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- Boström, Rut, 1949-
(författare)
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Folkliga fågelnamn : artnamn för beckasinfåglar i nordiska språk
- 1996
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Många dialektala artnamn för fåglar finns upptecknade vid dialektarkiven i Norden. Avhandlingen koncentrerar sig till artnamn för beckasinfåglar (enkel-, dubbel-, dvärgbeckasin samt morkulla) totalt ca 330 folkliga artnamn.De flesta namnen avser enkelbeckasinen, som p.g.a. sitt bräkande/gnäggade läte har eggat folkfantasin och lett till olika associativa artnamn. Även morkullans knarrande läte har varit namngivande. Andra artnamn speglar den långa näbb som är gemensam för de fyra arterna. De olika ord som ingår i artnamnen har delats in i olika grupper efter sin betydelse. Dessa har i sin tur ordnats i två huvudkategorier: namn efter lätet respektive namn efter synintrycket. En särskild grupp utgör de namn som utgår från folkliga föreställningar.Artnamnens olika ursprung, bildning, förekomst och utveckling utgör tillsammans med ordens etymologi en grund för slutsatser om namngivningsprocessen. Vårt behov att identifiera och klassificera fenomen i vår omgivning i kombination med känslomässiga upplevelser är viktiga ingredienser i denna process. Ett anmärkningsvärt läte eller ett iögonenfallande utseende har därför lockat till många folkliga artnamn, medan de vetenskapliga artnamnen enbart utgår från vetenskapliga iakttagelser.De flesta av de undersökta artnamnen tillhör ett äldre språkskick, men flera folkliga artnamn har också visat sig vara skapade på senare år. Detta visar att en folklig klassifikation och namngivning fortfarande är en fungerande del av vårt språk.
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- Eaker, Birgit, 1946-
(författare)
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Adjektivet grann i svenska dialekter : En semantisk och dialektgeografisk undersökning
- 1993
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study follows and describes the various ways in which the adjective grann is used in Swedish dialects. These dialects are variations of the spoken language which have developed over centuries in different parts of the country. The author believes that a study of usages and meanings of words in the dialects can contribute to the understanding of changes of meaning. Since no word-semantic study based on Swedish dialect material of this kind and scope has been made before (although there are many fine studies of semantic fields), the focus is directed toward the material and the limitations it poses on methods of analysis. A concept of semantic main word (HOsem) is introduced. Dialect-geographical methods are used to find and explain connections between usages and meanings. In this way one can, for example, show that the use of the expression grant om together with a personal subject in a part of Northern Sweden in meanings ranging from 'careful (of)' to 'fond (of)' has been developed locally, whereas the use of the adverb grant in the meaning 'clearly, sharply' with certain verbs is a loan from Denmark. The author also takes a stand in the discussion of the etymology of grann. The context in which the word grann appears is examined and collocations, idioms, proverbs, riddles, etc., in which it appears have been studied. Semantic relations such as synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are also discussed, along with the question of homonymy versus polysemy. For example, the words smal, tunn, klen, fin are very rarely synonyms, but have either the function of describing a different dimension than grann (which refers to the small dimension of a long, more-or less cylindrical object), or are equivalents, that is, they have the same meaning but have different geographical locations.
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- Eklund, Gerd, 1942-
(författare)
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Vrist - brist - rist : Utvecklingen av gammalt uddljudande wr i nordiska, särskilt svenska, dialekter
- 1991
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Germanic initial sound combination wr (e.g. in *wrītan 'write') has not been preserved in any standard language. In the Scandinavian languages the development of this sound combination has resulted in five different initial sounds or sound combinations, namely rw, r, w, br and vr.The aim of this study is to describe the occurrence of these sound combinations, and to explain their age and origin. A limited number of words, mainly from Swedish dialects, has been investigated. The Swedish material has been assembled in a collection that has largely also been mapped, and so has a collection of Norwegian dialect material.The result shows that br is frequent in the Swedish dialects and that it also occurs in Trøndelagen and Østlandet in Norway, and on Jutland. R is widespread in Norway and occurs in Sweden in some words in Norrland, Dalarna, Värmland, Dalsland, Uppland and on the island of Gotland. Rw has been documented in Upper Dalarna, and w in the same area, as well as in the Kalix dialect in northernmost Sweden.The author demonstrates that the Norwegian loss of w might have started already in the 6th century in western Norway. The loss on Gotland is independent and can be demonstrated in Old Gutnish. The metathesis rw is found in Swedish and Norwegian 13-14th century sources from Uppland, Västmanland, Östergötland and southeastern Norway. The developments wr > r and wr > rw probably have their roots in a difference between the west Norwegian wr and the east Norwegian and Swedish war which is documented from PrimScand times. W is a secondary development of rw. The change wr > br can be dated by place-name material to the early 15th century. The change wr > vr appears to have taken place at approximately the same time. The author demonstrates that the result, wr > br or wr > yr, is apparently governed by certain phonetic factors.The failure of the Germanic wr to survive depends on the combination being phonetically complex. The risk that w would be lost was therefore considerable. However, differentiating forces worked for its retention. All developments emanating from wr, apparently disparate, can be seen as features of a larger process where a general linguistic tendency towards a weakening of sounds is confronted by conservative forces, with the above results as a consequence.
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- Källskog, Margareta, 1941-1994
(författare)
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Attityd, interferens, genitivsyntax : Studier i nutida Överkalixmål
- 1992
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The dissertation deals with the Överkalix dialect in three respects. Överkalix is the northernmost community of the country where Swedish dialect is spoken. It is surrounded on the east and the north by Finnish, and on the west by Finnish and Saami.The first section of the thesis is based on a questionnaire survey among all junior high school students (14-16 years old) in Överkalix and among their parents. It discusses the present-day position of the Överkalix dialect and the attitudes of the people of Överkalix toward the dialect. The results indicate that the people who consider themselves to be speakers of the local dialect have access to two language codes: local dialect and standard Swedish. Personal relationship is the deciding factor in language code choice. None of the parents considers himself/herself to be dialectally monolingual: 11% speak only standard Swedish, 75% keep the varieties apart and are thus bidialectal.77% of the dialect-speaking students and 69% of those who do not speak dialect have a positive attitude toward the dialect, boys to a greater extent than girls among the dialect-speaking, and girls to a greater extent than boys among non-dialect speakers.The second section examines interference from the surrounding languages, Finnish and Saami, in the Överkalix dialect in general and in the Överkalix dialect of multilingual informantsin particular. These informants speak standard Swedish, dialect, Finnish and/or Saami. The main data of this section originates from recorded interviews performed as informal conversations.The author discusses some characteristic phonetic features in the dialect which seem to be the result of influence from Saami and/or Finnish. The material also shows a number of influences on the syntactic level.The third section describes how the genitive is expressed in the dialect of Överkalix. The author gives several examples of how the -s genitive is paraphrased—most commonly with a prepostion.
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| 8. |
- Kärrlander, Eva, 1946-
(författare)
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Skrabbig och skrallig, karsk och katig : En semantisk studie av svenska dialektala adjektiv avseende hälsotillstånd
- 1993
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this dissertation is to compile and study the words referring to state of health in the dialects of Sweden. The investigation is primarily semantic. The material has been collected from dialect archives and dictionaries.In an attempt to find pattems in this vocabulary, all the meanings of a selection of the words are listed, i.e. even meanings which are not related to state of health. The etymologies and general geographic distribution of these words are also studied. The linguistic patterns are then, as far as possible, related to medical facts and the physical status of people in the peasant society of old.In this way, for example the fact that many of the adjectives denoting 'poorly, sick, sickly' etc. are either derived from verbs with the meaning walk laboriously' and the like, or can be associated to such verbs, is related to the frequent occurrence of diseases of the joints.Instances of sound symbolism in the vocabulary are pointed out. For example, words formed with pi-, pe-, spi-, spe- denoting 'little, slender, feeble, delicate'; kr-, skr- denoting scraping, or rustling noises and irregular movements and pj- denoting `whimpering, fretful, whining'.Being in good or poor health can be seen as a point along a continuous line between a "healthy pole" and an "ill pole". The material shows few words at the "healthy pole" and meaning seriously ill, terminally ill while there are many words for 'disabled, weak, faint, poorly, sick' and so on.One explanation for the large selection of adjectives expressing poor health may be the harsh conditions of life in the past, another that the body and health are emotionally charged areas.The material shows what are believed to be signs of good and poor health. The adjectives indicate three factors which are essential in judging how a person feels: appearance, mental condition and mobility.
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Nordiska dialektstudier : Föredrag vid Femte nordiska dialektologkonferensenSigtuna 17-21 augusti 1994
- 1997
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fifth Nordic symposium of dialectologists was attended by about 85 participants. Forty-one lectures, including two plenary lectures (by Oskar Bandle, Zürich, and Lars Huldén, Helsinki) were presented, 36 of which are published in these proceedings. They clearly display the breadth of current Nordic dialectology. The volume thus includes both articles of traditional character and of more modern direction. The contributions treat dialects and the history of language, studies of word geography, semantics, lexicography, word formation, prosody, urban speech, language contact, dialect syntax, dialect as written language, etc. The differences between dialectological and sociolinguistic spoken language research are gradually diminishing. Connections with other disciplines, such as history of science, pedagogy, and ethnology are also evident.From a geographic point of view, both general and more limited regional material is presented. All of the Nordic languages except Icelandic are represented, from the Faroe Islands in the west to Nyland in the east, from Fyn in the south to the northem Finnmark.
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