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  • Akiyama, KazunoriHarvard University,National Radio Astronomy Observatory,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (author)

First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

  • Article/chapterEnglish2019

Publisher, publication year, extent ...

  • 2019-04-10
  • American Astronomical Society,2019
  • electronicrdacarrier

Numbers

  • LIBRIS-ID:oai:research.chalmers.se:e61fccf0-ea43-4f38-943a-4285b668eacb
  • https://research.chalmers.se/publication/509962URI
  • https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96DOI

Supplementary language notes

  • Language:English
  • Summary in:English

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  • Subject category:art swepub-publicationtype
  • Subject category:ref swepub-contenttype

Notes

  • The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ∼25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s -1 , exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.

Subject headings and genre

Added entries (persons, corporate bodies, meetings, titles ...)

  • Alberdi, AntxonInstituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA),Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA) (author)
  • Alef, WalterMax Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Asada, K.National Taiwan University (author)
  • Azulay, R.Universitat de Valencia,Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Baczko, A. K.Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Ball, DavidUniversity of Arizona (author)
  • Baloković, MislavHarvard University,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (author)
  • Barrett, JohnMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (author)
  • Bintley, DanEast Asian Observatory (author)
  • Blackburn, LindyHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,Harvard University (author)
  • Boland, W. (author)
  • Bouman, K. L.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,California Institute of Technology (Caltech),Harvard University (author)
  • Bower, G. C.Academia Sinica Taiwan (author)
  • Bremer, M.Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) (author)
  • Brinkerink, C. D.Radboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • Brissenden, RogerHarvard University,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (author)
  • Britzen, SilkeMax Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Broderick, Avery E.Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics,University of Waterloo (author)
  • Broguière, D.Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) (author)
  • Bronzwaer, ThomasRadboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • Byun, Do YoungUniversity of Science and Technology (UST),Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (author)
  • Carlstrom, J. E.University of Chicago (author)
  • Chael, A.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,Harvard University (author)
  • Chan, Chi KwanUniversity of Arizona (author)
  • Chatterjee, S.Cornell University (author)
  • Chatterjee, KoushikUniversiteit Van Amsterdam,University of Amsterdam (author)
  • Chen, Ming TangAcademia Sinica Taiwan (author)
  • Chen, YongjunChinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences (author)
  • Cho, I.Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute,University of Science and Technology (UST) (author)
  • Christian, PierreUniversity of Arizona,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (author)
  • Conway, John,1963Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology(Swepub:cth)jconway (author)
  • Cordes, James M.Cornell University (author)
  • Crew, G.Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (author)
  • Cui, YuzhuThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI),National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (author)
  • Davelaar, JordyRadboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • De Laurentis, MariafeliciaJohann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main,Goethe University Frankfurt,Universita Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico Ii,University of Naples Federico II (author)
  • Deane, R. P.Universiteit van Pretoria,University of Pretoria,Rhodes University (author)
  • Dempsey, JessicaEast Asian Observatory (author)
  • Desvignes, GregoryMax Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Dexter, JasonMax Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Doeleman, S.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,Harvard University (author)
  • Eatough, Ralph P.Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Falcke, H.D.Radboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • Fish, V.Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (author)
  • Fomalont, EdNational Radio Astronomy Observatory (author)
  • Fraga-Encinas, R.Radboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • Friberg, P.East Asian Observatory (author)
  • Fromm, Christian M.Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main,Goethe University Frankfurt (author)
  • Gomez, J. L.Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA),Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA) (author)
  • Galison, PeterHarvard University (author)
  • Gammie, Charles F.University of Illinois (author)
  • Garcia, RobertoInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) (author)
  • Gentaz, OlivierInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) (author)
  • Georgiev, BorisUniversity of Waterloo (author)
  • Goddi, C.Radboud Universiteit,Radboud University,Universiteit Leiden (UL),Leiden University (UL) (author)
  • Gold, R.Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main,Goethe University Frankfurt (author)
  • Gu, MinfengShanghai Astronomical Observatory. Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences (author)
  • Gurwell, M.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (author)
  • Hada, K.National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) (author)
  • Hecht, Michael H.Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (author)
  • Hesper, R.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
  • Ho, Luis C.Beijing University of Technology (author)
  • Ho, P. T. P.National Taiwan University (author)
  • Honma, MarekiNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) (author)
  • Huang, Chih Wei L.National Taiwan University (author)
  • Huang, LeiChinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences (author)
  • Hughes, D.Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica (INAOE),National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE) (author)
  • Ikeda, ShiroUniversity of Tokyo, Japan,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM),The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) (author)
  • Inoue, MakotoNational Taiwan University (author)
  • Issaoun, S.Radboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • James, David J.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,Harvard University (author)
  • Jannuzi, Buell T.University of Arizona (author)
  • Janßen, M.Radboud Universiteit,Radboud University (author)
  • Jeter, BrittonUniversity of Waterloo (author)
  • Jiang, WuShanghai Astronomical Observatory. Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences (author)
  • Johnson, Michael D.Harvard University,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (author)
  • Jorstad, S.G.Saint Petersburg State University - Spsu,Boston University (author)
  • Jung, TaehyunKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute,University of Science and Technology (UST) (author)
  • Karami, MansourUniversity of Waterloo,Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (author)
  • Karuppusamy, R.Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Kawashima, TomohisaNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan (author)
  • Keating, G.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (author)
  • Kettenis, M. M.Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE) (author)
  • Kim, Jae YoungMax Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Kim, JunhanUniversity of Arizona (author)
  • Kim, JongsooKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (author)
  • Kino, M.Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (author)
  • Koay, Jun YiNational Taiwan University (author)
  • Koch, Patrick M.National Taiwan University (author)
  • Koyama, ShokoNational Taiwan University (author)
  • Kramer, M.Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Kramer, C.Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) (author)
  • Krichbaum, T.P.Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
  • Kuo, Cheng YuNational Sun Yat-Sen University (author)
  • Lauer, Tod R. (author)
  • Lee, Sang SungKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (author)
  • Li, Yan RongChinese Academy of Sciences (author)
  • Li, ZhiyuanNanjing University (author)
  • Harvard UniversityNational Radio Astronomy Observatory (creator_code:org_t)

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  • In:Astrophysical Journal Letters: American Astronomical Society875:12041-82132041-8205

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