| 1. |
- Abdelaziz, Omar Y., et al.
(författare)
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Physicochemical Characterisation of Technical Lignins for Their Potential Valorisation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1877-265X .- 1877-2641. ; 8:3, s. 859-869
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, has emerged as a potential alternative material to petroleum-based chemicals and renewable resource for the production of diverse forms of aromatics, biofuels, and bio-based materials. Thus, it is becoming important to understand its structure and properties to provide key features and insights for better/efficient lignin valorisation. In this work, the physicochemical characterisation of two types of industrial (technical) lignins, namely LignoBoost lignin and alkali-treated lignin was performed. Characterisation has been conducted using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller N2 adsorption, particle size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the pretreatment severity considerably influenced the lignin composition and functional properties. The measured physicochemical properties helped in proposing potential valorisation routes for these lignins in the context of a biorefinery, focusing on their depolymerisation and subsequent biological conversion to value-added chemicals and fuels.
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| 2. |
- Arm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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How Does the European Recovery Target for Construction & Demolition Waste Affect Resource Management?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 8:5, s. 1491-1504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The revised EU Waste Framework Directive (WFD) includes a 70 % target for recovery of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. In order to study the potential change in the resource management of the main C&D waste fractions, as a consequence of fulfilling the WFD target, a Nordic project (ENCORT-CDW) has been performed. Waste fractions studied included asphalt, concrete, bricks, track ballast, gypsum-based construction materials and wood. Recovery scenarios were identified and estimations were made regarding expected savings of primary materials, impact on transport, and pollution and emissions. For wood waste, the main differences between re-use, material recycling and energy recovery were evaluated in a carbon footprint screening based on life cycle assessment methodology. The study concluded that the EU recovery target does not ensure a resource efficient and environmentally sustainable waste recovery in its present form since: It is very sensitive to how the legal definitions of waste and recovery are interpreted in the Member States. This means that certain construction material cycles might not count in the implementation reports while other, less efficient and environmentally safe, recovery processes of the same material will count. It is weight-based and consequently favours large and heavy waste streams. The result is that smaller flows with equal or larger resource efficiency and environmental benefit will be insignificant for reaching the target. It does not distinguish between the various recovery processes, meaning that resource efficient and environmentally safe recovery cannot be given priority. Improved knowledge on C&D waste generation and handling, as well as on content and emissions of dangerous substances, is required to achieve a sustainable recovery.
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| 3. |
- Baratieri, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass Gasification with Dolomite as Catalyst in a Small Fluidized Bed Experimental and Modelling Analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 1:3, s. 283-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Actually, one of the main challenges to be achieved in biomass gasification is the minimization of tar concentration in combination with optimization of the gas composition. An extensive examination has been performed in order to expose the effect of several Chinese dolomites as a catalyst for tar cracking and gas composition enhancement. In this paper, the experimental data collected are presented. Methods Thebiomass gasification tests have been performed in a laboratory small-scale atmosphericfluidized bed gasifier that uses nitrogen as a fluidizing media and pure oxygen as gasifying agent. The system is equipped with a ceramic filter and a catalytic bed. Different types of dolomites have been used as catalyst. Results The main results are that thedolomite reduces the tar concentration and at the same time increases the permanent gas yield. A gasification equilibrium model, written in Matlab environment, has been developed to predict the synthesis gas composition. Main conclusions Several biomassgasification tests have been performed to assess the dolomite effect on the syngas and tar composition. The results have been used to tune an equilibrium model up. The model has been modified with some experimental data and it seems to predict with good accuracy the syngas composition.
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| 4. |
- Burlakovs, Juris, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Mobility of Metals and Valorization of Sorted Fine Fraction of Waste After Landfill Excavation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 7:3, s. 593-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reclamation of landfills and dumpsites requiresdetailed technical and economic evaluation of actual and potential pollution at the site, including detection of the main contaminants, their concentration, chemical stability and mobility in the environment. Contamination with metallic elements and metalloids is among the most important problems that limits recultivation of landfills and dumpsites and reuse of landfilled materials. This study was implemented at the Kudjape Municipal Landfill, located on Saaremaa Island in Estonia. The Kudjape Landfill is apartly closed landfill recultivated by covering it with a layer of a fine fraction of landfill material after the landfill mining operations. The fine fraction was derived at the site by sorting the landfill material (i.e., disposed waste) using mechanical screening, manual sorting and sieving. Obtained relatively homogeneous material, consisting of particles smaller than 10 mm, was defined as a fine fractionof waste. Samples from the fine fraction at different depth were collected and analyzed. Metal mobility was assessed after the sequential extraction. Results revealed that such elements as Zn, Mn, Mg are found in various fractions; Fe,Cd, Cr—mainly in residual fraction; Cu, Pb, Ni, Ba, Co and Rb mostly in fractions of residuals and reduced compounds,but they are presented in larger proportion of acid and water soluble fractions. Slight interconnection ofdetected parameters and sampling depth was revealed. Sequential extraction of elements in the fine fraction suggested the valorization of waste and confirmed that such landfill material can be successfully used as a landfill covering layer under the specific engineering circumstances.
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| 5. |
- Chimphango, Anderson, et al.
(författare)
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Prospects for Paper Sludge in Magnesium Phosphate Cement:Composite Board Properties and Techno‑Economic Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Nature. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 12, s. 5211-5233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing paper sludge (PS) as feedstock in the production of composite boards thatare lightweight, durable and environmentally friendly. PS samples were collected from recycled newsprint (RN), corrugatedrecycled (CR) and virgin pulp (VP) pulping mills in South Africa. The PS was dried and mixed with magnesium phosphatecement to produce boards in a central composite design. Three different fillers including fly ash, calcium carbonate and silicafume were also added to the mix as binder replacement. The PS was characterized before use, and the produced compositeboard was evaluated for mechanical and physical properties. The boards produced had medium to high density (0.52—1.12 g/cm3) that could be used for non-structural interior applications. The results showed that boards containing RN had the highestmean value for modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 769 MPa. The mean MOE for boards containing CR- and VP-PS was357 and 411 MPa, respectively. Calcium carbonate had the best effect on the board properties. Techno-economic analysiswas simulated for four different types of feedstock scenarios at different locations including a combined scenario. Sensitivityanalysis revealed that decreased feedstock cost resulted in decreased minimum required selling price. The analysis alsorevealed that the combined scenario proved to be the most cost-effective and profitable option for the future.
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| 6. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar
(författare)
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Extraction of Cellulose Acetate from Cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) Twigs and Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Bagasse by Environmentally Friendly Approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 13, s. 1535-1545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was carried out to investigate the extraction of cellulose acetate (CA) from cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) twigs and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse using an environmentally friendly method. At first, cellulose was extracted from cajuput twigs (CT) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) through prehydrolysis followed by soda (NaOH) pulping and elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching. Later, the extracted cellulose was acetylated using iodine (I) as a catalyst. The obtained CA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. FTIR and NMR analysis proved the replacement of free OH (hydroxyl) groups by acetyl groups. The degree of substitution (DS) showed the acetylation capability of cellulose extracted from CT and SB as well. The diameter of CA and its crystallinity index (CrI) were measured by SEM and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The cellulose content was 85.4 and 89.5% for CT and SB, respectively after the pulping and bleaching. The diameter of CA extracted from CT was approximately 10 mu m and it was approximately 20 to 30 mu m for SB. The CrI of the CA extracted from SB and CT was 75.6 and 60.2, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal gravimetric analysis showed that CA extracted from CT and SB was thermal resistant. Therefore, CT and SB will be potential alternative resources for CA production using the mentioned method.
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| 7. |
- Davis, Chris B, et al.
(författare)
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Secondary Resources in the Bio-Based Economy : A Computer Assisted Survey of Value Pathways in Academic Literature
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 8:7, s. 2229-2246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on value pathways for organic wastes has been steadily increasing in recent decades. There have been few considerably broad overview studies of such materials and their valuation potential in the bio-based economy in part because of the vast multitude of materials and processes that can be used to produce energy carriers, chemicals, and materials of value. This article explores how automated data analysis approaches can help in analyzing large bodies of text to distill and present potential value pathways for secondary (waste) bio-based materials. The study employed multiple methods (literature collection, topic modelling, and co-occurrence analysis) on a collection of abstracts from 53,292 academic articles covering technologies, applications, and products (TAPs) for bio-based wastes. The results of both the topic modelling and co-occurrence analysis are presented as online interactive web pages. The topic modelling presented an overview of research clusters related to secondary organic resources, processes, and disciplines. The co-occurrence analysis helped to understand which TAPs are researched in relation to a broad spectrum of organic wastes. Co-occurrences were evaluated using the Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information measure to locate terms which co-occur more frequently than would be expected by chance. Through the use of detailed lists of organic wastes and TAPs, the co-occurrence method mapped out 7118 unique intersections between 473 specific wastes and 228 TAPs. This technique enables us to find seemingly non-obvious valorization pathways such as the re-use of oyster shells as catalysts for bio-diesel production and bioplastic production from brewery waste. While a proof-of-concept, this work points the way for using Big Data to suggest novel pathways for implementing the Circular Economy.
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| 8. |
- Ebrahimian, Farinaz, et al.
(författare)
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Bioprocess Design and Technoeconomic Analysis of 2,3-Butanediol Production in Wood-Based Biorefineries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2,3-Butanediol (BDO) is a crucial precursor in various industries, traditionally derived from fossil resources, raising environmental concerns. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of producing BDO from wood residues, a sustainable resource abundantly available in Nordic countries. By modeling a biorefinery plant with a daily capacity of 100 metric tons of wood chips, three scenarios (Sc.) were explored: Sc. 1, where BDO is the sole product; Sc. 2, where BDO is produced alongside methane and biofertilizer; and Sc. 3, which incorporates a combined heat and power system using biogas from the waste stream. The analysis emphasizes the minimum selling price (MSP) of BDO, revealing it to be lowest in Sc. 1 at USD2.97/kg, compared to USD3.20/kg and USD3.48/kg for Sc. 2 and Sc. 3, respectively. Notably, sensitivity analysis highlighted the impact of processing capacity on economic performance, suggesting a potential for higher scalability and profitability in Sc. 2. This study contributes novel insights into the role of processing capacity and fermentation yield in optimizing BDO production, providing a valuable framework for technology developers aiming to establish wood-based biorefineries. These findings not only enhance understanding of economic thresholds but also underscore the importance of resource efficiency and strategic planning in bio-based production setups. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.).
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| 9. |
- Forgács, Gergely, et al.
(författare)
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Methane production from feather waste pretreated with Ca(OH)2: Process development and economical analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 5:1, s. 65-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the industrial application of feather waste as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. Feather was pretreated with 0–0.2 Ca(OH)2 g/g TSfeather (total solids of feathers) for 30–120 min at 100–120 °C, in order to increase the digestibility, and to enhance the methane yield in a subsequent digestion at 55 °C. Based on the results of the batch digestion, an industrial process was developed, which can achieve 0.40 Nm3/kg VSfeather (volatile solids of feathers) methane yield from the pretreated feathers, while it fulfills the animal by-product hygenization requirements as well. This base case of the industrial pretreatment process was designed using SuperPro Designer® for utilizing 2,500 tons of feathers per year, which is the waste stream from an average slaughterhouse with a capacity of 60,000 broilers per day. The production cost of the methane is estimated to be 0.475 EUR/Nm3, while the investments on the pretreatment unit requires 0.97 million EUR as total capital investment, and 0.25 million EUR/year for operating cost. However, the process is sensitive to the plant capacity. Changing the plant capacity from 625 to 10,000 tons of feather per year, results in reducing the biogas production cost from 1.177 to 0.203 EUR/Nm3. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed on the base case to investigate the effect of the value of the incoming feather on the overall process profitability. The results showed that the proposed investment could be considered as being financially viable in the case of production of upgraded biomethane even without the current gate fee system.
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| 10. |
- Grimm, Alejandro, et al.
(författare)
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Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on substrates made of cellulose fibre rejects: product quality and spent substrate fuel properties
- 2021
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Ingår i: Waste and Biomass Valorization. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1877-2641 .- 1877-265X. ; 12, s. 4331-4340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores an alternative valorisation method for high-moisture content waste streams from the pulp and paper industry. Cellulose fibre rejects from industrial-scale recycling/pulping of waste paper was used as an ingredient in substrates for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, commonly known as oyster mushroom. Three substrates with 40, 60, and 80 wt% fibre rejects were tested, and a conventional substrate formula based on birch (Betula ssp.) sawdust was used for comparison. The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) fuel characteristics were assessed through ashing procedures. Mycelium growth was faster on substrates based on fibre rejects. The average biological efficiencies of the first flush of fruit bodies were between 29 and 36% compared to 42% for birch sawdust substrates. The fruit bodies had good nutritional values, i.e., crude protein (22-25 wt% d.b.), crude fat (3-3.5 wt% d.b.), crude fibre (8-10 wt% d.b.), and carbohydrates (57-62 wt% d.b.). The concentrations of heavy metals, 5-10 mu g/kg Pb, 19-28 mu g/kg Cd, 5-6 mu g/kg Hg, and 26-53 mu g/kg As were well below the limit values for food products set in EU regulations. The SMS could be used as fuel for direct combustion or co-combusted with other biomasses.
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