| 1. |
- Larsson, Carl Fredrik, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Overcurrent Abuse of Primary Prismatic Zinc–Air Battery Cells Studying Air Supply Effects on Performance and Safety Shut-Down
- 2017
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Overcurrent abuse has been performed on commercial 48 Ah primary prismatic zinc (Zn)–Air battery cells with full air supply as well as with shut-off air supply. Compared to other battery technologies, e.g., lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries offer the possibility to physically stop the battery operation by stopping its air supply, thus offering an additional protection against severe battery damage in the case of, e.g., an accidental short circuit. This method may also reduce the electrical hazard in a larger battery system since, by stopping the air supply, the voltage can be brought to zero while maintaining the energy capacity of the battery. Measurements of overdischarge currents and current cut-off by suffocation have been performed to assess the safety of this type of Zn–air battery. The time to get to zero battery voltage is shown to mainly be determined by the volume of air trapped in the cell.
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| 2. |
- Olsson, Linda, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Circular Business Models for Extended EV Battery Life
- 2018
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the near future, a large volume of electric vehicle (EV) batteries will reach their end-of-life in EVs. However, they may still retain capacity that could be used in a second life, e.g., for a second use in an EV, or for home electricity storage, thus becoming part of the circular economy instead of becoming waste. The aim of this paper is to explore second life of EV batteries to provide an understanding of how the battery value chain and related business models can become more circular. We apply qualitative research methods and draw on data from interviews and workshops with stakeholders, to identify barriers to and opportunities for second use of EV batteries. New business models are conceptualized, in which increased economic viability of second life and recycling and increased business opportunities for stakeholders may lead to reduced resource consumption. The results show that although several stakeholders see potential in second life, there are several barriers, many of which are of an organizational and cognitive nature. The paper concludes that actors along the battery value chain should set up new collaborations with other actors to be able to benefit from creating new business opportunities and developing new business models together.
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| 3. |
- Kerner, Manfred, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Pyrrolidinium FSI and TFSI-Based Polymerized Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes for High-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Promising electrochemical and dynamical properties, as well as high thermal stability, have been the driving forces behind application of ionic liquids (ILs) and polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) as electrolytes for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries (HT-LIBs). Here, several ternary lithium-salt/IL/PIL electrolytes (PIL el ) have been investigated for synergies of having both FSI and TFSI anions present, primarily in terms of physico-chemical properties, for unique application in HT-LIBs operating at 80 ◦ C. All of the electrolytes tested have low T g and are thermally stable ≥100 ◦ C, and with TFSI as the exclusive anion the electrolytes (set A) have higher thermal stabilities ≥125 ◦ C. Ionic conductivities are in the range of 1 mS/cm at 100 ◦ C and slightly higher for set A PIL el , which, however, have lower oxidation stabilities than set B PIL el with both FSI and TFSI anions present: 3.4–3.7 V vs. 4.2 V. The evolution of the interfacial resistance increases for all PIL el during the first 40 h, but are much lower for set B PIL el and generally decrease with increasing Li-salt content. The higher interfacial resistances only influence the cycling performance at high C-rates (1 C), where set B PIL el with high Li-salt content performs better, while the discharge capacities at the 0.1 C rate are comparable. Long-term cycling at 0.5 C, however, shows stable discharge capacities for 100 cycles, with the exception of the set B PIL el with high Li-salt content. Altogether, the presence of both FSI and TFSI anions in the PIL el results in lower ionic conductivities and decreased thermal stabilities, but also higher oxidation stabilities and reduced interfacial resistances and, in total, result in an improved rate capability, but compromised long-term capacity retention. Overall, these electrolytes open for novel designs of HT-LIBs.
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| 4. |
- Kucinskis, Gints, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Na0.67MnO2 Cathode for Na-Ion Batteries Prepared with Novel Tetrabutylammonium Alginate Binder
- 2022
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Ingår i: BATTERIES-BASEL. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 8:1, s. 6-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both the binder and solid-electrolyte interface play an important role in improving the cycling stability of electrodes for Na-ion batteries. In this study, a novel tetrabutylammonium (TBA) alginate binder is used to prepare a Na0.67MnO2 electrode for sodium-ion batteries with improved electrochemical performance. The ageing of the electrodes is characterized. TBA alginate-based electrodes are compared to polyvinylidene fluoride- (PVDF) and Na alginate-based electrodes and show favorable electrochemical performance, with gravimetric capacity values of up to 164 mAh/g, which is 6% higher than measured for the electrode prepared with PVDF binder. TBA alginate-based electrodes also display good rate capability and improved cyclability. The solid-electrolyte interface of TBA alginate-based electrodes is similar to that of PVDF-based electrodes. As the only salt of alginic acid soluble in non-aqueous solvents, TBA alginate emerges as a good alternative to PVDF binder in battery applications where the water-based processing of electrode slurries is not feasible, such as the demonstrated case with Na0.67MnO2.
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| 5. |
- Kurdve, Martin, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations when Modelling EV Battery Circularity Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 5:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric vehicle market is expected to grow substantially in the coming years, which puts new requirements on the end-of-life phase and on the recycling systems. To a larger extent, the environmental footprint from these vehicles is related to raw material extraction and production, and, consequently, a material- and energy-efficient 3R system (reuse, remanufacturing, recycling) is urgently needed. The ability to understand and model the design and development of such a system therefore becomes important. This study contributes to this by identifying factors that affect 3R system design and performance, relating these factors to the various actors and processes of the system and categorising them according to time from implementation to impact. The above is achieved by applying a PEST analysis (political, economic, social and technological factors), differentiating between political, economic, social and technological factors. Data were gathered from literature, by interviews and by a number of workshops in the automotive industry and the 3R system and observations at meetings, etc. The study confirms some previous results on how vehicle battery 3R systems work and adds knowledge about the influencing factors, especially the timeframes and dynamics of the system, necessary for modelling the system and the influencing factors. For practitioners, the results indicate how to use appropriate models and which factors are most relevant to them.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Carl Fredrik, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Lithium-Ion Battery Aspects on Fires in Electrified Vehicles on the Basis of Experimental Abuse Tests
- 2016
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 2:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safety issues concerning the use of large lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electrified vehicles are discussed based on the abuse test results of Li-ion cells together with safety devices for cells. The presented abuse tests are: overcharge, short circuit, propane fire test and external heating test (oven). It was found that in a fire, cells with higher state of charge (SOC) gave a higher heat release rate (HRR), while the total heat release (THR) had a lower correlation with SOC. One fire test resulted in a hazardous projectile from a cylindrical cell. In the fire tests, toxic gas emissions of hydrogen fluoride (HF) were measured for 100%, 50% and 0% SOC.
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| 7. |
- Lu, Huiran, et al.
(författare)
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Flexible and Lightweight Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Cellulose Nanofibrils and Carbon Fibers
- 2018
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Ingår i: BATTERIES-BASEL. - : MDPI. - 2313-0105. ; 4:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flexible, low-weight electrodes with integrated current collectors based on chopped polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers (CF) were produced using an easy, aqueous fabrication process, where only 4 wt% of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were used as the binder. A flexible full cell was assembled based on a LiFePO4 (LFP) positive electrode with a CF current collector and a current collector-free CF negative electrode. The cell exhibited a stable specific capacity of 121 mAh g(-1) based on the LFP weight. The CF in the negative electrode acted simultaneously as active material and current collector, which has a significant positive impact on energy density. Stable specific capacities of the CF/CNF negative electrode of 267 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C and 150 mAh g(-1) at 1 C are demonstrated. The LFP/CNF with CF/CNF, as the current collector positive electrode (LFP-CF), exhibited a good rate performance with a capacity of -150 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C and 133 mAh g(-1) at 1 C. The polarization of the LFP-CF electrode was similar to that of a commercial Quallion LFP electrode, while much lower compared to a flexible LFP/CNF electrode with Al foil as the current collector. This is ascribed to good contact between the CF and the active material.
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| 8. |
- Nasser, Olimpia A., et al.
(författare)
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Review of achieved purities after li-ion batteries hydrometallurgical treatment and impurities effects on the cathode performance
- 2021
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 7:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a product purity study of recycled Li-ion batteries with a focus on hydromet-allurgical recycling processes. Firstly, a brief description of the current recycling status was presented based on the research data. Moreover, this work presented the influence of impurities such as Cu, Fe and Mg on recovered cathode materials performance. The impact of the impurities was described depending on their form (metallic or ionic) and concentration. This work also reviewed hydromet-allurgical recycling processes depending on the recovered material, obtained purity and recovery methods. This purity data were obtained from both research and battery industry actors. Finally, the purity study was completed by collecting data regarding commercial battery-grade chemical compounds and active lithium cathode materials, including required purity levels and allowed impurity limitations.
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| 9. |
- Nordelöf, Anders, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Methodological Approaches to End-Of-Life Modelling in Life Cycle Assessments of Lithium-Ion Batteries
- 2019
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 5:51, s. 1-15
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents a review of how the end-of-life (EOL) stage is modelled in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Twenty-five peer-reviewed journal and conference papers that consider the whole LIB life cycle and describe their EOL modelling approach sufficiently were analyzed. The studies were categorized based on two archetypal EOL modelling approaches in LCA: The cutoff (no material recovery, possibly secondary material input) and EOL recycling (material recovery, only primary material input) approaches. It was found that 19 of the studies followed the EOL recycling approach and 6 the cutoff approach. In addition, almost a third of the studies deviated from the expected setup of the two methods by including both material recovery and secondary material input. Such hybrid approaches may lead to double counting of recycling benefits by both including secondary input (as in the cutoff approach) and substituting primary materials (as in the EOL recycling approach). If the archetypal EOL modelling approaches are not followed, it is imperative that the modelling choices are well-documented and motivated to avoid double counting that leads to over- or underestimations of the environmental impacts of LIBs. Also, 21 studies model hydrometallurgical treatment, and 17 completely omit waste collection.
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| 10. |
- Oltean, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Li-ion batteries operating at 80 °C: Ionic liquid versus conventional liquid electrolytes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 4, s. 2-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Li-ion battery (LIB) full cells comprised of TiO2-nanotube (TiO2-nt) and LiFePO4 (LFP)electrodes and either a conventional organic solvent based liquid electrolyte or an ionic liquid basedelectrolyte have been cycled at 80 °C. While the cell containing the ionic liquid based electrolyteexhibited good capacity retention and rate capability during 100 cycles, rapid capacity fading was found for the corresponding cell with the organic electrolyte. Results obtained for TiO2-nt and LFP half-cells indicate an oxidative degradation of the organic electrolyte at 80 °C. In all, ionic liquidbased electrolytes can be used to significantly improve the performance of LIBs operating at 80 °C.
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