• Future cars will likely include further collision mitigation systems, seat positions and seating configurations compared to current cars, in addition to an increased degree of shared mobility solutions. At the same time the population is becoming older and the diversity in car passenger dimensions is growing. This calls for assessment tools and evaluation methods beyond the current standardized crash test methods. This paper summarizes the results of a Swedish research project on how to assess the protection of the heterogeneous population of passengers (i.e., nondrivers) in future car crashes, focusing on restraint interaction. With the overall purpose of further improving passenger protection, the specific aims were to achieve method developments based on the enhancement of tools (physical and virtual human substitutes) as well as to create knowledge on passenger protection needs. This comprehensive research project combined multiple competencies and international collaborations, and a large number of studies have been performed using different methods. The applied methods include real-world crash data analyses to identify scenarios and situations, crash testing and simulation, and additionally user-studies conducted in cars to evaluate sitting posture, beltfit, kinematics, comfort, experiences and attitudes. Furthermore, the project included studies on crash test dummies (ATDs) and Human Body Models (HBM). Moreover, adult morphed HBMs were developed in various sizes, ages and sexes, for investigating various protection principles. In novel studies, crash interventions strategies were applied to predicted residual crash configurations. User-studies provided evidence of self-selected passenger postures in real car settings and, thus, deviations from standardized ATD positions. The importance of body shape was highlighted in a beltfit user-study including older adults. Essential booster design parameters were identified for children in upright and reclined seat positions. Restraint principles were investigated for adults in reclined seat positions and with the seat in rearward positions, away from the frontal airbag and knee bolster, along with an evaluation of the capabilities of the assessment tools. The adult HBM morphed to various sizes, ages and sexes were validated for prediction of in-crash kinematics in different impact scenarios, and provided enhanced insights in passenger protection assessment compared to the three standardized sizes of ATDs. Simulations with PIPER6y, a child-sized HBM, emphasized the importance of vehiclebooster-user system interaction. The results from the research project provided input to safety system development, ATD/HBM design, assessment methods development, and a number of identified research challenges for future work. Specifically, there is a need to further explore car passenger interaction with the restraint system in terms of seat positions and variations in body sizes, shapes and postures. The inclusions of the heterogeneous population into more advanced tools such as HBMs are essential, acknowledging that when moving closer to “zero injuries”, the situations to address are more unique and specific. Although a large range of studies using different methods was conducted, many challenges still remain to cover the entire scope of passenger safety in future cars.

Subject headings

TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER  -- Maskinteknik -- Produktionsteknik, arbetsvetenskap och ergonomi (hsv//swe)

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY  -- Mechanical Engineering -- Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics (hsv//eng)

TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER  -- Samhällsbyggnadsteknik -- Infrastrukturteknik (hsv//swe)

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY  -- Civil Engineering -- Infrastructure Engineering (hsv//eng)

TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER  -- Maskinteknik -- Farkostteknik (hsv//swe)

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY  -- Mechanical Engineering -- Vehicle Engineering (hsv//eng)

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