| 1. |
- Byström, Emil, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in porous characteristics of styrenic monoliths prepared by controlled thermal polymerization in molds of varying dimensions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Separation Science. - : Wiley. - 1615-9306 .- 1615-9314. ; 33:2, s. 191-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitroxide-mediated polymerization was used as a model system for preparing styrenic monolithic materials with significant mesopore contents in different mold formats, with the aim of assessing the validity of pore characterization of capillary monoliths by analysis of parallel bulk polymerized precursor solution. Capillary monoliths were prepared in 250 mm id fused silica tubes (quadruplicate samples, in total 17 m), and the batch polymerizations were carried out in parallel in 100 mL microvials and regular 2mL glass vials, both in quintuplicate. The monoliths recovered from the molds were characterized for their meso- and macroporous properties by nitrogen sorptiometry (three repeated runs on each sample), followed by a single analysis by mercury intrusion porosimetry. A total of 14 monolith samples were thus analyzed. A Grubbs’ test identified one regular vial sample as an outlier in the sorptiometric surface area measurements, and data from this sample were consequently excluded from the pore size calculations, which are based on the same nitrogen sorption data, and also from the mercury intrusion data set. The remaining data were subjected to single factor analyses of variance analyses to test if the porous properties of the capillary monoliths were different from those of the bulk monoliths prepared in parallel. Significant differences were found between all three formats both in their meso and macroporous properties. When the dimension was shrunk from conventional vial to capillary size, the specific surface area decreased from 52.274.7 to 34.671.7m2/g. This decrease in specific surface area was accompanied by a significant shift in median diameter of the through-pores, from 31073.9 to 544713 nm. None of these differences was obvious from the scanning electron micrographs that were acquired for each sample type. The common practice of determining the mesopore characteristics from analysis of samples prepared by parallel bulk polymerization and looking for changes in the macropore structure by visual assessment of SEMs are therefore both rather questionable, at least for monoliths of the kind used in this study.
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| 2. |
- Byström, Emil, 1980-
(författare)
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Porous polymeric materials for chromatography : Synthesis, functionalization and characterization
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Separation science is heavily reliant on materials to fulfill ever more complicated demands raised by other areas of science, notably the rapidly expanding molecular biosciences and environmental monitoring. The key to successful separations lies in a combination of physical properties and surface chemistry of stationary phases used in liquid chromatographic separation, and this thesis address both aspects of novel separation materials.Methods: The thesis accounts for several approaches taken during the course of my graduate studies, and the main approaches have been i) to test a wild-grown variety of published methods for surface treatment of fused silica capillaries, to ascertain firm attachment of polymeric monoliths to the wall of microcolumns prepared in silica conduits; ii) developing a novel porogen scheme for organic monoliths including polymeric porogens and macromonomers; iii) evaluating a mesoporous styrenic monolith for characterization of telomers intended for use in surface modification schemes and; iv) to critically assess the validity of a common shortcut used for estimating the porosity of monoliths prepared in microconduits; and finally v) employing plasma chemistry for activating and subsequently modifying the surface of rigid, monodisperse particles prepared from divinylbenzene.Results: The efforts accounted for above have resulted in i) better knowledge of the etching and functionalization parameters that determine attachment of organic monoliths prepared by radical polymerization to the surface of silica; ii) polar methacrylic monoliths with a designed macroporosity that approaches the desired "connected rod" macropore morphology; iii) estab¬lishing the usefulness of monoliths prepared via nitroxide mediated polymerization in gradient polymer elution chromatography; iv) proving that scanning electron microscopy images are of limited value for assessing the macroporous properties of organic monoliths, and that pore measurements on externally polymerized monolith cocktails do not represent the porous properties of the same cocktail polymerized in narrow confinements; and v) showing that plasma bromination can be used as an activation step for rigid divinylbenzene particles to act as grafting handles for epoxy-containing telomers, that can be attached in a sufficiently dense layer and converted into carboxylate cation exchange layer that allows protein separations in fully aqueous eluents.
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| 3. |
- Courtois, Julien, et al.
(författare)
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A study of surface modification and anchoring techniques used in the preparation of monolithic microcolumns in fused silica capillaries.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Separation Science. - : Wiley. - 1615-9306 .- 1615-9314. ; 29:1, s. 14-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a survey of the literature on pretreatment of fused silica capillaries, 3 etching procedures and 11 silanization protocols based on the vinylic silane 3-((trimethoxysilyl)propyl) methacrylate (gamma-MAPS) were found to be most representative as a means of ensuring attachment of in situ prepared vinylic polymers. These techniques were applied to fused silica capillaries and the success in establishing the intended surface modification was assessed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the chemical state of the surface, providing information regarding presence of the reagent bound to the capillary. Wetting angles were measured and correlated with the XPS results. An adherence test was done by photopolymerization of a 2 mm long plug of 1,6-butanediol dimethacrylate in the prepared capillaries and evaluation of its ability to withstand applied hydraulic pressure. SEM was also performed in cases where the plug was released or other irregularities were observed. Finally, the roughness of the etched surface, considered to be of importance, was assessed by atomic force microscopy. Alkaline etching at elevated temperature provided a surface roughness promoting adhesion. The commonly used silanization protocols involving water in the silanization or washing steps gave inadequate surface treatment. The best silanization procedure was based on toluene as a solvent.
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| 4. |
- Nordborg, Anna, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Gradient polymer elution chromatography of methacrylate Telomers on monolithic capillary columns prepared by nitroxide-mediated polymerization
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Linear methacrylate telomers prepared by isopropylxanthic disulfide photoiniferted polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate have been separated from their precursor monomers using gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC) on a monolithic capillary column. The capillary monoliths were prepared by thermally initiated radical polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene controlled by 1-carboxy-PROXYL stable free radicals, and characterized by nitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The separations in GPEC mode were performed using a mobile phase gradient from water to methanol, where water is the non-solvent and methanol the good solvent with respect to the telomers. Successful separation of telomers from their monomer was achieved for all tested telomers. In addition, it was observed that the retention times of the intact telomers were different from those of telechelic oligomers produced by hydrolysing the isopropylxanthic terminals. The current set-up is therefore promising both for monitoring of the progress of photoiniferted polymerizations and to monitor the hydrolysis of resulting polymerized oligomers into thiol-terminated telechelics.
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