| 1. |
- Aasa, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Correspondence between physical self-concept and participation in, and fitness change after, bi-weekly body conditioning classes in sedentary women
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 31:2, s. 451-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of the study were (1) to investigate the effects of participation in low impact body conditioning classes on physical fitness in sedentary women at different ages and (2) to examine the correspondence between physical self-concept and participation in, and fitness change after, the participation. Ninety-two sedentary women (mean age 44.2 years) participated in 11-weeks of bi-weekly classes that included cardiovascular, strength, core, endurance and mobility exercises, all performed in synchrony with music. Cardiorespiratory fitness, maximal lifting strength, mobility and balance tests were performed pre- and post the exercise period and the short-form Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ-S) was completed. Zero-order Spearman correlation analyses showed that women who rated the PSDQ-S dimension Sport competence higher participated in a larger number of sessions (rs=0.24, p=0.040). At post-tests, all participants had increased their balance, the participants aged 20-34 years had increased their lifting strength, and the participants aged 35-65 years had increased their cardiorespiratory fitness and mobility. Most PSDQ-S dimensions did not affect performance change, but the perception of being physically active was related to increased cardiovascular fitness. We conclude that women with a sedentary lifestyle who wish to increase their physical capacity benefit from music exercise and that inquiries about perceived sport competence and physical activity can improve recommendations made by strength and conditioning professionals.
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| 2. |
- Aasa, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Muscle strength assessment from functional performance tests : role of body size
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 17:4, s. 664-670
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the body size plays an important role in assessment of muscle ability to exert force by standard functional performance tests. Twenty-one male students were tested on maximal isometric lift, one leg rising, vertical jump, and box lift tests, and the maximal isokinetic strength of hip and knee extensors was also recorded. When indices of the 4 functional performance tests were related to the strength of each of the 2 leg extensor muscle groups, only maximal isometric lift demonstrated positive correlation with knee extensors strength. When muscle strength was corrected for body mass, however, the aforementioned relationship became insignificant, but the 1 leg rising performance demonstrated a positive relationship with knee extensor strength. In addition, maximal isometric lift and 1 leg rising test performance provided positive and negative correlation, respectively, with body mass. The obtained findings were in line with the effects of scale applied on the tested performance. We generally conclude that the assessment of muscle capability to exert force based on some standard functional performance tests could be confounded by the body size effect.
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| 3. |
- Ahokas, Essi K., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Water Immersion Methods on Postexercise Recovery of Physical and Mental Performance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 33:6, s. 1488-1495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 3 water immersion interventions performed after active recovery compared with active recovery only on physical and mental performance measures and physiological responses. The subjects were physically active men (age 20-35 years, mean ± SD 26 ± 3.7 years). All subjects performed a short-term exercise protocol, including maximal jumps and sprinting. Four different recovery methods (10 minutes) were used in random order: cold water immersion (CWI, 10° C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI, 24° C), and contrast water therapy (CWT, alternately 10° C and 38° C). All these methods were performed after an active recovery (10-minute bicycle ergometer; heart rate [HR] 120-140 b·min, 60-73% from age-calculated maximum HR), and the fourth method was active recovery (ACT) only. Within 96 hours after exercise bouts, recovery was assessed through a 30-m maximal sprint test, maximal countermovement jump (CMJ), self-perceived muscle soreness and relaxation questionnaires, and blood lactate, creatine kinase, testosterone, cortisol, and catecholamine levels. The self-perceived feeling of relaxation after 60-minute recovery was better (p < 0.05) after CWI and CWT than ACT and TWI. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the recovery methods in any other marker. In the 30-m sprint test, however, slower running time was found in ACT (p < 0.001) and CWT (p = 0.005), and reduced CMJ results (p < 0.05) were found in ACT when the results were compared with baseline values. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that CWI and CWT improve the acute feeling of relaxation that can play a positive role in athletes' performance and well-being.
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| 4. |
- Ainegren, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Skiing economy and efficiency in recreational and elite cross-country skiers
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 27:5, s. 1239-1252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare skiing economy and gross efficiency in cross-country skiers of different performance levels, ages and genders; male recreational skiers and elite senior and junior cross-country skiers of both genders. The skiers performed tests involving roller skiing on a treadmill using the gear 3 and diagonal stride techniques. The elite crosscountry skiers were found to have better skiing economy and higher gross efficiency (5-18%) compared with the recreational skiers (p < 0.05) and the senior elite had better economy and higher efficiency (4-5%) than their junior counterparts (p < 0.05), whereas no differences could be found between the genders. Also, large ranges in economy and gross efficiency were found in all groups. It was concluded that, in addition to v̇O2peak, skiing economy and gross efficiency have a great influence on the differences in performance times between recreational and junior and senior elite cross-country skiers, as well as between individual skiers within the different categories. Thus, we recommend crosscountry skiers at all performance levels to test not only v̇O2peak, but also skiing economy and efficiency.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Helena M., et al.
(författare)
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Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 24:4, s. 912-919
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to compare movement pattern, fatigue development, and heart rate (HR) for top-class elite female players when playing international (INT) vs. domestic league games (DOM). Video-based time-motion analyses and HR recordings were performed on 17 players during INT and DOM. The distances covered in high-intensity running (HIR) and sprinting were longer (p < 0.05) in INT compared with DOM. More (p < 0.05) HIR was covered in INT than DOM during first and second half. Additionally, more (p < 0.05) sprinting occurred in INT compared with DOM in the first half. In both game types, the amount of HIR was reduced by 24-27% (p < 0.05) in the last 15-minute period compared with the first four 15-minute periods of the game. The midfielders covered longer (p < 0.05) distances with HIR in INT than in DOM over the entire game and in the most intense 5-minute period of the games, whereas no differences were observed between the game types for defenders. No difference in the HR response was found between INT and DOM. In conclusion, more HIR and sprinting occur in international compared with domestic games, which may affect the fatigue development for players in physically demanding roles. Thus, our results are important to coaches to prepare players to meet the challenges of international soccer games and show that the ability to perform intense intermittent exercise should be trained regularly in elite female players.
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| 6. |
- Beaven, Christopher, 1977-
(författare)
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Acute salivary hormone responses to complex exercise bouts
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 25:4, s. 1072-1078
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The combination of resistance and plyometric training, or complex training, may yield greater functional gains than either method alone.As steroid hormones respond to exercise stimuli and modulate the functional outcomes, it is possible that complex training creates an enhanced anabolic physiological milieu for adaptation.We investigated acute responses of salivary testosterone and cortisol to complex exercise bouts.After a standardized warm-up, 16 semiprofessional rugby players performed 1 of 4 exercise bouts in a cross-over manner: power-power; power-strength; strength-power; or strength-strength.Each player completed each of the 4 bouts twice over a 4-week period in a balanced random order such that each player performed a total of 8 bouts.The power block consisted of 3 sets of 3 repetitions of jump squat exercise at 50% of 1-repetition maximum load.The strength block consisted of three sets of three repetitions of box squat exercise at a 3-repetition maximum load.There were 3-minute rest periods between sets and 4-minute rest periods between exercise blocks.Saliva was sampled before, during, and immediately after the exercise bout.The greatest overall hormonal responses were a small increase in testosterone (13%; 90% confidence limits +/-7%) and a trivial increase in cortisol (27%; +/-30%) after the strength-power bout.A clear difference was observed between the strength-power and the power-power bouts immediately after exercise for testosterone (10%; +/-8%) and cortisol (29%; +/-17%).The preceding exercise block had little effect on subsequent strength and power performance.The hormonal response after the strength-power bout suggests that this exercise sequence provides an enhanced anabolic milieu for adaptation.
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| 7. |
- Beaven, Christopher, 1977-
(författare)
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Changes in strength, power, and steroid hormones during a professional rugby union competition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 23:5, s. 1583-1592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this investigation was to assess changes in strength, power, and levels of testosterone and cortisol over a 13-week elite competitive rugby union season. Thirty-two professional rugby union athletes from a Super 14 rugby team (age, 24.4 6 2.7 years; height, 184.7 6 6.2 cm; mass, 104.0 6 11.2 kg; mean 6 SD) were assessed for upper-body and lower-body strength (bench press and box squat, respectively) and power (bench throw and jump squat, respectively) up to 5 times throughout the competitive season. Salivary testosterone and cortisol samples, along with ratings of perceived soreness and tiredness, were also obtained before each power assessment.An effect size of 0.2 was interpreted as the smallest worthwhile change.A small increase in lower body strength was observed over the study period (8.5%; 90% confidence limits 67.2%), whereas upper-body strength was maintained (21.2%; 62.7%). Decreases in lower-body power (23.3%; 65.5%) and upper-body power (23.4; 64.9%) were small and trivial.There were moderate increases in testosterone (54%; 627%) and cortisol (97%; 651%) over the competitive season, and the testosterone to cortisol ratio showed a small decline (22%; 625%), whereas changes in perceived soreness and tiredness were trivial. Individual differences over the competitive season for all measures were mostly trivial or inestimable.Some small to moderate relationships were observed between strength and power; however, relationships between hormonal concentrations and performance were mainly trivial but unclear.Positive adaptation in strength and power may be primarily affected by cumulative training volume and stimulus over a competitive season. Greater than 2 resistance sessions per week may be needed to improve strength and power in elite rugby union athletes during a competitive season.
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| 8. |
- Beaven, Christopher, 1977-
(författare)
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Salivary testosterone and cortisol responses following four resistance training protocols in professional rugby players
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 22:2, s. 426-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The acute response of free salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) concentrations to four resistance exercise (RE) protocols in 23 elite men rugby players was investigated.We hypothesized that hormonal responses would differ among individuals after four distinct RE protocols: four sets of 10 repetitions (reps) at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 minutes' rest between sets (4 × 10-70%); three sets of five reps at 85% 1RM with 3 minutes' rest (3 × 5-85%); five sets of 15 reps at 55% 1RM with 1 minute's rest (5 × 15-55%); and three sets of five reps at 40% 1RM with 3 minutes' rest (3 × 5-40%).Each athlete completed each of the four RE protocols in a random order on separate days. T and C concentrations were measured before exercise (PRE), immediately after exercise (POST), and 30 minutes post exercise (30 POST). Each protocol consisted of four exercises: bench press, leg press, seated row, and squats.Pooled T data did not change as a result of RE, whereas C declined significantly.Individual athletes differed in their T response to each of the protocols, a difference that was masked when examining the pooled group data. When individual data were retrospectively tabulated according to the protocol in which each athlete showed the highest T response, a significant protocol-dependent T increase for all individuals was revealed.Therefore, RE induced significant individual, protocol-dependent hormonal changes lasting up to 30 minutes after exercise.These individual responses may have important ramifications for modulating adaptation to RE and could explain the variability often observed in studies of hormonal response to RE.
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| 9. |
- Beaven, Christopher, 1977-
(författare)
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Significant strength gains observed in rugby players following specific RE protocols based on individual salivary testosterone responses.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 22:2, s. 419-425-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our previous work has demonstrated that professional athletes show protocol-dependent variability in salivary testosterone (T) responses to resistance exercise (RE). The current study examines the consistency and functional outcomes of prescribing a RE regimen based on T response. We hypothesized that prescribing an individual-specific RE protocol based on T response would enhance weight training gains.Sixteen amateur rugby players [(mean ± SD) age: 20 ± 2 years; height: 181.5 ± 8.2 cm; weight: 94.2 ± 11.1 kg] were characterized by their maximal (Tmax) and minimal (Tmin) T response to four RE protocols: four sets of 10 repetitions (reps) at 70% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) with 2 minutes' rest between sets (4 x 10-709/o); three sets of five reps at 85% 1 RM with 3 minutes' rest (3 x 5-85%); five sets of 15 reps at 55% of 1 RM with 1 minute's rest (5 x 15-559/o); and three sets of 5 reps at 40% 1 RM with 3 minutes' rest (3 X 5-40%).Eight athletes then performed a 3-week training block performing only their Tmax protocol. The remaining eight only performed Tmin. After 3 weeks, the athletes were retested on the RE protocols and then crossed over and performed the alternate 3-week training block.All 16 athletes showed significant increases in estimated bench and leg press 1 RM strength and bodyweight while performing Tmax. When Tmin was performed, 75% of athletes showed either no change or a significant decline in 1 RM performance.Consistent protocol-responses over the experimental period were seen for both the Tmax and Tmin protocols in 12 of 16 athletes. Thus, a relationship between an individual's biologically available T response to RE and enhanced functional gains is reported.
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| 10. |
- Berglund, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Which patients with low back pain benefit from deadlift training?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 29:7, s. 1803-1811
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies have indicated that the deadlift exercise may be effective in decreasing pain intensity and increasing activity for most, but not all, patients with a dominating mechanical low back pain pattern. This study aimed to evaluate which individual factors measured at baseline could predict activity, disability, and pain intensity in patients with mechanical low back pain after an 8-week training period involving the deadlift as a rehabilitative exercise. Thirty-five participants performed deadlift training under the supervision of a physical therapist with powerlifting experience. Measures of pain-related fear of movement, hip and trunk muscle endurance and lumbopelvic movement control were collected at baseline. Measures of activity, disability and pain intensity were collected at baseline and at follow-up. Linear regression analyses were used to create models to predict activity, disability and pain intensity at follow-up. Results showed that participants with less disability, less pain intensity and higher performance on the Biering-Sørensen test, which tests the endurance of hip and back extensor muscles, at baseline benefit from deadlift training. The Biering-Sørensen test was the strongest predictor since it was included in all predictive models. Pain intensity was the next best predictor as it was included in two predictive models. Thus, for strength and conditioning professionals who use the deadlift as a rehabilitative exercise for individuals with mechanical low back pain, it is important to ensure that clients have sufficient back extensor strength and endurance and a sufficiently low pain intensity level to benefit from training involving the deadlift exercise.
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