Off- to in-season body composition adaptations in elite male and female endurance and power event athletics competitors: an observational study

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Pettersson, Stefan,1972Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Centrum för hälsa och prestationsutveckling,Center for Health and Performance,Institutionen för kost- och idrottsvetenskap,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science,Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden (author)

Off- to in-season body composition adaptations in elite male and female endurance and power event athletics competitors: an observational study

Article/chapterEnglish2024

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Springer Nature,2024
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LIBRIS-ID:oai:DiVA.org:ltu-105289
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-105289URI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00877-7DOI
https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/337034URI
https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/337041URI

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Language:English
Summary in:English

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Subject category:ref swepub-contenttype
Subject category:art swepub-publicationtype

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Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-06-27 (joosat);Full text license: CC BY
Background: Monitoring elite athletes’ body composition (BC) is vital for health and optimizing performance in sports emphasizing leanness, such as athletics. This study aims to investigate and compare sex- and event-specific off-to in-season BC changes in endurance and power event athletics competitors.Methods: Elite male and female endurance athletes (> 800 m runners; n = 21) and power event athletes (sprinters, jumpers; n = 32) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for whole and regional lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and density (BMD) during off-season (September-October) and in-season (April-May). Linear mixed models tested between-group off-season differences in BC, within-group off-season to in-season changes, and between-group differences in change. To assess meaningful or least significant changes (LSC) in BC, DXA precision errors were determined from two consecutive total body scans in a subsample of athletes (n = 30).Results: Male athletes (n = 26) gained significantly (p < 0.05) more body mass (BM; mean difference 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI):0.5–2.4] kg), LM (843 [95% CI:-253:1459] g), and trunk LM (756 [-502:1156] g) than female athletes (n = 27). The proportion of changes in athlete’s BC exceeding the LSC threshold for LM and trunk LM were 70% and 65% in males, and 48% and 26% in females. Significant (p < 0.05) within-group off-season to in-season increases in LM were found for male endurance and power athletes, and female power athletes. All groups significantly increased BMD (p < 0.05). Only male and female power athletes had significant in- to-off-season increases in BMC. 80% of all athletes who had a meaningful increase in BMC belonged to the power event group. No significant within- or between group change in FM was observed.Conclusions: The present study found that male athletes gained more BM, LM and trunk LM than females. Within-group increases in regional and whole-body LM and BMC were predominantly found among power event competitors. Incorporating individual meaningful changes alongside traditional statistics provided additional insights into sex and event-group differences. Future research on elite athletic event groups should include DXA measurements closer to major outdoor-season competitions, coupled with site-specific measures (ultrasound, MRI) for better detection of subtle changes in LM and FM.

Subject headings and genre

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP Hälsovetenskap Idrottsvetenskap hsv//swe
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Health Sciences Sport and Fitness Sciences hsv//eng
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
BMC
BMD
Lean mass
Fat mass
Least significant change
Track and field
Informationssystem
Information Systems
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
BMC
BMD
Lean mass
Fat mass
Least significant change
Track and Field

Added entries (persons, corporate bodies, meetings, titles ...)

Kalén, AntonLuleå tekniska universitet,Digitala tjänster och system,Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden;(Swepub:ltu)antkal (author)
Gustafsson, Mikael,1991Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Centrum för hälsa och prestationsutveckling,Center for Health and Performance,Institutionen för kost- och idrottsvetenskap,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science,Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden(Swepub:gu)xgmikj (author)
Grau, StefanGothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Centrum för hälsa och prestationsutveckling,Extern,Institutionen för kost- och idrottsvetenskap,Center for Health and Performance,External,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science,Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Sports Medicine, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany(Swepub:gu)xgraus (author)
Caspers, Andreas,1987Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Centrum för hälsa och prestationsutveckling,Center for Health and Performance,Institutionen för kost- och idrottsvetenskap,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science,Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden(Swepub:gu)xluanl (author)
Göteborgs universitetCentrum för hälsa och prestationsutveckling (creator_code:org_t)

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