Characterisation of the TOI-421 planetary system using CHEOPS, TESS, and archival radial velocity data

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Characterisation of the TOI-421 planetary system using CHEOPS, TESS, and archival radial velocity data

Krenn, A. (author)

Kubyshkina, D. (author)

Fossati, L. (author)

Egger, J. A. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Bonfanti, A. (author)

Deline, A. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Ehrenreich, D. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Beck, M. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Benz, W. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Cabrera, J. (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Wilson, T.G. (author): University of St Andrews

Leleu, A. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern,Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Sousa, S.G. (author): Universidade do Porto,University of Porto

Adibekyan, V. (author): Universidade do Porto,University of Porto

Correia, A. (author)

Alibert, Y. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Delrez, L. (author): Universite de Liège,University of Liège

Lendl, M. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Patel, J. A. (author): Stockholms universitet,Stockholm University

Venturini, J. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Alonso, R. (author): Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias,Universidad de la Laguna,University of La Laguna

Anglada, G. (author): Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC),Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC),Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (ICE) - CSIC,Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) - CSIC

Asquier, J. (author): European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)

Bárczy, T. (author)

Barrado Navascues, D. (author): European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)

Barros, S.C.C. (author): Universidade do Porto,University of Porto

Baumjohann, W. (author)

Beck, T. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Billot, N. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Bonfils, X. (author)

Borsato, L. (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Brandeker, A. (author): Stockholms universitet,Stockholm University

Broeg, C. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Charnoz, S. (author): Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris

Collier Cameron, A. (author): University of St Andrews

Csizmadia, Szilard (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Cubillos, P. E. (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Davies, M. B. (author): Lunds universitet,Lund University

Deleuil, M. (author): Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille

Demangeon, O. (author): Universidade do Porto,University of Porto

Demory, B.O. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Erikson, Anders (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Fortier, A. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Fridlund, Malcolm, 1952 (author): Universiteit Leiden (UL),Leiden University (UL),Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Gandolfi, D. (author): Universita degli Studi di Torino,University of Turin

Gillon, Michaël (author): Universite de Liège,University of Liège

Gudel, M. (author): Universität Wien,University of Vienna

Günther, Maximilian N. (author): European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)

Hasiba, J. (author)

Heitzmann, A. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Helling, Ch. (author): Technische Universität Graz

Hoyer, S. (author): Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille

Isaak, K. (author): European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)

Kiss, L. L. (author): Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE),Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia,Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Lam, K. W.F. (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Laskar, J. (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory

des Etangs, A. L. (author): Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)

Lovis, C. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Magrin, D. (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Maxted, P. (author): Keele University

Mordasini, C. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Nascimbeni, Valerio (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Olofsson, G. (author): Stockholms universitet,Stockholm University

Ottensamer, R. (author): Universität Wien,University of Vienna

Pagano, I. (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Palle, Enric (author): Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias,Universidad de la Laguna,University of La Laguna

Peter, G. (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Piotto, Giampaolo P. (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF),Università Degli Studi di Padova,University of Padua

Pollacco, Don L. (author): The University of Warwick

Queloz, D. (author): Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH),Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH),University Of Cambridge

Ragazzoni, Roberto (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF),Università Degli Studi di Padova,University of Padua

Rando, N. (author): European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)

Rauer, H. (author): Technische Universität Berlin,Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR),Freie Universität Berlin

Ribas, I. (author): Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (ICE) - CSIC,Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) - CSIC,Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC),Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC)

Rieder, M. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Santos, N. C. (author): Universidade do Porto,University of Porto

Scandariato, Gaetano (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Segransan, D. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Simon, A.E. (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Smith, A. M.S. (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Stalport, M. (author): Universite de Liège,University of Liège

Steller, Manfred B. (author)

Szabó, Gy M. (author): Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)

Thomas, Nicolas (author): Universität Bern,University of Bern

Udry, S. (author): Université de Genève,University of Geneva

Ulmer, B. (author): Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR),German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Van Grootel, V. (author): Universite de Liège,University of Liège

Villaver, E. (author): Universidad de la Laguna,University of La Laguna,Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

Viotto, V. (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Walton, N. A. (author): University Of Cambridge

Zingales, Tiziano (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF),Università Degli Studi di Padova,University of Padua

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(creator_code:org_t)

2024
2024
English.
In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 686

Related links:: https://research.cha... (primary) (free); show more...; https://research.cha...; https://doi.org/10.1...; show less...

Journal article (peer-reviewed)

Abstract Subject headings

Context . The TOI-421 planetary system contains two sub-Neptune-type planets (Pb ~ 5.2 days, Teqb ~ 900 K, and Pc ~ 16.1 days, Teq,c ~ 650 K) and is a prime target to study the formation and evolution of planets and their atmospheres. The inner planet is especially interesting as the existence of a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere at its orbital separation cannot be explained by current formation models without previous orbital migration. Aims. We aim to improve the system parameters to further use them to model the interior structure and simulate the atmospheric evolution of both planets, to finally gain insights into their formation and evolution. We also investigate the possibility of detecting transit timing variations (TTVs). Methods . We jointly analysed photometric data of three TESS sectors and six CHEOPS visits as well as 156 radial velocity data points to retrieve improved planetary parameters. We also searched for TTVs and modelled the interior structure of the planets. Finally, we simulated the evolution of the primordial H-He atmospheres of the planets using two different modelling frameworks. Results . We determine the planetary radii and masses of TOI-421 b and c to be Rb = 2.64 ± 0.08 R, Mb = 6.7 ± 0.6 M, Rc = 5.09 ± 0.07 R, and Mc = 14.1 ± 1.4 M. Using these results we retrieved average planetary densities of ρb = 0.37 ± 0.05ρ and ρc = 0.107 ± 0.012 ρ. We do not detect any statistically significant TTV signals. Assuming the presence of a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, the interior structure modelling results in both planets having extensive envelopes. While the modelling of the atmospheric evolution predicts for TOI-421 b to have lost any primordial atmosphere that it could have accreted at its current orbital position, TOI-421 c could have started out with an initial atmospheric mass fraction somewhere between 10 and 35%. Conclusions . We conclude that the low observed mean density of TOI-421 b can only be explained by either a bias in the measured planetary parameters (e.g. driven by high-altitude clouds) and/or in the context of orbital migration. We also find that the results of atmospheric evolution models are strongly dependent on the employed planetary structure model.

Subject headings

NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (hsv//eng)
NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology (hsv//eng)
NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Atom- och molekylfysik och optik (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics (hsv//eng)

Keyword

Planets and satellites: composition
Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters
Planets and satellites: individual: TOI-421

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art (subject category)
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By the author/editor: Krenn, A.; Kubyshkina, D.; Fossati, L.; Egger, J. A.; Bonfanti, A.; Deline, A.; show more...; Ehrenreich, D.; Beck, M.; Benz, W.; Cabrera, J.; Wilson, T.G.; Leleu, A.; Sousa, S.G.; Adibekyan, V.; Correia, A.; Alibert, Y.; Delrez, L.; Lendl, M.; Patel, J. A.; Venturini, J.; Alonso, R.; Anglada, G.; Asquier, J.; Bárczy, T.; Barrado Navascue ...; Barros, S.C.C.; Baumjohann, W.; Beck, T.; Billot, N.; Bonfils, X.; Borsato, L.; Brandeker, A.; Broeg, C.; Charnoz, S.; Collier Cameron, ...; Csizmadia, Szila ...; Cubillos, P. E.; Davies, M. B.; Deleuil, M.; Demangeon, O.; Demory, B.O.; Erikson, Anders; Fortier, A.; Fridlund, Malcol ...; Gandolfi, D.; Gillon, Michaël; Gudel, M.; Günther, Maximil ...; Hasiba, J.; Heitzmann, A.; Helling, Ch.; Hoyer, S.; Isaak, K.; Kiss, L. L.; Lam, K. W.F.; Laskar, J.; des Etangs, A. L ...; Lovis, C.; Magrin, D.; Maxted, P.; Mordasini, C.; Nascimbeni, Vale ...; Olofsson, G.; Ottensamer, R.; Pagano, I.; Palle, Enric; Peter, G.; Piotto, Giampaol ...; Pollacco, Don L.; Queloz, D.; Ragazzoni, Rober ...; Rando, N.; Rauer, H.; Ribas, I.; Rieder, M.; Santos, N. C.; Scandariato, Gae ...; Segransan, D.; Simon, A.E.; Smith, A. M.S.; Stalport, M.; Steller, Manfred ...; Szabó, Gy M.; Thomas, Nicolas; Udry, S.; Ulmer, B.; Van Grootel, V.; Villaver, E.; Viotto, V.; Walton, N. A.; Zingales, Tizian ...; show less...

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NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Earth and Relate ...; and Meteorology and ...

NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Physical Science ...; and Astronomy Astrop ...

NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Physical Science ...; and Atom and Molecul ...

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