views on the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four professional sport psychology consultants who identified themselves as having experience of working with athletes they consider to be perfectionistic. Two themes were generated: manifestations of perfectionism, and management of perfectionism. The consultants found perfectionistic athletes to have rigid attitudes and strong negative emotional experiences, to use safety behaviors and to regularly underperform. CBT techniques such as mindfulness, cognitive restructuring, and psychological skills training were most commonly used and were largely viewed as effective against a backdrop of sporting environment that could often encourage athletes to be perfectionistic. The findings highlight the complexity of perfectionism from a consultancy perspective and the challenges associated with working with perfectionistic athletes.
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| 48. |
- Klockare, Ellinore, et al.
(author)
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Track and field athletes' experiences and perceived effects of flotation-REST.
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Sport Psychology. - 0047-0767. ; 46:5, s. 409-428
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research has highlighted flotation-REST as a promising method for relaxation and performance enhancement in sport; however, to further evaluate the use of flotation-REST in an athletic environment, additional research is warranted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six elite track and field athletes about their experiences and perceived effects of flotation-REST. Athletes were interviewed twice; once for their immediate response and again to explore their perceptions of flotation-REST over time. The data was analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Flotation-REST was perceived as pleasant and relaxing. Five athletes reported less stress and an overall increase in well-being for one or two days afterwards, although they felt physically tired during training sessions. Being in a better mood, placing fewer demands on themselves, and feeling more optimistic and present were also perceived effects. This study shows the potential of flotation-REST as a technique for health promotion, stress management, and a means to practise mindfulness. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR
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| 49. |
- Klockare, Ellinor, et al.
(author)
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Track and field athletes’ experiences and perceived effects of flotation-REST : An interpretative phenomenological analysis
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Sport Psychology. - Rome, Italy : Edizioni Luigi Pozzi. - 0047-0767. ; 46:5, s. 409-428
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research has highlighted flotation-REST as a promising method for relaxation and performance enhancement in sport; however, to further evaluate the use of flotation-REST in an athletic environment, additional research is warranted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six elite track and field athletes about their experiences and perceived effects of flotation-REST. Athletes were interviewed twice; once for their immediate response and again to explore their perceptions of flotation-REST over time. The data was analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Flotation-REST was perceived as pleasant and relaxing. Five athletes reported less stress and an overall increase in well-being for one or two days afterwards, although they felt physically tired during training sessions. Being in a better mood, placing fewer demands on themselves, and feeling more optimistic and present were also perceived effects. This study shows the potential of flotation-REST as a technique for health promotion, stress management, and a means to practise mindfulness.
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| 50. |
- Kristiansen, Elsa, et al.
(author)
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Forberedelse til OL under en pandemi
- 2023
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In: Eventer i en beredskapskontekst. - Oslo : Universitetsforlaget. - 9788215054599 - 9788215054636 ; , s. 52-68
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Tokyo Summer Olympics 2020 were postponed by a year due to Covid-19. This postponement came as a surprise to both athletes and support staff. How did the pandemic affect the Olympic preparations and the mental health of the athletes? Twelve athletes, both Norwegian and Swedish medal candidates from nine sports, were interviewed. Norwegian and Swedish athletes had different training options, but they tried to adapt as best they could to current situations and what they were allowed to do. This resulted in different set of goals as they adapted to the conditions.
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