| 1. |
- Axelsson, Robert, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of Multi-level Social Learning for Sustainable Landscapes : Perspective of a Development Initiative in Bergslagen, Sweden
- 2013
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In: Ambio. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 42:2, s. 241-253
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To implement policies about sustainable landscapes and rural development necessitates social learning about states and trends of sustainability indicators, norms that define sustainability, and adaptive multi-level governance. We evaluate the extent to which social learning at multiple governance levels for sustainable landscapes occur in 18 local development initiatives in the network of Sustainable Bergslagen in Sweden. We mapped activities over time, and interviewed key actors in the network about social learning. While activities resulted in exchange of experiences and some local solutions, a major challenge was to secure systematic social learning and make new knowledge explicit at multiple levels. None of the development initiatives used a systematic approach to secure social learning, and sustainability assessments were not made systematically. We discuss how social learning can be improved, and how a learning network of development initiatives could be realized.
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| 2. |
- Brodin, Tomas, et al.
(author)
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Individual variation in dispersal associated behavioral traits of the invasive Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis, H. Milne Edwards, 1854) during initial invasion of Lake Vänern, Sweden
- 2014
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In: Current Zoology. - : Chinese Academy of Sciences. - 1674-5507. ; 60:3, s. 410-416
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Understanding and predicting species range-expansions and biological invasions is an important challenge in modern ecology because of rapidly changing environments. Recent studies have revealed that consistent within-species variation in behavior (i.e. animal personality) can be imperative for dispersal success, a key stage in the invasion process. Here we investigate the composition and correlation of two important personality traits associated with invasion success, activity and boldness, and how they are connected to sex and individual size in a newly colonised population of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in Lake Vanern, Sweden. We found no effect of sex or size on behavioral expressions of E. sinensis but a clear positive correlation between boldness and activity. In addition, this study generates important baseline data for monitoring behavioral development, and thereby changing ecological impact, of an invading population over time. This has implications for predicting ecological effects of invasive species as well as for managing ecological invasions.
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| 3. |
- Brodin, Tomas, et al.
(author)
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Larval behavioral syndrome does not affect emergence behavior in a damselfly (Lestes congener)
- 2011
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In: Journal of ethology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0289-0771 .- 1439-5444. ; 29:1, s. 107-113
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Activity is a key behavioral trait that oftenmediates a trade-off between finding food for growth andevading predation. We investigated how activity of thedamselfly Lestes congener is affected by larval state andpredator presence and if larval behavioral type (BT) can beused to predict larval emergence behavior. Activity level ofindividual larvae was studied without predators at twodifferent physiological states (hungry, fed) and in twopredator treatments (familiar or unfamiliar predator cues).Larvae did not adjust their activity depending on state orwhen subjected to unfamiliar predator cues but a generalreduction in activity was seen in the familiar predatortreatment. Hence, active individuals remained activecompared to their conspecifics, independent of state orpredator treatment illustrating the presence of a behavioralsyndrome. However, we found no correlation betweenlarval BT and emergence behavior. Active individuals didnot differ from less active individuals in any emergencecharacteristics. The results illustrate that the larval BToccurs in many situations keeping active larvae active evenin maladaptive situations. Furthermore, we show that damselflyemergence behavior can be completely decoupled fromlarvalBT, indicating a loss of stability in individualBT duringcritical stages in ontogeny.
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| 4. |
- Drotz, Marcus K, et al.
(author)
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Changing Names with Changed Address : Integrated Taxonomy and Species Delimitation in the Holarctic Colymbetes paykulli Group (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
- 2015
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public library science. - 1932-6203. ; 10:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Species delimitation of geographically isolated forms is a long-standing problem in less studied insect groups. Often taxonomic decisions are based directly on morphologic variation, and lack a discussion regarding sample size and the efficiency of migration barriers or dispersal/migration capacity of the studied species. These problems are here exemplified in a water beetle complex from the Bering Sea region that separates North America from Eurasia. Only a few sampled specimens occur from this particular area and they are mostly found in museum and private collections. Here we utilize the theory of integrated taxonomy to discuss the speciation of the Holarctic Colymbetes paykulli water beetle complex, which historically has included up to five species of which today only two are recognized. Three delimitation methods are used; landmark based morphometry of body shape, variation in reticulation patterns of the pronotum exo-skeleton and sequence variation of the partial mitochondrial gene Cyt b. Our conclusion is that the Palearctic and Nearctic populations of C. paykulli are given the status of separate species, based on the fact that all methods showed significant separation between populations. As a consequence the name of the Palearctic species is C. paykulli Erichson and the Nearctic species should be known as C. longulus LeConte. There is no clear support for delineation between Palearctic and Nearctic populations of C. dahuricus based on mtDNA. However, significant difference in size and reticulation patterns from the two regions is shown. The combined conclusion is that the C. dahuricus complex needs a more thorough investigation to fully disentangle its taxonomic status. Therefore it is here still regarded as a Holarctic species. This study highlights the importance to study several diagnosable characters that has the potential to discriminate evolutionary lineage during speciation.
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| 5. |
- Drotz, Marcus K., et al.
(author)
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Ecotype Differentiation in the Face of Gene Flow within the Diving Beetle Agabus bipustulatus (Linnaeus, 1767) in Northern Scandinavia
- 2012
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:2, s. e31381-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The repeated occurrence of habitat-specific polyphyletic evolved ecotypes throughout the ranges of widely distributed species implies that multiple, independent and parallel selection events have taken place. Ecological transitions across altitudinal gradients over short geographical distances are often associated with variation in habitat-related fitness, these patterns suggest the action of strong selective forces. Genetic markers will therefore contribute differently to differences between ecotypes in local hybrid zones. Here we have studied the adaptive divergence between ecotypes of the water beetle Agabus bipustulatus along several parallel altitudinal gradients in northern Scandinavia. This water beetle is well known for its remarkable morphological variation associated with mountain regions throughout the western Palaearctic. Two morphological ecotypes are recognised: a montane type with reduced flight muscles and a lowland type with fully developed muscles. Using a multilocus survey of allozyme variation and a morphological analysis with landmark-based morphometrics, across thirty-three populations and seven altitudinal gradients, we studied the local adaptive process of gene flow and selection in detail. Populations were sampled at three different elevations: below, at and above the tree line. The results indicate that the levels of divergence observed between ecotypes in morphology and allele frequencies at alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase relative to those shown by neutral molecular markers reflects local diversifying selection in situ. Four main lines of evidence are shown here: (1) A repeated morphological pattern of differentiation is observed across all altitudinal transects, with high reclassification probabilities. (2) Allele and genotype frequencies at the alpha-Gpdh locus are strongly correlated with altitude, in sharp contrast to the presumable neutral markers. (3) Genetic differentiation is two to three times higher among populations across the tree line than among populations at or below. (4) Genetic differentiation between ecotypes within independent mountain areas is reflected by different sets of allozymes.
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| 6. |
- Drotz, Marcus K., et al.
(author)
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Multiple origins of elytral reticulation modifications in the west palearctic Agabus bipustulatus complex (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)
- 2010
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 5:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Agabus bipustulatus complex includes one of Europe's most widely distributed and common diving beetles. This complex, which is known for its large morphological variation, has a complex demographic and altitudinal variation in elytral reticulation. The various depth of the reticulation imprint, both in smaller and larger meshes, results in both mat and shiny individuals, as well as intermediate forms. The West Palearctic lowland is inhabited by a sexually dimorphic form, with shiny males and mat females. In mountain regions, shiny individuals of both sexes are found intermixed with mat individuals or in pure populations in central and southern areas, whereas pure populations of mat individuals are exclusively found in the northern region at high altitude. Sexual selection is proposed as a driving force in shaping this variation. However, the occurrence of different types of reticulation in both sexes and disjunct geographical distribution patterns suggest an additional function of the reticulation. Here we investigate the phylogeographical history, genetic structure and reticulation variation of several named forms within the Agabus bipustulatus complex including A. nevadensis. The molecular analyses recognised several well-supported clades within the complex. Several of the named forms had two or more independent origins. Few south European populations were uniform in reticulation patterns, and the males were found to display large variation. Reticulation diversity and population genetic variability were clearly correlated to altitude, but no genetic differences were detected among populations with mixed or homogenous forms. Observed reduction in secondary reticulation in female and increased variance in male at high altitude in South Europe may be explained by the occurrence of an additional selective force, beside sexual selection. The combined effect of these selective processes is here demonstrated in an extreme case to generate isolation barriers between populations at high altitudes. Here we discuss this selective force in relation to thermal selection.
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| 7. |
- Drotz, Marcus K., et al.
(author)
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The genetic population structure of lotic and lentic mayflies of the Baetis vernus group (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)
- 2012
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In: Canadian Entomologist. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0008-347X .- 1918-3240. ; 144:5, s. 679-690
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nymphs of lotic mayflies live in environments that are expected to give rise to different degrees of population structuring. Here we investigate two taxa adapted to different lifestyles. Baetis macani Kimmins (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) lives in flowing water; brooks that may periodically dry out in the summer or freeze to the bottom in winter. Baetis jaervii Savolainen is mostly found in sedge belts along the shores of lakes. Most insects living in flowing water show low levels of among-population genetic differentiation within and among catchments. Levels of differentiation in the lotic species are therefore assumed to be lower than in lentic B. jaervii. Here we test this hypothesis. Mitochondrial DNA and allele frequencies of nuclear genes were used to detect population structure in specimens originating from an extensive area from northern Finland. The genetic differentiation among populations of the lotic B. macani is more than twice the corresponding value for the lentic B. jaervii (F-ST 0.33 versus 0.15, while the mean F-ST between species was 0.33 and significant). The result is congruent within the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) partial gene frequencies. We argue that the significant genetic population structure, which only was found in the lotic B. macani, is differentiated as a consequence to the unpredictable environment as contrasted to the stable environment in standing bodies of water.
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| 8. |
- Savolainen, Eino, et al.
(author)
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Baetis bundyae (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), described from Arctic Canada is found in northernmost Europe
- 2014
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In: Canadian Entomologist. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0008-347X .- 1918-3240. ; 146:6, s. 621-629
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The taxonomy and identification of mayflies of the Baetis vernus group (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) represents a major challenge in both Europe and North America. The recent description of B. jaervii Savolainen from Finland, a species taxonomically close to the Palaearctic taxon Baetis macani Kimmins and the Nearctic B. bundyae Lehmkuhl, called for clarification of the status and distribution of these species in northernmost Europe. We generated mtDNA COI sequences for establishing the identity of the collected samples. Based on these data we conclude that B. bundyae does occur in northeastern Finland in sympatry with B. macani. Accordingly, this taxon shows a highly interesting distributional pattern across the Nearctic and western Palaearctic regions.
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| 9. |
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