The Glass Ceiling in Politics : Formalization and Empirical Tests

• There is a scarcity of women at the apex of political power, as well as a lack of methods to disentangle the potential sources of this under-representation. This paper suggests a four-step method to test for whether women's under-representation can be explained by the existence of a "glass ceiling." We emphasize that this concept implies discrimination in promotions withinthe political organization, that the discriminatory promotions increase in severity at the toplevels of power, and that they increase in severity during an individual’s career trajectory. The proposed method is applied to subnational politics in Sweden, a long-standing world leader in women's descriptive representation. The results support the conjecture that a glass ceiling is hindering elected women's rise to political power in this context.

Subject headings

SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP  -- Statsvetenskap -- Statsvetenskap (hsv//swe)

SOCIAL SCIENCES  -- Political Science -- Political Science (hsv//eng)

Keyword

glass ceiling; political careers; subnational politics; women and politics; supply of politicians; gender inequality; racial inequality

Publication and Content Type

ref (subject category)

art (subject category)