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- Bergmanson, J P G, et al.
(author)
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The Lacrimal System
- 2009. - 16
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In: Clinical Ocular Anatomy and Physiology. - Houston, TX, USA : University of Houston Texas Eye Research and Technology Center. - 9780980070811 ; , s. 43-56
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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- Boström, Johanna, et al.
(author)
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Meibography: Inter-rater reliability
- 2016
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In: 8th International Conference on the Tear Film & Ocular Surface: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance. ; , s. 47-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose. The tear film lipid layer holds an important role in maintaining the integrity and health of the anterior surface of the eye. The meibomian glands found in eyelids are responsible for producing most of the lipids of the tear film. Dysfunction of the meibomian glands leads to increased evaporation of tears, which may lead to dry eye. Meibography is a method used for assessing the drop out of meibomian glands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability between two different examiners when rating meibography images. Methods. The Sirius 3D scheimpflug camera (C.S.O., Florence, Italy) was used to photograph the everted upper and lower eyelids of the right and left eye of 52 subjects. The grade of meibomian gland loss was subjectively graded using the five-grade Meiboscale (Pult, 2012) and the percentage of gland loss was calculated using Phoenix Meibography software (version 3.0.1.021, bon Optic VertriebsGmbH, Lübeck, Germany). Data was analyzed using MedCalc for Windows (version 16.4.3, MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Results. The inter-rater reliability for the Meiboscale grade of meibomian gland loss was calculated using weighted Cohen’s kappa (linear weights). The result for all 208 images was Kw = 0.542 (95 % CI 0.454 to 0.630), which indicates a moderate agreement. The inter-rater reliability for the percentage of meibomian gland loss was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient. The result for all 208 images was ICC = 0.794 (95 % CI 0.737 to 0.839), which indicates a substantial agreement. Conclusions. Imaging is an invaluable tool when managing patients in clinical practice. When performing meibography to evaluate meibomian gland loss, using software to calculate the percentage of gland loss gives a better inter-rater agreement than subjective grading of the images.
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- Carlsson, Stina K., et al.
(author)
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Adenosine A2 receptor presence and synergy with cholinergic stimulation in rabbit lacrimal gland.
- 2010
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In: Current eye research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1460-2202 .- 0271-3683. ; 35:6, s. 466-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Secretion from the lacrimal gland is an important part of the well-being of the eye, and a central part in the search for treatment of dry eye syndrome. Adenosine has stimulatory effects on the lacrimal gland, and can potentiate the effect of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of the adenosine A(2) receptor subtypes A(2A) and A(2B) in the rabbit lacrimal gland, and to characterize their role in regulated acinar cell secretion.
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- Carlsson, Stina K., 1982-
(author)
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Effects of adenosine and acetylcholine on the lacrimal gland
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A balanced tear film is essential for a healthy ocular surface. Insufficient tear production may result in dry eye, a common disorder in the elderly population. Dry eye causes significant discomfort in the patients and may lead to visual impairment and ocular infections. The lacrimal gland secretes water, proteins and electrolytes to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Lacrimal gland secretion is tightly regulated by e.g. neuronally released acetylcholine. The effect of acetylcholine on lacrimal gland secretion was recently found to be potentiated by adenosine. Adenosine is an important signaling molecule acting upon the adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B and A3.The aim of this thesis was to study effects of adenosine and acetylcholine on intracellular signaling pathways and lacrimal gland secretion. Cholinergic stimulation of secretion was shown to be regulated by the mitogen activated protein kinase p38, a protein previously not known to be involved in exocrine secretion. p38 was activated in response to cholinergic stimulation and inhibition of p38 significantly diminished cholinergic secretion.When investigating adenosine effects, potentiation of cholinergic secretion was observed by activation of the A2B receptor in addition to the previously studied A1 receptor. An A2 receptor agonist increased cholinergic rabbit lacrimal gland protein secretion at several concentrations. The increase was inhibited by antagonism of the A2B receptor, but not the A2A receptor. When investigating the intracellular signaling pathways following adenosine and acetylcholine receptor activation, adenosine was shown to increase of cAMP levels. An additional increase in cAMP levels was observed after parallel adenosine and cholinergic receptor activation. Inhibition of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum had inhibitory effects of cholinergic stimulation of secretion. In addition, the expression of adenosine receptors in a mouse model of autoimmune dry eye was investigated. The results showed a lymphocyte dependent upregulation of A2A receptors in diseased mice compared to controls.In conclusion, the results in this thesis provide significant contributions in the search of dry eye therapeutics through studies of adenosine and acetylcholine receptor activation.
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- Carlsson, Stina K., et al.
(author)
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p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase modulates exocrine secretion in rabbit lacrimal gland
- 2012
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In: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters (Druk). - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1425-8153 .- 1689-1392. ; 17:1, s. 1-10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine gland important for secretion of the tear film. The kinase p38 has important signal transduction functions, e.g. in gene transcription, but has previously not been known to modulate exocrine secretion. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of p38 in carbachol (Cch)-induced LG secretion in LG acinar cells in vitro. Western blotting was used to determine the phosphorylation status of p38 and p42/44 and determine expression of p38 isoforms. To determine the effect of p38 inhibition on LG secretion, PD 169316, a general p38 inhibitor, and SB 239063, an inhibitor of p38α and β, were added to the cells prior to secretion measurements. The results revealed activation of p38 mediated by Cch stimulation and inhibition of Cch-induced secretion as a result of p38 inhibition. The inhibition was observed with PD 169316 isoforms, but not with SB 239063. The p38δ isoform was shown to have robust expression both by Western blotting of acinar cells and immunofluorescence of the whole gland. In conclusion, p38 activation mediates secretion in cholinergic stimulation of rabbit LG cells.
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