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Gender-related vari...
Gender-related variables for health research
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- Nielsen, M (author)
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Bld. 16, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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- Stefanick, M (author)
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305-5411, USA
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- Peragine, D (author)
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St George St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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- Neilands, T (author)
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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- Ioannidis, J (author)
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305-5411, USA
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- Pilote, L (author)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, 5252 De Maisonneuve Blvd, Office 2B.39, Montréal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
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- Prochaska, J (author)
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305-5411, USA
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- Cullen, M (author)
- Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, 94304, USA
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- Einstein, Gillian, 1952- (author)
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St George St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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- Klinge, I (author)
- Horizon 2020 Advisory Group for Gender, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
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- LeBlanc, H (author)
- Department of Science & Technology Studies, Cornell University, 303 Morrill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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- Paik, H (author)
- Center for Gendered Innovations in Science and Technology Research, 405 KSTC, 22 Teheranro-7gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06130, Republic of Korea
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- Schiebinger, L (author)
- History of Science, Stanford University, Building 200, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Bld 16, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305-5411, USA (creator_code:org_t)
- 2021-02-22
- 2021
- English.
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In: Biology of Sex Differences. - : BioMed Central. - 2042-6410. ; 12:23
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https://bsd.biomedce...
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Abstract
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- BackgroundIn this paper, we argue for Gender as a Sociocultural Variable (GASV) as a complement to Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV). Sex (biology) and gender (sociocultural behaviors and attitudes) interact to influence health and disease processes across the lifespan—which is currently playing out in the COVID-19 pandemic. This study develops a gender assessment tool—the Stanford Gender-Related Variables for Health Research—for use in clinical and population research, including large-scale health surveys involving diverse Western populations. While analyzing sex as a biological variable is widely mandated, gender as a sociocultural variable is not, largely because the field lacks quantitative tools for analyzing the influence of gender on health outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive review of English-language measures of gender from 1975 to 2015 to identify variables across three domains: gender norms, gender-related traits, and gender relations. This yielded 11 variables tested with 44 items in three US cross-sectional survey populations: two internet-based (N = 2051; N = 2135) and a patient-research registry (N = 489), conducted between May 2017 and January 2018.ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses reduced 11 constructs to 7 gender-related variables: caregiver strain, work strain, independence, risk-taking, emotional intelligence, social support, and discrimination. Regression analyses, adjusted for age, ethnicity, income, education, sex assigned at birth, and self-reported gender identity, identified associations between these gender-related variables and self-rated general health, physical and mental health, and health-risk behaviors.ConclusionOur new instrument represents an important step toward developing more comprehensive and precise survey-based measures of gender in relation to health. Our questionnaire is designed to shed light on how specific gender-related behaviors and attitudes contribute to health and disease processes, irrespective of—or in addition to—biological sex and self-reported gender identity. Use of these gender-related variables in experimental studies, such as clinical trials, may also help us understand if gender factors play an important role as treatment-effect modifiers and would thus need to be further considered in treatment decision-making.
Subject headings
- SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP -- Psykologi (hsv//swe)
- SOCIAL SCIENCES -- Psychology (hsv//eng)
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- ref (subject category)
- art (subject category)
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- By the author/editor
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Nielsen, M
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Stefanick, M
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Peragine, D
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Neilands, T
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Ioannidis, J
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Pilote, L
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Prochaska, J
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Cullen, M
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Einstein, Gillia ...
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Klinge, I
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LeBlanc, H
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Paik, H
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Schiebinger, L
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- About the subject
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- SOCIAL SCIENCES
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SOCIAL SCIENCES
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and Psychology
- Articles in the publication
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Biology of Sex D ...
- By the university
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Linköping University