| 1. |
- Asplund, Mikael, 1981-
(författare)
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Combining Detection and Verification for Secure Vehicular Cooperation Groups
- 2020
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : ACM Press. - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 4:1, s. 1-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coordinated vehicles for intelligent traffic management are instances of cyber-physical systems with strict correctness requirements. A key building block for these systems is the ability to establish a group membership view that accurately captures the locations of all vehicles in a particular area of interest. In this article, we formally define view correctness in terms of soundness and completeness and establish theoretical bounds for the ability to verify view correctness. Moreover, we present an architecture for an online view detection and verification process that uses the information available locally to a vehicle. This architecture uses an SMT solver to automatically prove view correctness (if possible). We evaluate this architecture using both synthetic and trace-based scenarios and demonstrate that the ability to verify view correctness is on par with the ability to detect view violations.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Gaspar Sánchez, José Manuel, et al.
(författare)
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Edge computing for cyber-physical systems : A Systematic Mapping Study Emphasizing Trustworthiness
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 6:3, s. 1-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Edge computing is projected to have profound implications in the coming decades, proposed to provide solutions for applications such as augmented reality, predictive functionalities, and collaborative Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). For such applications, edge computing addresses the new computational needs, as well as privacy, availability, and real-time constraints, by providing local high-performance computing capabilities to deal with the limitations and constraints of cloud and embedded systems. Edge computing is today driven by strong market forces stemming from IT/cloud, telecom, and networking - with corresponding multiple interpretations of ”edge computing” (e.g. device edge, network edge, distributed cloud, etc.). Considering the strong drivers for edge-computing and the relative novelty of the field, it becomes important to understand the specific requirements and characteristics of edge-based CPS, and to ensure that research is guided adequately, e.g. avoiding specific gaps.Our interests lie in the applications of edge computing as part of CPS, where several properties (or attributes) of trustworthiness, including safety, security, and predictability/availability are of particular concern, each facing challenges for the introduction of edge-based CPS. We present the results of a systematic mapping study, a kind of systematic literature survey, investigating the use of edge computing for CPS with a special emphasis on trustworthiness. The main contributions of this study are a detailed description of the current research efforts in edge-based CPS and the identification and discussion of trends and research gaps. The results show that the main body of research in edge-based CPS only to a very limited extent consider key attributes of system trustworthiness, despite many efforts referring to critical CPS and applications like intelligent transportation. More research and industrial efforts will be needed on aspects of trustworthiness of future edge-based CPS including their experimental evaluation. Such research needs to consider the multiple interrelated attributes of trustworthiness including safety, security, and predictability, and new methodologies and architectures to address them. It is further important to provide bridges and collaboration between edge computing and CPS disciplines.
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| 4. |
- Ma, Meiyi, et al.
(författare)
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Data sets, modeling, and decision making in smart cities : A survey
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 4:2
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities are deploying tens of thousands of sensors and actuators and developing a large array of smart services. The smart services use sophisticatedmodels and decision-making policies supported by Cyber Physical Systems and Internet of Things technologies. The increasing number of sensors collects a large amount of city data across multiple domains. The collected data have great potential value, but has not yet been fully exploited. This survey focuses on the domains of transportation, environment, emergency and public safety, energy, and social sensing. This article carefully reviews both the data sets being collected across 14 smart cities and the state-of-the-art work in modeling and decision making methodologies. The article also points out the characteristics, challenges faced today, and those challenges that will be exacerbated in the future. Key data issues addressed include heterogeneity, interdisciplinary, integrity, completeness, real-timeliness, and interdependencies. Key decision making issues include safety and service conflicts, security, uncertainty, humans in the loop, and privacy.
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| 5. |
- Mohamad, Mazen, et al.
(författare)
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CASCADE: An Asset-driven Approach to Build Security Assurance Cases for Automotive Systems
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acm Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Security Assurance Cases (SAC) are structured arguments and evidence bodies used to reason about the security of a certain system. SACs are gaining focus in the automotive industry, as the needs for security assurance are growing in this domain. However, the state-of-the-arts lack a mature approach able to suit the needs of the automotive industry. In this article, we present CASCADE, an asset-driven approach for creating SAC, which is inspired by the upcoming security standard ISO/SAE-21434 as well as the internal needs of automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). CASCADE also differentiates itself from the stateof-the-art by incorporating a way to reason about the quality of the constructed security assurance case. We created the approach by conducting an iterative design science research study. We illustrate the results using the example case of the road vehicle's headlamp provided in the ISO standard. We also illustrate how our approach aligns well with the structure and content of the ISO/SAE-21434 standard, hence demonstrating the practical applicability of CASCADE in an industrial context.
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| 6. |
- Rawat, Abhimanyu, et al.
(författare)
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Decentralized Firmware Attestation for In-Vehicle Networks
- 2021
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Ingår i: ACM TRANSACTIONS ON CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Todays vehicles are examples of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) controlled by a large number of electronic control units (ECUs), which manage everything from heating to steering and braking. Due to the increasing complexity and inter-dependency of these units, it has become essential for an ECU to be able to ensure the integrity of the firmware running on other ECUs to guarantee its own correct operation. Existing solutions for firmware attestation use a centralized approach, which means a single point of failure. In this article, we propose and investigate a decentralized firmware attestation scheme for the automotive domain. The basic idea of this scheme is that each ECU can attest to the state of those ECUs on which it depends. Two flavors of ECU attestation, i.e., parallel and serial solution, were designed, implemented, and evaluated. The two variants were compared in terms of both detection performance (i.e., the ability to identify unauthorized firmware modifications) and timing performance. Our results show that the proposed scheme is feasible to implement and that the parallel solution showed a significant improvement in timing performance over the serial solution.
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| 7. |
- Schmidt, Mischa, et al.
(författare)
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Cyber-Physical System for Energy-Efficient Stadium Operation: Methodology and Experimental Validation
- 2018
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 2:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental impacts of medium to large scale buildings receive substantial attention in research,industry, and media. This paper studies the energy savings potential of a commercial soccer stadium duringday-to-day operation. Buildings of this kind are characterized by special purpose system installations likegrass heating systems and by event-driven usage patterns. This work presents a methodology to holisticallyanalyze the stadium’s characteristics and integrate its existing instrumentation into a Cyber-PhysicalSystem, enabling to deploy different control strategies flexibly. In total, seven different strategies for controllingthe studied stadium’s grass heating system are developed and tested in operation. Experiments inwinter season 2014/2015 validated the strategies’ impacts within the real operational setup of the CommerzbankArena, Frankfurt, Germany. With 95% confidence, these experiments saved up to 66% of mediandaily weather-normalized energy consumption. Extrapolated to an average heating season, this correspondsto savings of 775 MWh and 148 t of CO2 emissions. In winter 2015/2016 an additional predictive nighttimeheating experiment targeted lower temperatures, which increased the savings to up to 85%, equivalent to1 GWh (197 t CO2) in an average winter. Beyond achieving significant energy savings, the different controlstrategies also met the target temperature levels to the satisfaction of the stadium’s operational staff. Whilethe case study constitutes a significant part, the discussions dedicated to the transferability of this workto other stadiums and other building types show that the concepts and the approach are of general nature.Furthermore, this work demonstrates the first successful application of Deep Belief Networks to regress andpredict the thermal evolution of building systems.
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| 8. |
- Sinha, Roopak, et al.
(författare)
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TORUS : Scalable Requirements Traceability for Large-Scale Cyber-Physical Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACM transactions on cyber-physicals systems. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 3:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) contain intertwined and distributed software, hardware, and physical components to control complex physical processes. They find wide application in industrial systems, such as smart grid protection systems, which face increasingly complex communication and computation needs. Due to the scale and complexity of the interactions that occur within CPS, tracing requirements through to the system components and software code that implement them is often hard. Existing requirements management systems do not scale well, and traceability is difficult to implement and maintain in highly heterogeneous systems. However, the information trace that links provide is crucial for supporting testing and certification activities in safety-critical environments such as smart grids.The well-formed models of power systems provided by the IEC 61850 standard and the software design structure provided by the IEC 61499 Function Blocks standard can be leveraged to automate many traceability operations. We present Traceability of Requirements Using Splices (TORUS), a novel traceability framework for the development of large-scale safety-critical CPS. TORUS introduces splices, autonomous graph-based data structures that automatically create and manage trace links between requirements and components through the inevitable changes that occur during system development. The formal, graph-based structure of TORUS lends itself well to the development of sophisticated algorithms to automate the extraction of useful traceability information such as historical records and metrics for requirements coverage and component coupling. By capturing not only the current state of the system but also historical information, TORUS allows project teams to see a much richer view of the system and its artifacts.We apply TORUS to the development of a protection system for smart grid substations. In addition, through a number of experiments in splice creation, modification, and application of automated algorithms, we show that TORUS scales easily to large systems containing hundreds of thousands of requirements and system components and millions of possible trace links.
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| 9. |
- van de Hoef, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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A predictive framework for dynamic heavy-duty vehicle platoon coordination
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery. - 2378-962X .- 2378-9638. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes a system to facilitate dynamic en route formation of heavy-duty vehicle platoons with the goal of reducing fuel consumption. Safe vehicle platooning is a maturing technology that leverages modern sensor, control, and communication technology to automatically regulate the inter-vehicle distances. Truck platooning has been shown to reduce fuel consumption through slipstreaming by up to 10% under realistic highway-driving conditions. To further benefit from this technology, a platoon coordinator is proposed, which interfaces with fleet management systems and suggests how platoons can be formed in a fuel-efficient manner over a large region. The coordinator frequently updates the plans to react to newly available information. This way, it requires a minimum of customization with respect to the logistic operations.We discuss the system architecture in detail and introduce important underlying methodological foundations. Plans are derived in computationally tractable stages optimizing fuel savings from platooning. The effectiveness of this approach is verified in a simulation study. It shows that the coordinated platooning system can improve over spontaneously occurring platooning even under the presence of disturbances. A real demonstrator has also been developed. We present data from an experiment in which three vehicles were coordinated to form a platoon on public highways under normal traffic conditions. It demonstrates the feasibility of coordinated en route platoon formation with current communication and on-board technology. Simulations and experiments support that the proposed system is technically feasible and a potential solution to the problem of using vehicle platooning in an operational context.
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