| 1. |
- Postigo, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Unraveling the chemodiversity of halogenated disinfection by-products formed during drinking water treatment using target and non-target screening tools
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : ELSEVIER. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To date, there is no analytical approach available that allows the full identification and characterization of highly complex disinfection by-product (DBP) mixtures. This study aimed at investigating the chemodiversity of drinking water halogenated DBPs using diverse analytical tools: measurement of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based target and non-target analytical workflows. Water was sampled before and after chemical disinfection (chlorine or chloramine) at four drinking water treatment plants in Sweden. The target analysis had the highest sensitivity, although it could only partially explain the AOX formed in the disinfected waters. Non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS analysis indicated that only up to 19 Cl and/or Br-CHO formulae were common to all disinfected waters. Unexpectedly, a high diversity of halogenated DBPs (presumed halogenated polyphenolic and highly unsaturated compounds) was found in chloraminated surface water, comparable to that found in chlorinated surface water. Overall, up to 86 DBPs (including isobaric species) were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-Orbitrap MS. Although further work is needed to confirm their identity and assess their relevance in terms of toxicity, they can be used to design suspect lists to improve the characterization of disinfected water halogenated mixtures.
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| 2. |
- Ahrens, Lutz
(författare)
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A recent overview of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) removal by functional framework materials
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947. ; 452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of toxic and bioaccumulative compounds affecting environmental and human health. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are ineffective at remediating these persistent chemicals. While functional framework materials have been shown to remove PFAS via adsorption and catalytic degradation, there is an on-going debate about their practical use in water purification. Inspired by recent research on typical functional framework materials, including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), our review summarizes the principles of their design, properties, and applications with a special emphasis on PFAS removal. The potential of framework material for catalytic degradation of PFAS is constructively discussed, based on limited studies thus far. Finally, the challenges of using framework materials to remove and degrade PFAS in wastewater are presented along with sustainable design prospects to improve the technology. The current review provides new insights in advancing framework materials for PFAS elimination from contaminated waters.
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| 3. |
- Ahrens, Lutz
(författare)
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A Review on Pharmaceuticals Removal from Wastewater Effluents by Single and Combined Ozone-Sorption Systems and Fate of Transformation Products
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ozone: Science & Engineering. - 0191-9512 .- 1547-6545. ; 46, s. 324-344
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in water bodies is of growing concern as they pose potential toxicity to wildlife and humans. Since the removal of these compounds via conventional wastewater treatment plants is typically not efficient, advanced processes such as oxidation and adsorption are considered alternatives. In this review study, ozonation combined with adsorption filtration systems is evaluated for the removal of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products from municipal wastewater effluents. Ozonation has a large capacity for the removal of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater; however, potential toxic transformation products can be created which require a post-treatment step to mitigate the adverse effects in recipient waters. Various sorption methods have been investigated as post-treatment, with activated carbon being addressed as the most common one. Other sorption technologies such as ion exchange, biochar, constructed wetlands, and biofiltration were also evaluated in this review article. Biochar was considered to have great potential as a promising alternative adsorbent which is known as a more sustainable material. The combination of ozonation with the adsorption method enables the limitations of each single treatment to be reduced and allows the treatment train to become more efficient.
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| 4. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and phenolic compounds in Swedish rivers over four different seasons
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka miljökoncentrationer, sammansättning, säsongsvariationoch flöden av 28 PFAS-substanser och 10 fenolära ämnen i 10 svenska vattendrag över fyra olikaårstider (oktober 2016, januari 2017, april 2017 och juli 2017). Totalt detekterades 7 av 28 PFASämneni relativt låga nivåer (i genomsnitt 3,2 ng per liter för Σ28PFAS) i flodvatten (n = 40).Koncentrationerna av de fenolära föreningarna var generellt högre (genomsnittshalt 230 ng per literför summan av alla fenoler som mättes; n = 38). Detektionsfrekvensen var dock låg (i genomsnitt50%), vilket resulterade i låga mediankoncentrationer för summahalten (0 ng per liter). Dedominerande PFAS-substanserna var perfluorbutansulfonsyra (PFBS, 38% av Σ28PFAS),perfluoroktansyra (PFOA, 21%) och perfluoroktansulfonsyra (PFOS (grenad), 8,9%) medan dedominerande fenolära föreningarna var 4-nonylfenol (4-NP, 67%), 4-tert-nonylfenol-dietoxilat (4-NP-EO2, 20%) och 2,4,6-tribromfenol (TBP, 10%). Koncentrationerna av PFAS och fenolföreningaruppvisade ingen säsongsvariation under de fyra undersökta årstiderna, vilket indikerar ett relativtstabilt flöde av dessa två ämnesklasser till vattendragen. De uppmätta PFAS-koncentrationerna varinte relaterade till koncentrationerna av fenolära föreningarna, vilket indikerar olika källor för de tvåämnesklasserna. Flödena för totalhalterna uppskattades till 220 g per dag (81 kg per år) för Σ28PFAS,och >70 gånger högre för de fenolära ämnena med totalflöden på 16000 g per dag (5700 kg per år).Miljökvalitetsstandarden för ett årligt genomsnitt (AA-EQS) som anges i EU: s ramdirektiv förvatten (WFD) överskreds för 33% (n = 13) av vattenproverna för summan av linjära och grenadePFOS och för 13% (n = 5) av för 4-NP. Detta indikerar att halterna av PFOS och 4-NP utgör enpotentiell risk för vattenmiljön. AA-EQS för 4-oktylfenol (4-OP) och pentaklorfenol (PCP)överskreds inte i något fall.vatten (WFD) överskreds för 33% (n = 13) av vattenproverna för summan av linjära och grenadePFOS och för 13% (n = 5) av för 4-NP. Detta indikerar att halterna av PFOS och 4-NP utgör enpotentiell risk för vattenmiljön. AA-EQS för 4-oktylfenol (4-OP) och pentaklorfenol (PCP)överskreds inte i något fall.
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| 5. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and phenolic compounds in Swedish rivers over four different seasons
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and phenolic compounds are emerging organic pollutants characterized by their persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity potential. In this study, 28 PFASs and 10 phenolic compounds were investigated in 10 Swedish rivers over four different seasons (October 2016, January 2017, April 2017 and July 2017). The objective was to investigate the levels, composition profiles, sesonal trends and fluxes for both compound classes. In total, 7 out of 28 PFASs and 9 out of 10 phenolic compounds were detected in surface water from the 10 rivers. The average concentration in all samples was 3.2 ng L-1 for ∑28PFASs (median 2.4 ng L-1, n = 40), while 230 ng L-1 for the sum of the phenolic compounds (median 0 ng L-1, n = 38). Highest average ∑28PFAS concentrations were found in Rönneån with 10 ng L-1 (median 11 ng L-1), followed by Norrström with 9.0 ng L-1 (median 9.1 ng L-1), whereas no PFASs were detected in Umeå älv and Ångermanälven. On the other hand, highest average of the sum of the phenolic compound concentrations were found in Nyköpingsån with 1500 ng L-1 (median 57 ng L-1), while for the other rivers the average ranged between 50 ng L-1 and 140 ng L-1, except for Emån where TBP was only detected in one sample with 0.33 ng L-1. This indicates that PFASs and phenolic compounds origin from different sources. The dominant PFASs were perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, 38 % of the ∑28PFASs), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 21 %), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS (branched), 8.9 %), while the dominant phenolic compounds were 4nonylphenol (4-NP, 67 %), 4-tert-nonylphenol-diethoxylate (4-NP-EO2, 20 %), and 2,4,6tribromophenol (TBP, 10 %). The concentrations of PFASs and phenolic compounds were relatively constant during the four investigated seasons which indicates a relatively steady input of these two compound classes into the river systems. The daily fluxes of Σ28PFAS was estimated to be in total 220 g d-1 (81 kg year-1), whereas the daily fluxes of phenolic compounds was estimated to be 16000 g d-1 (5700 kg year-1) for all 10 investigated rivers. The Annual Average Environmental Quality Standard (AA-EQS) of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) was exceeded in 33% (n = 13) of the surface water samples for the sum of linear and branched PFOS and in 13% (n = 5) of the surface water samples for 4NP. This indicates that there is a potential risk for the aquatic environment. The AA-EQS of 4-octylphenol (4-OP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was not exceeded in any surface water sample.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Visualized Experiments. - : MyJove Corporation. - 1940-087X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C-18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (K-OW) > 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log K-OW < 0.70).
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| 8. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1405, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five different passive sampler devices were characterized under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides in water. In addition, passive sampler derived time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were compared to time-integrated active sampling in the field. Sampling rates (R-S) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (K-PW) were calculated for individual pesticides using silicone rubber (SR), polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)-A, POCIS-B, Chemcatcher (R) SDB-RPS and Chemcatcher (R) C-18. The median R-S (Lday(-1)) decreased as follows: SR (0.86) > POCIS-B (0.22) > POCIS-A (0.18) > Chemcatcher (R) SDB-RPS (0.05) > Chemcatcher (R) C-18 (0.02), while the median logK(PW) (Lkg(-1)) decreased as follows: POCIS-B (4.78)> POCIS-A (4.56) > Chemcatcher (R) SDB-RPS (3.17) >SR (3.14)> Chemcatcher (R) C-18 (2.71). The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e. SR showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (K-OW) > 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and Chemcatcher (R) SDB-RPS were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (logK(OW) < 0.70). Overall, the comparison between passive sampler and time-integrated active sampler concentrations showed a good agreement and the tested passive samplers were suitable for capturing compounds with a wide range of K-OW's in water. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Ahrens, Lutz
(författare)
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Characterization of polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) disk passive air samplers for measuring organophosphate flame retardants
- 2017
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 167, s. 212-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to characterize the uptake of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers (PAS). Atmospheric OPE concentrations were monitored with high-volume active air samplers (HV-AAS) that were co-deployed with passive air samplers. Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri(phenyl) phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The mean concentration of Sigma OPES in air was 2650 pg/m(3) for the HV-AAS. Sampling rates and the passive sampler medium (PSM)-air partition coefficient (Kpsm-Air) were calculated for individual OPEs. The average calculated sampling rates (R) for the four OPEs were 3.6 +/- 1.2 and 4.2 +/- 2.0 m(3)/day for the PUF and SIP disks, respectively, and within the range of the recommended default value of 4 +/- 2 m(3)/day. Since most of the OPEs remained in the linear uptake phase during the study, COSMO-RS solvation theory and an oligomer-based model were used to estimate KpuF-Air for the OPEs. The estimated values of log KPUF-Air were 7.45 (TCIPP), 935 (TPhP), 8.44 (TCEP), and 9.67 (TDCIPP). Finally, four configurations of the PUF and SIP disks were tested by adjusting the distance of the gap opening between the upper and lower domes of the sampler housing: i.e. 2 cm, 1 cm, no gap and 1 cm overlap. The sampling rate did not differ significantly between these four configurations (p < 0.05). Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Ahrens, Lutz
(författare)
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Characterization of Two Passive Air Samplers for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 47, s. 14024-14033
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two passive air sampler (PAS) media were characterized under field conditions for the measurement of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere. The PASs, consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated PUF (SIP) disks, were deployed for over one year in parallel with high volume active air samplers (HV-AAS) and low volume active air samplers (LV-AAS). Samples were analyzed for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMACs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs). Sampling rates and the passive sampler medium (PSM)-air partition coefficient (KPSM-A) were calculated for individual PFASs. Sampling rates were similar for PFASs present in the gas phase and particle phase, and the linear sampling rate of 4 m(-3) d(-1) is recommended for calculating effective air sample volumes in the SIP-PAS and PUF-PAS for PFASs except for the FOSAs and FOSEs in the PUF-PAS. SIP disks showed very good performance for all tested PFASs while PUF disks were suitable only for the PFSAs and their precursors. Experiments evaluating the suitability of different isotopically labeled fluorinated depuration compounds (DCs) revealed that C-13(8)-perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was suitable for the calculation of site-specific sampling rates. Ambient temperature was the dominant factor influencing the seasonal trend of PFASs.
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