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PDRs4All IX. Sulfur...
PDRs4All IX. Sulfur elemental abundance in the Orion Bar
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- Fuente, A. (author)
- Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)
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- Roueff, Evelyne (author)
- Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory
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- Le Petit, Franck, 1975 (author)
- Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory
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- Le Bourlot, Jacques (author)
- Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory
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- Bron, E. (author)
- Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory
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Wolfire, M.G. (author)
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- Babb, James F. (author)
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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- Yan, Pei Gen (author)
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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- Onaka, Takashi (author)
- University of Tokyo, Japan
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- Black, John H, 1949 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Schroetter, Ilane (author)
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)
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- De Putte, Dries Van (author)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)
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- Sidhu, Ameek (author)
- Western University
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- Canin, Amelie (author)
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)
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- Trahin, Boris (author)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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- Alarcon, Felipe (author)
- University of Michigan
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- Chown, Ryan (author)
- Western University
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- Kannavou, Olga (author)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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- Berné, O. (author)
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)
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- Habart, Emilie (author)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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- Peeters, Els (author)
- SETI Institute,Western University
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- Goicoechea, J.R. (author)
- CSIC - Instituto de Fisica Fundamental (IFF)
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- Zannese, Marion (author)
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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- Meshaka, Raphael (author)
- Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory,Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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- Okada, Yoko (author)
- Universität zu Köln,University of Cologne
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- Rollig, M. (author)
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main,Goethe University Frankfurt
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- Gal, R. Le (author)
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
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Sales, Dinalva A. (author)
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- Palumbo, Maria Elisabetta (author)
- Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
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- Baratta, Giuseppe Antonio (author)
- Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
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- Madden, S. C. (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay
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Neelamkodan, Naslim (author)
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- Zhang, Ziwei E. (author)
- RIKEN
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- Stancil, P. C. (author)
- University of Georgia
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(creator_code:org_t)
- 2024
- 2024
- English.
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 687
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https://doi.org/10.1...
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Abstract
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- Context . One of the main problems in astrochemistry is determining the amount of sulfur in volatiles and refractories in the interstellar medium. The detection of the main sulfur reservoirs (icy H2S and atomic gas) has been challenging, and estimates are based on the reliability of models to account for the abundances of species containing less than 1% of the total sulfur. The high sensitivity of the James Webb Space Telescope provides an unprecedented opportunity to estimate the sulfur abundance through the observation of the [S I] 25.249 µm line. Aims. Our aim is to determine the amount of sulfur in the ionized and warm molecular phases toward the Orion Bar as a template to investigate sulfur depletion in the transition between the ionized gas and the molecular cloud in HII regions. Methods . We used the [S III] 18.7 µm, [S IV] 10.5 µm, and [S l] 25.249 µm lines to estimate the amount of sulfur in the ionized and molecular gas along the Orion Bar. For the theoretical part, we used an upgraded version of the Meudon photodissociation region (PDR) code to model the observations. New inelastic collision rates of neutral atomic sulfur with ortho- and para- molecular hydrogen were calculated to predict the line intensities. Results . The [S III] 18.7 µm and [S IV] 10.5 µm lines are detected over the imaged region with a shallow increase (by a factor of 4) toward the HII region. This suggests that their emissions are partially coming from the Orion Veil. We estimate a moderate sulfur depletion, by a factor of ∼2, in the ionized gas. The corrugated interface between the molecular and atomic phases gives rise to several edge-on dissociation fronts we refer to as DF1, DF2, and DF3. The [S l] 25.249 µm line is only detected toward DF2 and DF3, the dissociation fronts located farthest from the HII region. This is the first ever detection of the [S l] 25.249 µm line in a PDR. The detailed modeling of DF3 using the Meudon PDR code shows that the emission of the [S l] 25.249 µm line is coming from warm (>40 K) molecular gas located at AV ∼1–5 mag from the ionization front. Moreover, the intensity of the [S l] 25.249 µm line is only accounted for if we assume the presence of undepleted sulfur. Conclusions . Our data show that sulfur remains undepleted along the ionic, atomic, and molecular gas in the Orion Bar. This is consistent with recent findings that suggest that sulfur depletion is low in massive star-forming regions because of the interaction of the UV photons coming from the newly formed stars with the interstellar matter.
Subject headings
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Atom- och molekylfysik och optik (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- HII regions
- ISM: individual objects: Orion Bar
- astrochemistry
- ISM: abundances
- photon-dominated region (PDR)
Publication and Content Type
- art (subject category)
- ref (subject category)
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- By the author/editor
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Fuente, A.
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Roueff, Evelyne
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Le Petit, Franck ...
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Le Bourlot, Jacq ...
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Bron, E.
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Wolfire, M.G.
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show more...
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Babb, James F.
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Yan, Pei Gen
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Onaka, Takashi
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Black, John H, 1 ...
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Schroetter, Ilan ...
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De Putte, Dries ...
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Sidhu, Ameek
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Canin, Amelie
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Trahin, Boris
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Alarcon, Felipe
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Chown, Ryan
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Kannavou, Olga
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Berné, O.
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Habart, Emilie
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Peeters, Els
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Goicoechea, J.R.
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Zannese, Marion
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Meshaka, Raphael
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Okada, Yoko
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Rollig, M.
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Gal, R. Le
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Sales, Dinalva A ...
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Palumbo, Maria E ...
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Baratta, Giusepp ...
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Madden, S. C.
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Neelamkodan, Nas ...
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Zhang, Ziwei E.
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Stancil, P. C.
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show less...
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- NATURAL SCIENCES
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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and Earth and Relate ...
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and Meteorology and ...
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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and Physical Science ...
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and Astronomy Astrop ...
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- NATURAL SCIENCES
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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and Physical Science ...
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and Atom and Molecul ...
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Chalmers University of Technology