PDRs4All IX. Sulfur elemental abundance in the Orion Bar

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PDRs4All IX. Sulfur elemental abundance in the Orion Bar

Fuente, A. (author): Centro de Astrobiologia (CAB)

Roueff, Evelyne (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory

Le Petit, Franck, 1975 (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory

Le Bourlot, Jacques (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory

Bron, E. (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory

Wolfire, M.G. (author)

Babb, James F. (author): Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Yan, Pei Gen (author): Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Onaka, Takashi (author): University of Tokyo, Japan

Black, John H, 1949 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

Schroetter, Ilane (author): Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)

De Putte, Dries Van (author): Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)

Sidhu, Ameek (author): Western University

Canin, Amelie (author): Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)

Trahin, Boris (author): Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

Alarcon, Felipe (author): University of Michigan

Chown, Ryan (author): Western University

Kannavou, Olga (author): Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

Berné, O. (author): Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)

Habart, Emilie (author): Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

Peeters, Els (author): SETI Institute,Western University

Goicoechea, J.R. (author): CSIC - Instituto de Fisica Fundamental (IFF)

Zannese, Marion (author): Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

Meshaka, Raphael (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory,Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

Okada, Yoko (author): Universität zu Köln,University of Cologne

Rollig, M. (author): Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main,Goethe University Frankfurt

Gal, R. Le (author): Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Sales, Dinalva A. (author)

Palumbo, Maria Elisabetta (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Baratta, Giuseppe Antonio (author): Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Madden, S. C. (author): Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay

Neelamkodan, Naslim (author)

Zhang, Ziwei E. (author): RIKEN

Stancil, P. C. (author): University of Georgia

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2024
2024
English.
In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 687

Related links:: https://research.cha... (primary) (free); show more...; https://doi.org/10.1...; https://research.cha...; show less...

Journal article (peer-reviewed)

Abstract Subject headings

Context . One of the main problems in astrochemistry is determining the amount of sulfur in volatiles and refractories in the interstellar medium. The detection of the main sulfur reservoirs (icy H2S and atomic gas) has been challenging, and estimates are based on the reliability of models to account for the abundances of species containing less than 1% of the total sulfur. The high sensitivity of the James Webb Space Telescope provides an unprecedented opportunity to estimate the sulfur abundance through the observation of the [S I] 25.249 µm line. Aims. Our aim is to determine the amount of sulfur in the ionized and warm molecular phases toward the Orion Bar as a template to investigate sulfur depletion in the transition between the ionized gas and the molecular cloud in HII regions. Methods . We used the [S III] 18.7 µm, [S IV] 10.5 µm, and [S l] 25.249 µm lines to estimate the amount of sulfur in the ionized and molecular gas along the Orion Bar. For the theoretical part, we used an upgraded version of the Meudon photodissociation region (PDR) code to model the observations. New inelastic collision rates of neutral atomic sulfur with ortho- and para- molecular hydrogen were calculated to predict the line intensities. Results . The [S III] 18.7 µm and [S IV] 10.5 µm lines are detected over the imaged region with a shallow increase (by a factor of 4) toward the HII region. This suggests that their emissions are partially coming from the Orion Veil. We estimate a moderate sulfur depletion, by a factor of ∼2, in the ionized gas. The corrugated interface between the molecular and atomic phases gives rise to several edge-on dissociation fronts we refer to as DF1, DF2, and DF3. The [S l] 25.249 µm line is only detected toward DF2 and DF3, the dissociation fronts located farthest from the HII region. This is the first ever detection of the [S l] 25.249 µm line in a PDR. The detailed modeling of DF3 using the Meudon PDR code shows that the emission of the [S l] 25.249 µm line is coming from warm (>40 K) molecular gas located at AV ∼1–5 mag from the ionization front. Moreover, the intensity of the [S l] 25.249 µm line is only accounted for if we assume the presence of undepleted sulfur. Conclusions . Our data show that sulfur remains undepleted along the ionic, atomic, and molecular gas in the Orion Bar. This is consistent with recent findings that suggest that sulfur depletion is low in massive star-forming regions because of the interaction of the UV photons coming from the newly formed stars with the interstellar matter.

Subject headings

NATURVETENSKAP -- Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap -- Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Earth and Related Environmental Sciences -- Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (hsv//eng)
NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology (hsv//eng)
NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Atom- och molekylfysik och optik (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics (hsv//eng)

Keyword

HII regions
ISM: individual objects: Orion Bar
astrochemistry
ISM: abundances
photon-dominated region (PDR)

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NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Earth and Relate ...; and Meteorology and ...

NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Physical Science ...; and Astronomy Astrop ...

NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Physical Science ...; and Atom and Molecul ...

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By the university: Chalmers University of Technology

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