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Quality versus efficiency in document scoring with learning-to-rank models
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- Capannini, Gabriele (author)
- Mälardalens högskola,Inbyggda system
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- Lucchese, C. (author)
- Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione (ISTI) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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- Nardini, F. M. (author)
- Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione (ISTI) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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- (creator_code:org_t)
- Elsevier BV, 2016
- 2016
- English.
- In: Information Processing & Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4573 .- 1873-5371. ; 52:6, s. 1161-1177
- Journal article (peer-reviewed)
Abstract
Subject headings
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- Learning-to-Rank (LtR) techniques leverage machine learning algorithms and large amounts of training data to induce high-quality ranking functions. Given a set of documents and a user query, these functions are able to precisely predict a score for each of the documents, in turn exploited to effectively rank them. Although the scoring efficiency of LtR models is critical in several applications – e.g., it directly impacts on response time and throughput of Web query processing – it has received relatively little attention so far. The goal of this work is to experimentally investigate the scoring efficiency of LtR models along with their ranking quality. Specifically, we show that machine-learned ranking models exhibit a quality versus efficiency trade-off. For example, each family of LtR algorithms has tuning parameters that can influence both effectiveness and efficiency, where higher ranking quality is generally obtained with more complex and expensive models. Moreover, LtR algorithms that learn complex models, such as those based on forests of regression trees, are generally more expensive and more effective than other algorithms that induce simpler models like linear combination of features. We extensively analyze the quality versus efficiency trade-off of a wide spectrum of state-of-the-art LtR, and we propose a sound methodology to devise the most effective ranker given a time budget. To guarantee reproducibility, we used publicly available datasets and we contribute an open source C++ framework providing optimized, multi-threaded implementations of the most effective tree-based learners: Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT), Lambda-Mart (Λ-MART), and the first public-domain implementation of Oblivious Lambda-Mart (Ωλ-MART), an algorithm that induces forests of oblivious regression trees. We investigate how the different training parameters impact on the quality versus efficiency trade-off, and provide a thorough comparison of several algorithms in the quality-cost space. The experiments conducted show that there is not an overall best algorithm, but the optimal choice depends on the time budget.
Subject headings
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Data- och informationsvetenskap (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Computer and Information Sciences (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- Document scoring
- Efficiency
- Learning-to-rank
- Artificial intelligence
- Budget control
- C++ (programming language)
- Economic and social effects
- Forestry
- Learning algorithms
- Learning systems
- Parameter estimation
- Regression analysis
- Boosted regression trees
- Effectiveness and efficiencies
- Learning to rank
- Linear combinations
- Multi-threaded implementation
- Training parameters
- Tree-based learners
- Algorithms
Publication and Content Type
- ref (subject category)
- art (subject category)
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