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| 2. |
- Liu, Hongling, et al.
(author)
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Conceptual Sustainability Framework for Eco-City Development in the City Core of Xuzhou
- 2016
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In: Journal of urban planning and development. - : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9488 .- 1943-5444. ; 142:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban planners in China often face major challenges when developing or revising their city master plan in accordance with sustainability principles. They are very much trapped between policies and guidelines issued by the government and a market economy controlled by developers. The government has issued some overall recommendations for establishing eco-cities in China built on resource efficiency principles, but they lack more hands-on guidelines to be used by urban planners. Several of the most well-known eco-city projects have also encountered difficulties in the implementation phase. One problem is that the frameworks have not been developed bottom-up in a local participation process but have mainly been imported from other projects, in several cases from international experiences. This creates a gap between planning and implementation. The traditional way of planning in China is done in a sectoral way. That is, different sectors, like transport, energy, water, waste, and environment, are planned separately. This is also reflected in the lack of cooperation between the different city departments and companies responsible for energy, water, and transport. The overall aim of this study was to develop and test a new simplified framework that can guide urban planners when developing the master plan for a city or a city area aiming at becoming an eco-city. The framework developed was applied in devising a more comprehensive and integrated plan for the city of Xuzhou based on cross-sectoral planning. Meeting the future challenges of a growing population and consumption of a third planning level, the 3R level, is proposed in this paper. This is in line with a growing skepticism towards the belief in ecological modernization. In order to avoid the problem of finding exact definitions for concepts, such as sustainability and eco-city as used in China, an approach with three levels of ambition for sustainability and sustainable development was adopted. Each level of ambition requires different planning approaches related to sectoral, cross sectoral, and 3R planning. The framework will next be refined and applied in other eco-city projects in China.
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| 3. |
- Sarlas, Georgios, et al.
(author)
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Simulation-Based Analysis of Road-Pricing Prospects for Athens, Greece
- 2013
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In: Journal of urban planning and development. - 0733-9488 .- 1943-5444. ; 139:3, s. 206-215
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to explore the potential future use of road pricing for Athens, Greece. Road-pricing schemes are surveyed, focusing primarily on the European experience, and are used to contribute to the discussion regarding the possible future adoption of a road-pricing scheme in Athens, Greece. The main features and problems of the transportation landscape in Athens are outlined, and results from a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats (SWOT) analysis are presented. The key issues, required conditions, and options associated with a possible future implementation of an urban road-pricing scheme in the Athens metropolitan area are presented. The analysis is validated through a series of face-to-face interviews that were undertaken with a panel of key experts. The selected parameters of possible future road-pricing schemes in Athens are simulated and various measures of effectiveness are collected and analyzed. Sensitivity analysis of the demand levels that would result from the deployment of the system is also performed, while the elasticities of the demand in response to the system are also calculated. The results indicate that while currently there are more direct instruments to address traffic congestion, in the future, urban tolls may provide a useful complementary tool toward a sustainable transportation system for Athens.
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| 4. |
- Adolphson, Marcus
(author)
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Estimating a Polycentric Urban Structure. Case Study : Urban Changes in the Stockholm Region 1991-2004
- 2009
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In: Journal of urban planning and development. - : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 0733-9488 .- 1943-5444. ; 135:1, s. 19-30
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of this paper are to empirically test and evaluate methods for describing intraurban polycentricity, and to evaluate the polycentric development with respect to the regional development plan of the Office of Urban and Regional Transportation in 2001. The study area is Stockholm County and the time period investigated is 1991-2004. Three dimensions of polycentricity are analyzed: urban nuclei size relations, spatial distribution of urban nuclei, and potential interaction (accessibility). According to the methods' various qualifications in describing polycentric forms it is proposed here that a combination of methods is preferable for this subject. The polycentric structure exposes an increasing and considerable concentration of urban resources to the major urban nuclei. This concentration is combined with an increased spatial dispersal of the urban nuclei. In relative terms, the accessibility has decreased concerning the accessibility by public transportation modes and increased (workspace) or remained on almost the same level (residential space) by car transportation mode. Thus, the urban structural change in the Stockholm region corresponds to the political guidelines. In spite of this, by the increase in relative accessibility by car and decrease in the relative accessibility by public transportation modes the goal concerning higher share in public transports may not be possible to fulfill.
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| 5. |
- Amekudzi, A., et al.
(author)
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Assessing extrajurisdictional and areawide impacts of clustered brownfield developments
- 2003
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In: Journal of urban planning and development. - 0733-9488 .- 1943-5444. ; 129:1, s. 27-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Brownfields are vacant, underutilized, or abandoned industrial and commercial sites where real or perceived environmental contamination is an obstacle to development. Federal initiatives in the 1990s reduced legal liabilities associated with brownfields and provided financial incentives for development initiatives. As brownfields are often located in infill areas, they have advantages over greenfields developments in that much of the supporting infrastructure already exists and they are centrally located. However, the existing infrastructure may be deteriorated and obsolete, and brownfield developments in infill areas may require local as well as areawide transportation improvements. This paper uses a modified impact analysis approach, synthesized from regional transportation modeling and site impact analysis tools, to assess the extrajurisdictional and areawide impacts of clustered brownfield developments. The writers apply this approach to clustered brownfield developments in the City of Pittsburgh. The study results show that the synergistic effects and areawide impacts of clustered brownfield developments may not be adequately captured by traditional site impact studies. This paper is potentially useful for municipal agencies involved in assessing and planning for the transportation improvement needs of clustered brownfield developments.
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| 6. |
- Wallbaum, Holger, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Prioritizing Sustainability Criteria in Urban Planning Processes: Methodology Application
- 2011
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In: Journal of the Urban Planning and Development Division, ASCE. - 0733-9488. ; 137:1, s. 20-28
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the beginning of the sustainability debate approximately 20 years ago, all parties involved in the urban planning process have been expected to devise sustainable solutions to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Potential to include sustainability criteria is present in the strategic planning stage and during the initial studies of a project. However, instruments available at these early stages are rare and show numerous weaknesses. The present study intends to close this gap by developing an instrument for the prioritization of sustainability criteria in urban planning processes. It is based on the Sustainable Building Tool 07 (SBTool 07), a comprehensive and well-established tool for the assessment of sustainability of construction projects, key issues pertaining to the initial planning stages are identified via a materiality matrix—a method established for corporate sustainability reporting. The resulting method has been tested in a competition in the Icelandic city of Reykjavík. Results include a materiality matrix on stakeholder priorities and the relevance of criteria to sustainability across the life cycle as well as a core set of 19 criteria to be addressed in Reykjavík.
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