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- Bwalya Umar, Bridget, 1976-
(author)
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Adapting to Climate Change Through Conservation Agriculture : A Gendered Analysis of Eastern Zambia
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2571-581X. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study explored the use of conservation agriculture (CA) as a climate adaptationstrategy among smallholder farmers in Eastern Zambia. Using 761 household interviewsand 33 focus group discussions (FGDs) with smallholder farmers from six districts, datawas collected on how smallholder farmers in the region experience climate change,what CA practices they had adopted, and benefits and challenges associated withCA practice. Results show that men and women farmers had similar experiences ofclimate change, namely late onset of a shortened rainy season, intra-seasonal droughtand higher temperatures. Farmers’ perceptions of gender-mediated effects of climatechange had important nuances. The three most cited effects of climate change onwomen mentioned by women were lower crop yields, outbreaks of armyworms andreduced livestock fodder. The men thought women were most affected by increasedhunger, lower crop yields and reduced domestic water sources. According to the womenFGDs, men were most affected through reduced crop yields, increases in livestockdiseases and increased hunger. The men self-reported reduced crop yields, reducedwater for livestock and outbreaks of armyworms. Both men and women saw CA ashaving climate change adaptation benefits. For the women, men most benefitted fromCA through the high moisture holding capacity of basins, higher crop yields and reducedlabor requirements through use of oxen ripping. The men most appreciated the highcrop yields, improved soil fertility and reduced costs as less fertilizer is used. The womencited the high moisture holding capacity of basins, high crop yields and improved soilfertility as benefits they most commonly derived from CA, while the men thought thewomen most benefitted from CA through the higher crop yields, improved soil fertilityand crop tolerance to droughts. The study concludes that there is room for CA to serveas a climate smart agricultural system for both men and women smallholder farmers inEastern Zambia. However, this will require addressing important challenges of high weedpressure, high labor demands, and low access to manure, and CA farming implements.The CA package for Zambia should include access to timely climate information andclimate informed crop choices
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| 2. |
- Bwalya-Umar, Bridget, et al.
(author)
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Do locals benefit from being in the "tourist capital'? : Views from Livingstone, Zambia
- 2018
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In: Tourism and Hospitality Research. - : Sage Publications. - 1467-3584 .- 1742-9692. ; 18:3, s. 333-345
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study used 268 household and 13 key informant interviews to get the views of Livingstone city residents on economic, environmental and sociocultural effects of tourism on local households and the city. Results show very few economic benefits at household level with residents perceiving big tourism-related businesses, the state and its officials to be the main beneficiaries. Although tourists were commended for helping vulnerable residents, they were blamed for contributing to prostitution and diseases by local residents; and were targeted for petty thefts by unemployed youths. Sociocultural effects of tourism are significant for residents but are routinely ignored or glossed over by tourism development practitioners. Tourism had resulted in a general improvement in the city environs. It is concluded that tourism development projects must target increased benefits for residents to increase benevolent attitudes from them towards tourism in their city, and to ensure a more sustainable variant of tourism is achieved in the tourist capital.
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| 3. |
- Bwalya Umar, Bridget, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Economic Benefits, Local Participation, and Conservation Ethic in a Game Management Area : Evidence From Mambwe, Zambia
- 2020
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In: Tropical Conservation Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1940-0829. ; 13, s. 1-16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examines views on economic benefits, local participation in wildlife management and conservation ethic among 267 residents of three chiefdoms in Mambwe district, Eastern Zambia. Results show that 68% of the residents who live in the Lupande Game Management Area are not in any way involved in community wildlife management. For those involved, the main reason advanced for participating was economic benefit (79%). Only a small minority of 17% of the residents participated due to motivations to conserve wildlife. Human-wildlife conflicts induced by wild animal crop raiding, property destruction, and loss of human life, and perceived low or non-existent economic benefits seemingly precluded the development of a conservation ethic among residents. The local chiefs asserted wildlife ownership, lamented low wildlife benefits and justified its illegal uptake. Proponents of community conservation projects could encourage pro conservation attitudes among residents by addressing human-wildlife conflicts and raising awareness on intrinsic values of wildlife.
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| 4. |
- Bwalya Umar, Bridget
(author)
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Harmonising land privatisation with customary rights : A middle way for land rights formalisation in Zambia
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Many critics of customary land rights systems call for conversion of customary tenure to leasehold. This policy note argues for a middle way forward. By formalising the collective ownership of customary land in two levels, primary and secondary rights, instead of converting it to exclusively individual leasehold estates, Zambian authorities can enhance the rights of primary claimants, without excluding secondary land rights holders from their livelihood bases.
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| 5. |
- Bwalya Umar, Bridget, et al.
(author)
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Legalizing illegalities? : Land titling and land tenure security in informal settlements
- 2023
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In: Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. - 2624-9634. ; 5, s. 1-15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated how land rights formalization had affected land tenure security among landowners in two informal settlements of Lusaka and Chongwe districts, Zambia. It explored how social norms on land inheritance, decision making over land, marital trust and land related conflicts had been affected by the changed nature of land rights. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of all the 302 households that had obtained title deeds at the time of the survey, two 3-in-1 focus group discussions and four key informant interviews. Results suggest that land tenure security is now a reality for residents that hitherto lived under constant threat of eviction. Landowners have benefitted from the formalization initiative through land laws and local norms that allow equitable access to land. Land rights formalization has curtailed land rights for secondary claimants such as extended family members, in preference for man, spouse and biological children. A sense of ownership undisputedly increased for men and women in the two study sites. About 50% of the respondents in both study sites indicated that formalization of land rights had not resulted in family conflicts. At least one-third from both sites reported an increase in love and trust between spouses after land rights formalization. About half of the respondents reported that no change in decision-making authority had occurred for men while 42% reported an increase. Formalizing land rights in informal settlements has entailed legalizing illegalities as regulations on plot boundaries are set aside by the state to achieve its aspirations of providing land tenure security to poor urbanites who would not otherwise have recourse to legal or regularized land. We recommend that caution be taken in promoting what is unarguably a pro-poor initiative to ensure that such initiatives should not incentivize future land encroachments.
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| 9. |
- Mubanga, Kabwe Harnadih, et al.
(author)
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"Tourism is for foreigners" : Resident views about community participation in Zambia's tourist capital
- 2016
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In: Tourism, Culture & Communication. - : Cognizant Communication Corporation. - 1098-304X .- 1943-4146. ; 16:1, s. 75-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigates community tourism participation in Livingstone city-"the tourist capital" of Zambia-drawing upon 263 semistructured household interviews, several key informant interviews, and desk analysis. The results show that over half of the residents (57%) do believe that they participate in tourism in Livingstone. The participation levels were lowest (32%) in the case of low income households. Tourism participation was "framed" by residents as occurring through the medium of employment or from engagement in income generating activities, and not through visiting tourist sites for leisure purposes. Any community participation in local governance structures was passive and tokenistic, with residents being recipients of information about decisions that had already been made at the center and had then "trickled down" to the periphery. The researchers conclude that implementation of initiatives are needed to enhance community participation in tourism-related decision making, in income generation, and employment. These changes would lead to more favorable tourism perceptions among residents.
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