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Pharmaceuticals Acc...
Pharmaceuticals Account for a Significant Proportion of the Extractable Organic Fluorine in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge
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- Spaan, Kyra M. (author)
- Stockholms universitet,Institutionen för miljövetenskap,Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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- Seilitz, Fredric (author)
- Örebro universitet,Stockholms universitet,Institutionen för miljövetenskap,Örebro University, Sweden,Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik,Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden,Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM)
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- Plassmann, Merle M., 1981- (author)
- Stockholms universitet,Institutionen för miljövetenskap,Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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- de Wit, Cynthia A., 1956- (author)
- Stockholms universitet,Institutionen för miljövetenskap,Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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- Benskin, Jonathan P. (author)
- Stockholms universitet,Institutionen för miljövetenskap,Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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(creator_code:org_t)
- 2023-03-30
- 2023
- English.
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In: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2328-8930. ; 10:4, s. 328-336
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Abstract
Subject headings
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- Fluorine mass balance studies have shown that monomeric per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with perfluoroalkyl chain lengths of ∼5–14 carbon atoms (i.e., “conventional” PFAS) account for a fraction (∼2%) of the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. The identity of the remaining EOF has thus far been unclear but may be partly attributable to fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and pesticides used throughout society. To test this hypothesis, we applied high resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening to samples of municipal WWTP sludge which had been previously subjected to a fluorine mass balance. Sixteen pharmaceutical substances (including transformation products [TPs]), one pesticide, and thirteen conventional PFAS were confirmed at confidence levels 1–4 and (semi)quantified, revealing concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 155 ng/g dw. Notably, eight pharmaceutical substances did not meet the OECD definition of PFAS. When converted to fluorine equivalents, the newly detected organofluorine substances increased the percentage of known EOF from ∼2% to ∼27%, of which ∼22% was attributed to pharmaceutical and pesticide substances, with the greatest contributions from ticagrelor TP (4.0%), ezetimibe (3.9%), and bicalutamide (3.5%). These data highlight the importance of considering both unconventional and non-PFAS organofluorine substances in addition to conventional PFAS when closing the organofluorine mass balance in WWTP sludge.
Subject headings
- TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER -- Naturresursteknik (hsv//swe)
- ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY -- Environmental Engineering (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Miljövetenskap (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Environmental Sciences (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- Organofluorine mass balance
- EOF
- PFAS
- pharmaceuticals
- pesticides
- suspect screening
- HRMS
- sewage sludge
Publication and Content Type
- ref (subject category)
- art (subject category)
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