Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: a feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes

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Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: a feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes

Vogel, L. (author): Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,Heidelberg University

Galle, Bo, 1952 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Kern, C. (author): Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,Heidelberg University,USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory

Granados, H. D. (author): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM),Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

Conde Jacobo, Alexander Vladimir, 1979 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Norman, Patrik, 1977 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Arellano, Santiago, 1981 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Landgren, Oskar A, 1985 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Lubcke, P. (author): Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,Heidelberg University

Nieves, J. M. A. (author): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM),Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

Gonzales, L. C. (author)

Platt, U. (author): Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,Heidelberg University

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2011-09-08
2011
English.
In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 4:9, s. 1785-1804

Related links:: http://publications.... (primary) (free); show more...; https://www.atmos-me...; https://research.cha...; https://doi.org/10.5...; show less...

Journal article (peer-reviewed)

Abstract Subject headings

Volcanic ash constitutes a risk to aviation, mainly due to its ability to cause jet engines to fail. Other risks include the possibility of abrasion of windshields and potentially serious damage to avionic systems. These hazards have been widely recognized since the early 1980s, when volcanic ash provoked several incidents of engine failure in commercial aircraft. In addition to volcanic ash, volcanic gases also pose a threat. Prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) or sulphuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) aerosols potentially affects e. g. windows, air frame and may cause permanent damage to engines. SO(2) receives most attention among the gas species commonly found in volcanic plumes because its presence above the lower troposphere is a clear proxy for a volcanic cloud and indicates that fine ash could also be present. Up to now, remote sensing of SO(2) via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been used to measure volcanic clouds from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. Attention has been given to volcanic emission strength, chemistry inside volcanic clouds and measurement procedures were adapted accordingly. Here we present a set of experimental and model results, highlighting the feasibility of DOAS to be used as an airborne early detection system of SO(2) in two spatial dimensions. In order to prove our new concept, simultaneous airborne and ground-based measurements of the plume of Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, were conducted in April 2010. The plume extended at an altitude around 5250 m above sea level and was approached and traversed at the same altitude with several forward looking DOAS systems aboard an airplane. These DOAS systems measured SO(2) in the flight direction and at +/- 40 mrad (2.3 degrees) angles relative to it in both, horizontal and vertical directions. The approaches started at up to 25 km distance to the plume and SO(2) was measured at all times well above the detection limit. In combination with radiative transfer studies, this study indicates that an extended volcanic cloud with a concentration of 10(12) molecules cm(-3) at typical flight levels of 10 km can be detected unambiguously at distances of up to 80 km away. This range provides enough time (approx. 5 min) for pilots to take action to avoid entering a volcanic cloud in the flight path, suggesting that this technique can be used as an effective aid to prevent dangerous aircraft encounters with potentially ash rich volcanic clouds.

Subject headings

NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (hsv//eng)

Keyword

sulfur-dioxide
eruption
doas
retrieval
clouds
camera
satellite-based technique
nm region
model
ash

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art (subject category)
ref (subject category)

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By the author/editor: Vogel, L.; Galle, Bo, 1952; Kern, C.; Granados, H. D.; Conde Jacobo, Al ...; Norman, Patrik, ...; show more...; Arellano, Santia ...; Landgren, Oskar ...; Lubcke, P.; Nieves, J. M. A.; Gonzales, L. C.; Platt, U.; show less...

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NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Earth and Relate ...; and Meteorology and ...

Articles in the publication: Atmospheric Meas ...

By the university: Chalmers University of Technology

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