| 31. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Intonation and Valence on Objective and Subjective Attention Capture by Auditory Alarms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 54:5, s. 826-837
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective:The objective was to study the involuntary capture of attention by spoken words varying in intonation and valence.Background:In studies of verbal alarms, the propensity of alarms to capture attention has been primarily assessed with the use of subjective ratings of their perceived urgency. Past studies suggest that such ratings vary with the alarms’ spoken urgency and content.Method:We measured attention capture by spoken words varying in valence (negative vs. neutral) and intonation (urgently vs. nonurgently spoken) through subjective ratings and behavioral measures. The key behavioral measure was the response latency to visual stimuli in the presence of spoken words breaking away from the periodical repetition of a tone.Results:The results showed that all words captured attention relative to a baseline standard tone but that this effect was partly counteracted by a relative speeding of responses for urgently compared with nonurgently spoken words. Word valence did not affect behavioral performance. Rating data showed that both intonation and valence increased significantly perceived urgency and attention grabbing without any interaction.Conclusion:The data suggest a congruency between subjective ratings and behavioral performance with respect to spoken intonation but not valence.Application:This study demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of objective measures of attention capture to help design efficient alarm systems.
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| 32. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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The Informational Constraints of Behavioral Distraction by Unexpected Sounds : The Role of Event Information
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition. - Washington : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0278-7393 .- 1939-1285. ; 38:5, s. 1461-1468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sounds deviating from an otherwise repeated stream of task-irrelevant auditory stimuli (deviant sounds among standard sounds) are known to capture attention and impact negatively on ongoing behavioral performance (behavioral oddball distraction). Traditional views consider such distraction as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sounds’ low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard.Contrary to this contention, recent evidence demonstrates that distraction by deviant sounds is not obligatory and occurs only when sounds (standards and deviants), though to be ignored, act as useful warning cues by providing information as to whether and when a target stimulus is to be presented (Parmentier, Elsley, & Ljungberg, 2010). The present study aimed to extend this finding by disentangling the roles of event information (target’s probability of occurrence) and temporal information (target’s time of occurrence). Comparing performance in a cross-modal oddball task where standard and deviant sounds provided temporal information, event information, both, or none, we found that distraction by deviant sounds emerged when sounds conveyed event information. These results suggest that unexpected changes in a stream of sounds yield behavioral distraction to the extent that standards and deviants carry relevant goal-directed information, specifically, the likelihood of occurrence of an upcoming target.
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| 33. |
- Mousavi-Nasab, S. -M. -Hossein, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of marital status on episodic and semantic memory in healthy middle-aged and old individuals
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 53:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examined the influences of marital status on different episodic and semantic memory tasks. A total of 1882 adult men and women participated in a longitudinal project (Betula) on memory, health and aging. The participants were grouped into two age cohorts, 35–60 and 65–85, and studied over a period of 5 years. Episodic memory tasks concerned recognition and recall, whereas semantic memory tasks concerned knowledge and fluency. The results showed, after controlling for education, some diseases, chronological age and leisure activity as covariates, that there were significant differences between married and single individuals in episodic memory, but not in semantic memory. Married people showed significantly better memory performances than singles in both subsystems of episodic memory, that is, recall and recognition. Also, the rate of decline in episodic memory was significantly larger for singles and widowed than other groups over the 5-year time period in both age groups. The findings demonstrate that the positive relation found between marriage and health can be extended to the relation between marriage and cognitive performance. This effect might be explained by the role played by cognitive stimulation in memory and cognition.
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| 34. |
- Parmentier, Fabrice B. R., et al.
(författare)
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A behavioral study of distraction by vibrotactile novelty
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 37:4, s. 1134-1139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Past research has demonstrated that the occurrence of unexpected task-irrelevant changes in the auditory or visual sensory channels captured attention in an obligatory fashion, hindering behavioral performance in ongoing auditory or visual categorization tasks and generating orientation and re-orientation electrophysiological responses. We report the first experiment extending the behavioral study of cross-modal distraction to tactile novelty. Using a vibrotactile-visual cross-modal oddball task and a bespoke hand-arm vibration device, we found that participants were significantly slower at categorizing the parity of visually presented digits following a rare and unexpected change in vibrotactile stimulation (novelty distraction), and that this effect extended to the subsequent trial (postnovelty distraction). These results are in line with past research on auditory and visual novelty and fit the proposition of common and amodal cognitive mechanisms for the involuntary detection of change.
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| 35. |
- Pudas, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Maintenance and Manipulation in Working Memory : Differential Ventral and Dorsal Frontal Cortex fMRI Activity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica Sinica. - : Science Press. - 0439-755X. ; 41:11, s. 1054-1062
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A verbal working memory protocol was designed and evaluated on a group of healthy younger adults in preparation for a large-scale functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study on aging and memory. Letters were presented in two critical conditions: (i) maintenance, in which letters were to be memorized and kept in mind over a four second interval, and (ii) manipulation, in which letters were shifted forward in alphabetical order, and the new order was kept in mind. Analyses of fMRI data showed that the protocol elicited reliable activation in the frontal cortex, with manipulation producing more extensive activation patterns, both in whole-brain analyses and in predefined regions of interest (ROIs). There was also a distinction between dorsal and ventral lateral prefrontal regions, such that manipulation elicited more dorsolateral prefrontal activation. The protocol also elicited activation in various subcortical areas, previously associated with working-memory tasks. It was concluded that this working memory protocol is appropriate for investigating age-related changes in frontal-cortex functioning.
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| 36. |
- Rasoal, Chato, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnocultural versus Basic Empathy : Same or Different?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychology. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2152-7180 .- 2152-7199. ; 2:9, s. 925-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of ethnocultural empathy has been put forward as a variable that could explain tolerance between individuals and groups of different ethnic and cultural background. However, it is not clear if ethnocultural em-pathy is distinct from basic empathy. In this study we investigated the association between basic empathy, as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983) and ethnocultural empathy, as measured by the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (Wang et al., 2003). We also explored the question of whether a set of back-ground variables would predict the two forms of empathy. We investigated if there were different predictors of ethnocultural and basic empathy, and if the two constructs are distinct. Results showed that the two forms of empathy were correlated and that largely similar predictors were found for the two constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm two separate constructs. Implications of the findings for the measurement of empathy are discussed.
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| 37. |
- Rönnlund, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Perceived Long-Term Stress on Subjective and Objective Aspects of Memory and Cognitive Functioning in a Middle-Aged Population-Based Sample
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Journal of Genetic Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0022-1325 .- 1940-0896. ; 174:1, s. 25-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The longitudinal effects of perceived stress on measures of memory and two other cognitive functions (word fluency, visuospatial ability) in a middle-aged sample (40–60 years, M age = 47.1 years, SD = 6.1 years; n = 192) were examined. A group describing themselves as stressed in general at baseline, and at follow-up measurement 5 and 10 years later (n = 96) was compared with a matched (age, sex) low-stress group (n = 96). The results revealed more depressive symptoms over time in the high-stress group. With regard to memory, a dissociation between subjective and objective measures was observed. Specifically, participants in the high-stress group rated their memory as worse over time as compared with controls, and reported a higher frequency of occurrence of everyday memory failures, effects partly independent of depressive symptoms. However, the groups did not differ in terms of objective episodic memory performance, word fluency or block design performance, with stable levels of performance over time regardless of perceived stress. The lack of effects of stress on cognitive performance is discussed in the light of factors such as stress level, age of the participants, and other individual difference factors.
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| 38. |
- Sandberg, Petra, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Memory plasticity in older adults : Cognitive predictors of training response and maintenance following learning of number-consonant mnemonic
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuropsychological rehabilitation (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 0960-2011 .- 1464-0694. ; 26:5-6, s. 742-760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated the relationship between cognitive factors and gains in number recall following training in a number–consonant mnemonic in a sample of 112 older adults (M = 70.9 years). The cognitive factors examined included baseline episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge. In addition, predictors of maintenance of gains to a follow-up assessment, eight months later, were examined. Whereas working memory was a prominent predictor of baseline recall, the magnitude of gains in recall from pre- to post-test assessments were predicted by baseline episodic memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge. Verbal knowledge was the only significant predictor of maintenance. Collectively, the results indicate the need to consider multiple factors to account for individual differences in memory plasticity. The potential contribution of additional factors to individual differences in memory plasticity is discussed.
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| 39. |
-
Sociala relationer i arbetslivet : studier från föränderliga arbetsplatser
- 2010
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sociala relationer är nödvändiga för att vi människor ska förstå och hantera vår omvärld. Därmed är de också nödvändiga för att kunna utföra ett arbete. Att ingå i en social gemenskap är för många en av de viktigaste drivkrafterna för att arbeta. I kontakter med chefer, kollegor och kunder får vi bekräftelse och uppskattning när vi gör något bra, och vi får också veta om vi gör något mindre bra. Men när arbetslivet organiseras på nya sätt förändras även relationerna.I den här boken belyser flera studier från olika forskningsdiscipliner hur viktiga sociala relationer är. Sammantaget visar de att en tydlig struktur och kollektiv gemenskap blir än viktigare ju mer föränderligt arbetslivet är. Individer som ingår i en sådan gemenskap har större möjligheter att möta utmaningar i arbetslivet på ett konstruktivt sätt. Boken visar också hur organisationer och företag kan skapa förutsättningar för goda sociala relationer. I flera av bokens kaptitel finns faktarutor där de metoder som använts i forskningen beskrivs mer generellt. Det gör att boken även kan användas som fördjupning inom samhällsvetenskaplig metod.Boken vänder sig främst till studenter på högskolenivå inom områdena personal, arbetsliv och organisation, men även andra som intresserar sig för arbetslivets förändring, exempelvis inom HR-avdelningar, företagshälsovård och fackliga organisationer, kan ha stor nytta av boken. Bokens författare är alla väl etablerade forskare inom sina respektive område.
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| 40. |
- Sternäng, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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A cross-cultural perspective on aging and memory : Comparisons between Bangladesh and Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: PsyCh Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2046-0252 .- 2046-0260. ; 52, s. 518-518
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies on cognitive aging have been conducted in high-income countries (mainly on Western populations). The main aim of this study was to compare the relative importance of predictors of episodic and semantic memory performance in older people (≥60 years) from Bangladesh (n = 400) and Sweden (n = 1,098). Hierarchical regression models were used in order to study the importance of some commonly used predictors in the two countries. A main finding was that variations in age did not have much impact on episodic and semantic memory performance in Bangladesh. Instead, sex was a strong predictor for semantic memory performance. In Sweden this pattern was reversed. In the Western world, chronological age is believed to be strongly associated with memory performance in cross-sectional studies, particularly in people greater than 60 years of age. This study indicates that the difference between the two countries (in relative importance of the predictors included in this study) is mainly due to the fact that years of education is connected to age in the Western world but to sex in Bangladesh. It remains to be examined whether earlier selective survival is also responsible for the relative absence of cognitive age differences in Bangladesh.
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