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- Alm, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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Classification of offenders with mental health problems and problematic substance use using the Addiction Severity Index version 6 : Analysis of three-year follow-up data and predictive validity
- 2014
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Ingår i: Mental Health and Substance Use. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 1752-3281 .- 1752-3273. ; 7:4, s. 431-445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research is scarce on the problems and needs of the “triply troubled” – among offenders with mental health problems and problematic substance use. Classifying this population into clusters based on problem profiles may provide information about individual needs for treatment. In a previous study, we identified four clusters of triply troubled: less troubled, severely triply troubled, triply troubled with medical problems, and working triply troubled. The present study explored the stability and predictive validity of these clusters in a naturalistic design. In total, 125 triply troubled individuals included in any of the four clusters were followed for approximately three years with regard to their inpatient and outpatient treatment participation. They were also interviewed with the 6th version of the Addiction Severity Index, the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life–Bref. The main finding of the study was that on average the participants of all four clusters exhibited substantial improvements over the course of time but that improvements were cluster-specific rather than sample-specific. Implications of the study are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Alm, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in re-offending among psychiatrically examined Swedish offenders
- 2010
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Ingår i: CBMH. Criminal behaviour and mental health. - : Wiley. - 0957-9664 .- 1471-2857. ; 20:5, s. 323-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The gender gap for violent offending is narrowing in the general population. Substance abuse and mental health problems are known risk factors for criminality. While substance abuse treatment has been associated with reduced risk of re-offending, women seem less likely to engage than men. People misusing substances tend to be high users of emergency room (ER) services. Such use may be an indicator both of treatment failure for substance misuse and offending. Little is known about gender differences in this respect. Aims: This study aims to test for gender differences in re-offending, use of substance abuse treatment, and hospital ER visits among offenders referred for forensic psychiatric assessment in Sweden. Method: The study used a longitudinal retrospective design. Data on all 31 women from a 2-year (2000–2001) cohort of serious offenders referred for forensic psychiatric assessment in Stockholm county, and 31 men from the same cohort, were extracted from forensic service and national records. Selection of the men was by initial random sampling followed by matching on age and substance misuse. The two resulting samples were compared on health service use and re-offending data between release and the census date (30 April 2004). Results: There were no gender differences for violent re-offending or for engagement in planned substance abuse treatment, in spite of longer time at risk for the men. Re-offending was reduced for women but not men who did not present in the ER with physical health problems. Conclusions: Our study is limited by sample size, although it included all women referred to the specialist forensic psychiatric service over 2 years, but it does indicate that differences between men and women in this situation are likely, and worthy of further study. The only way of achieving adequate sample sizes is likely to be through multi-centre collaboration.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Baltar, Federico, et al.
(författare)
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Prokaryotic community structure and respiration during long-term incubations
- 2012
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Ingår i: MicrobiologyOpen. - : Wiley. - 2045-8827. ; 1:2, s. 214-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the importance of incubation assays for studies inmicrobial ecology that frequentlyrequire long confinement times, few reports are available in which changesin the assemblage structure of aquatic prokaryotes were monitored during longtermincubations.We measured rates of dissolved organic carbon degradation andmicrobial respiration by consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) in four experimentswith Lake Kinneret near-surface water and, concomitantly, we analyzed thevariability in prokaryotic community structure during long-term dark bottle incubations.During the first 24 h, therewere only minor changes in bacterial communitycomposition. Thereafter there were marked changes in the prokaryotic communitystructure during the incubations. In contrast, oxygen consumption rates (a proxyfor both respiration and dissolved organic carbon degradation rates) remained stablefor up to 10–23 days. This study is one of the first to examine closely the phylogeneticchanges that occur in the microbial community of untreated freshwaterduring long-term (days) incubations in dark, sealed containers. Novel informationon the diversity of the main bacterial phylotypes that may be involved in dissolvedorganic matter degradation in lake Kinneret is also provided. Our results suggestthat, under certain ecological settings, constant community metabolic rates can bemaintained as a result of shifts in community composition.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Berman, Anne H., et al.
(författare)
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The self-report drug use disorders identification test-extended (DUDIT-E) : Reliability, validity, and motivational index
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 32:4, s. 357-369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among clients who have been screened already for drug-related problems, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test - Extended (DUDIT-E) maps the frequency of illicit drug use (D), the positive (P) and negative (N) aspects of drug use, and treatment readiness (T). D scores correlated with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnoses among 154 heavy drug users from criminal justice and drug detoxification settings, as well as with urine test results in drug detoxification units. One-week test/retest intraclass correlation coefficients among 92 male prison inmates were .90, .78, .75, and .84 for D, P, N, and T scores, respectively. Cronbach's alpha were .88-.95 for P score, .88-.93 for N score, and .72-.81 for T score. Principal components analysis supported construct validity for P, N, and T scores. T scores were higher in prison treatment units than in motivational and regular units without treatment emphasis. Motivational index scores differentiated between three categories of heavy drug users; they did not differentiate between prisons and unit types, but this corresponded to unclear structural differentiation between units.
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| 7. |
- Björkman, Karin, 1961-
(författare)
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Nutrient dynamics in the North Pacific subtropical gyre : phosphorus fluxes in the upper oligotrophic ocean
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the contemporary North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG) the extant microbial community is based on prokaryotic cells with the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus dominating the phototrophic component. The prevalence of dinitrogen (N2) fixing organisms, such as Trichodesmium spp., appears to have relieved the ecosystem from its historically perceived nitrogen (N) limited state. It is thus conceivable that phosphorus (P) or trace elements such as iron (Fe) may be important factors in the regulation of primary and secondary productivity in these nutrient impoverished habitats. In a system under P control, determining the underlying mechanisms driving the P flux among its different compartments will be important in predicting ecosystem productivity and food web interactions.The papers presented herein were aimed at addressing dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics with specific objectives to investigate the P pool fluxes in the NPSG. These included assessment of P uptake and turnover rates, estimation of the bioavailable P (BAP) pool concentrations, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production, bioavailability of selected P compounds to natural assemblages of microorganisms and the role of dissolved nucleotides in the oligotrophic marine environment.At Station ALOHA the production of DOC could be nearly 50% of the net CO2 fixed into biomass. DOP production ranged from 0.6-2.5 nM d-1, equivalent to 10-40% of net P incorporation. Uptake rates and turnover times of P were approximately an order of magnitude higher in the coastal region compared to the open ocean habitats at about 40-80 nM P d-1, and 0.8-2.5 d respectively. The size of the BAP pool frequently exceeded the soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) pool sometimes by a factor of two. There was a pronounced difference in microbial preference for the known P substrates tested. Although orthophosphate (Pi) was always the most readily available substrate nucleotides had the highest bioavailability of the P compounds tested. A large but variable percentage of P from the tested compounds accumulated outside the cells as SRP, indicating an efficient regeneration of Pi from some substrates.Dissolved and particulate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pools were dynamic and varied on temporal and spatial scales. The dissolved pools were frequently larger than their corresponding particulate fractions. Dissolved ATP uptake and production rates appeared to be in balance and the estimated turnover time for this DOP pool constituent, 1-2 days. Considering the high bioavailability and Pi regeneration from nucleotides, the potentially large dissolved nucleotide and nucleic acid pool, and a high P flux through ATP relative to bulk DOP, it is plausible that a substantial part of the P flux in the upper oligotrophic ocean revolves around the nucleic acid pool and its derivatives.
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| 9. |
- Durbeej, Natalie, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test in a Swedish sample of suspected offenders with signs of mental health problems : results from the Mental Disorder, Substance Abuse and Crime study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 39:4, s. 364-377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substance abuse is common among offenders. One method widely used for the detection of substance abuse is screening. This study explored the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) screening tools in relation to (a) substance abuse and dependency diagnoses and (b) three problem severity domains of the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index in a sample of 181 suspected offenders with signs of mental health problems. The screening tools showed moderate to high accuracy for identification of dependency diagnoses. The AUDIT was associated with alcohol problem severity, whereas the DUDIT was associated with drug and legal problem severity. Administering the screening tools in the current population yields valid results. However, the suggested cutoff scores should be applied with caution due to the discrepancy between present and previous findings.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Offenders with mental health problems and substance misuse : cluster analysis based on the Addiction Severity Index version 6 (ASI-6)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Mental Health and Substance Use. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1752-3281 .- 1752-3273. ; 6:1, s. 15-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an urgent need to improve assessment and treatment among offenders with mental health problems and substance misuse (the “triply troubled”). An examination of the usefulness of the recently published Addiction Severity Index version 6 (ASI-6; Cacciola, J.S., Alterman, A.I., Habing, B., & McLellan, A.T. (2011). Recent status scores for version 6 of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6). Addiction, 106, 1588–1602) in classifying offenders with mental health problems and substance misuse was undertaken. A total of 207 offenders with suspect mental disorder and substance misuse about to go through a forensic psychiatric evaluation in Sweden were interviewed with the ASI-6. Data were cluster analyzed. Four distinct clusters emerged: (1) “less troubled” (n=35), (2) “severely triply troubled” (nfl30), (3) “triply troubled with medical problems” (n=52) and (4) “working triply troubled” (n=87). The ASI-6 proved useful in the classification of offenders with mental health problems and substance misuse. The authors suggest that the ASI-6 be used in research on the classification of the triply troubled.
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